by anology. Interpretations of Qiyas Both Sunni Islam and Shi a Islam share Qur anic interpretation ... , the sunnah , and ijm , Sunni traditions generally regard qiyas as the fourth source of deducing ... of public interest , either explicitly rely on qiyas or use methods of analysis that are similar in their understanding of qiyas. However among Sunni traditions, there is a range of attitudes regarding ... and Kalam theologians over whether the term qiyas refers to Analogy analogical reasoning , inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism . Some Islamic scholars argued that qiyas refers to inductive reasoning, which Ibn Hazm 994 1064 disagreed with, arguing that qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning ... Maqdisi argued that qiyas refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense. Other Islamic scholars at the time, however, argued that the term qiyas refers ... islamic qiyas prob.html Qiyas Analogical Reasoning and Some Problematic Issues in Islamic law Mohammad ... en chap4.php Shi a site refuting multiple Qiyas regarding Nikah Mut ah Bernand, M. Troupeau, G. iy s ... Sunni Islam Category Sharia ar az Qiyas ca Qiy s da Qiyas de Qiy s fr Qiy s id Qiyas it Qiyas jv Qiyas ms Kias no Qiyas ru sv Qiyas tr K yas uk ... more details
Usul al fiqh Ijm is an Arabic language Arabic term referring ideally to the consensus of the scholars of Islam. The hadith of Muhammad which states that My community will never agree upon an error Citation needed date June 2010 is often cited as support for the validity of ijm . Sunni Muslims regard ijm as the third fundamental source of Sharia law, after the divine revelation of the Qur an , the prophetic practice or Sunnah . The analogical reasoning or qiyas is described as fourth source in Sunni Islam, whereas Shi a Islam uses aql intellect . Many Muslim writers have claimed that the use of ijm makes Islamic law compatible with democracy . Usuli Shia accepts ijm under restricted conditions as a Sources of Islamic law source of Islamic law . Technically, it is the unanimous doctrine and opinion of the recognized religious authorities at any given time . Various proponents of liberal movements within Islam criticize the traditional view that ijm is only a consensus among traditional Islamic scholars ulema . They claim that truly democratic consensus should involve the entire community rather than a small and conservative clerical class, especially since there is no hierarchical system in Islam and no concept of a human intermediate between a Muslim and Allah. See also Islamic democracy Deliberative democracy Precedent Qiyas Ijtihad Ulema Usul al fiqh Ashab al Ijma References http books.google.com books?id sAlDjVO7SowC&pg PA192&dq Ijma&client firefox a Islam By Caesar E. Farah http books.google.com books?id w4iWqgTzvp8C&pg PA65&dq Ijma&client firefox a Mohammedanism By Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb http books.google.com books?id d5Ks31qHlSYC&pg PA77&dq Ijma&client firefox a A History of Islamic Law By N J Coulson http books.google.com books?id Y3nlQqZeHcUC&pg PA89&dq Ijma&client firefox a Muslim Reformist Political Thought By Sarfraz Khan External links http globalwebpost.com farooqm writings islamic ijma.html The Doctrine of Ijma Is there a consensu ... more details
are Ijma consensus among Muslims jurists , Qiyas analogical deduction , al Ra y independent reasoning ... the divine revelation of the Qur an, the prophetic practice or Sunnah. The analogical reasoning or qiyas ... deduction main QiyasQiyas or analogical deduction is the fourth source of Sharia for the Sunni jurisprudence. Shiite s do not accept qiyas , but replace it with reason Aql aql . Qiyas is the process ... argument on the logic used in the Qur an and Sunnah . Qiyas must not be based on arbitrary judgment ... , p. 9 12 ref Supporters of qiyas will often point to passages in the Qur an that describe an application ... to others. Finally, qiyas is sanctioned by the ijma , or consensus , amongst Sahaba Muhammad s companions ... of Islamic law back in Medina . During the Umayyad dynasty , the concept of qiyas was abused ... it more consistently. ref name NomaniQ1 The general principle behind the process of qiyas is based ... in Islam because of its intoxicating property. Thus qiyas leads to the conclusion that all ... qiyas . Imam Abu Hanifa , an important practitioner of qiyas , elevated qiyas to a position of great ... Hanifa ref name NomaniQ1 The Shafi i maddhab school of thought accepts qiyas as a valid source. Imam ... need to resort to qiyas . He criticized and rejected analogical deductions that were not firmly rooted ... Malik accepted qiyas as a valid source of legislation. For him, if a parallel could be established ... deduction qiyas . ref name britIstihsan Encyclopedia Britannica, Istihsan ref Istihsan is defined as Means ... will remove the impurities. Analogical deduction qiyas , however, says that despite removing ... . Shi ite jurists maintain that qiyas is a specific type of ijtihad. The Sunni Shafi school of thought, however, holds that both qiyas and ijtihad are the same. ref name NomaniIj Nomani and Rahnema ... than qiyas analogical deduction . Urf is the Islamic equivalent of common law . ref name Urf Hasan ... to Islamic texts, custom is disregarded. However, if it is in opposition to qiyas analogical ... more details
law and theology see also Qiyas Kalam Early forms of Analogy analogical reasoning, inductive ... law and Kalam Islamic theology from the 7th century with the process of Qiyas , at least a century before Muslims had become aware of Aristotelian logic. The Qiyas process was described by early Islamic ... and theologians over whether the term Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism. Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to inductive reasoning, which Ibn Hazm 994&ndash 1064 disagreed with, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning ... Maqdisi argued that Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense. Other Islamic scholars at the time, however, argued that the term Qiyas refers ... was based on that of juridical arguments. ref name Mas Cite journal author Ruth Mas title Qiyas ... more details
orphan date August 2010 Infobox mosque name Haji Alakbar Mosque image sect Shia Islam rite location flagicon Azerbaijan Fizuli town Fizuli , Azerbaijan , currently under control of Armenian forces year 1890 specifications yes architect Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi founder architecture style Islamic architecture capacity area minaret quantity 2 minaret height general contractor construction cost Haji Alakbar Mosque lang az Hac l kb r m scidi is an Azerbaijan i mosque located in Fizuli town Fizuli , Karabakh region of Azerbaijan southwest of capital Baku but is currently under control of Armenia n forces since the occupation of Fizuli in 1993. ref Cite web title XIX srd memarl n inki af url http azerbaijan.tourism.az ? az topmenu content 853 accessdate 31 July 2010 ref ref Cite news title Tarixi t rb nin haray url http www.525.az view.php?lang az&menu 8&id 7820 date 15 January 2010 accessdate 31 July 2010 ref The mosque is also spelt as Haji Alekber Mosque . The region of Fizuli came into existence as administrative unit in 1827. The Haji Alakbar mosque was constructed in 1890 by renowned architect of the time Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi who also built Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque and Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque in Shusha , Agdam Mosque in Agdam , mosques in Horadiz and Qocahmadli villages, Tatar mosque in Odessa , Ukraine and Qababaghlilar Mosque in Ashgabat , Turkmenistan . ref Cite web title XVIII XIX SRL RD QARABA DA MEMARLIQ url http garabagh.ws v2 viewpage.php?page id 14&&lg 7 accessdate 2 August 2010 ref This monument of Islamic architecture is among 300 religious monuments of Karabakh and is famous for its structure along with Qiyas ad Din Mosque , also located in Fizuli. ref Cite web title Elmi t cr bi konfrans url http www.ihq.az index.php?news 347 accessdate 2 August 2010 ref The current condition of the mosque is unknown due to ongoing occupation of Fizuli by Armenian armed forces. ref Cite web title Fizuli url http www.zengilan.com fizuli.php acce ... more details
Refimprove date October 2007 Sunni Islam The Hanafi Arabic language Arabic school is one of the four Madhhab schools of law in jurisprudence Fiqh within Sunni Islam , the other three schools of thought being Shafi i , Maliki , and Hanbali . The Hanafi madhhab is named after the Iraq i scholar Ab an fa Abu Hanifa an Nu man ibn Th bit Arabic 699 767CE 89 157AH , a Tabi un Tabi i whose legal views were preserved primarily by his two most important disciples, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al Shaybani . This is the most prominent among all Sunni Schools and it has the most adherents in the Muslim world. Overview Among the four established Sunni schools of legal thought in Islam, the Hanafi school is the oldest. It has a reputation for putting greater emphasis on the role of reason and being more liberal than the other three schools. Citation needed date November 2010 The Hanafi school also has the most followers among the four major Sunni schools. The Abbasid Caliphate , Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire were Hanafi, so the influence of the Hanafi school is still widespread in their former lands . Today, the Hanafi school is predominant among the Sunnis of Central Asia , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Bangladesh , India , China as well as in Iraq , Mauritius , Turkey , Albania , Bosnia , Kosovo , Republic of Macedonia Macedonia in the Balkans and the Caucasus . It is also followed in large numbers in other parts of Muslim world. File Madhhab Map2.png thumb 400px Map of Muslim world, Hanafi Grass Green is predominant in Turkey, the Northern Middle East, parts of Egypt, Central Asia and most of the Indian subcontinent Sources and methodology The sources from which the law is derived, in order of importance and preference, are the Qur an , the authentic narrations of the Prophet Hadith , Consensus ijma , and analogical reasoning qiyas , qiyas only being applied if direct material cannot be found in the Qur an or Hadith. As the fourth Caliph, Ali , h ... more details
known as qiyas analogy where interpretations were to be derived from comparisons with relative ... they give to analogy or reason qiyas in deciding difficulties. The Shiite schools comprise Jafari ... more details
try to arrive at conclusions using other tools. Sunni jurists use analogy istr Qiyas and historical ... on the particular hadith s they accept as authentic and the weight they give to analogy or reason qiyas ... according to his opinion. The Jafari school uses aql intellect instead of qiyas in the Sunni schools ... of law Qur an, Sunnah , ijma , and qiyas while specifying that the primary Islamic texts the Qur ... legal precedent and reasoning by analogy Qiyas are also similar in both the Islamic and common law ... more details
Other uses File Saanei and montazeri.jpg thumb Five of the most pivotal men in Iran ian political history share a prayer in Tabriz, Iran in 1987 . First row, left to right Grandayatollah Ahmad Azari Qomi , Ayatollah Ali Meshkini , Grandayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri . Second row, left to right Hujjat al Islam Sadegh Khalkhali , Grandayatollah Yousef Sanei Ayatollah lang fa yatoll h from lang ar , ayah yatu All h l L h Sign of God is a high ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shia Islam Sh ah clergy clerics . Those who carry the title are expert s in Islamic studies such as jurisprudence , ethics , and philosophy and usually teach in Hawza Islamic seminaries . Citation needed date June 2008 The next lower clerical rank is Hojatoleslam Hojatoleslam wal muslemin. Ayatollah is simillar in rank to a Bishop or Cardinal Catholicism Cardinal in Catholicism, and Chief Rabbi in Judaism. Rank The title is currently granted to top Shia mujtahid , after completing sat h and kharij studies in the hawza . By then the mujtahid would be able to issue his own edict s from the sources of Islamic religious laws the Qur an , the Sunnah , Ijma ijm , and aql intellect , rather than the Sunn principle of qiyas . Most of the time this is attested by an issued certificate from his teachers. The ayatollah can then teach in hawzas according to his speciality, can act as a reference for their religious questions, and act as a judge. There is an important difference from Shi a ayatollahs and saints in other religions and Sunni Islam ayatollahs are not regarded as enlightened by God Himself, but by the Word of God. There are a few women who are equal in ranking to the ayatollahs, and are known as Lady Ijtihad Qualifications of a Shi a mujtahid Mujtahideh . A current example of a Lady Mujtahideh is Zohreh Sefati . ref Official http sefaty.net website at sefaty.net ref Historically, there have been several Mujtahidehs in Shi ism, most famously the women in the family of Al ... more details
Usul al fiqh A Faq h plural Fuqah lang ar wikt , pl. is an expert in fiqh , or, Islam ic jurisprudence . A faqih is an expert in Islamic Law , and, as such, the word Faqih can literally be generally translated as Jurist . The definition of Fiqh and its relation to the Faqih To understand the Faqih, one must have a base understanding of Fiqh.. Fiqh linguistically means understanding . As a technical term it is defined as Knowledge of legislative rulings, pertaining to the actions of man, as derived from their detailed evidences. Legislative rulings... here excluded rulings that are purely theoretical in nature, such as those found in the science of Usul Al Fiqh, as well as those theological in nature, generally discussed in the books of Aqidah or Kalam . ...as derived from their detailed evidences. here connotates two things 1 that there is a method of derivation and, 2 that the source for such derivation are the various evidences considered valid Islamically. Methods of Derivation and Evidences derived from Methods of derivation are laid out in the books of Usul Al Fiqh, and those evidences which are deemed valid for deriving rulings from are many in number Four of them are agreed upon by the vast Majority of Jurists, they are The Qur an The Hadith Sunnah Ijma or Consensus Istishab al Hal or presumption of continuity These four types of evidence are seen as acceptable by the vast majority of Jurists from both the schools of Sunni Islam Sunni Jurists the Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi i , and Hanbali and sometimes the Zahiriyah , as well as Shi a Islam Shi a Jurists. Questionable Evidence among various schools of Fiqh Various other evidences are debatable, such as Qiyas , which the Zahiriyah or Literalists do not see as valid. Issues such as the edicts of the Twelvers Twelve Imams holding the same weight as the Quran and Sunnah, are largely seen as debatable and at times unacceptable by Sunni Jurists, while at the same time the acceptance of statements by s ... more details
Ismailis Aql lang ar , meaning intellect , is an Arabic language term used in Islamic theology or philosophy to the intellect the reason rational faculty of the soul or mind. It is the normal translation of the Greek term nous . In Islamic jurisprudence jurisprudence , it is associated with using reason as a source for sharia religious law and has been translated as dialectical reasoning . ref Citation last Esposito first John author link John Esposito year 2004 title The Oxford Dictionary of Islam series Oxford paperback reference publication place Oxford, UK publisher Oxford University Press page 22 isbn 0 19 512559 2 ref ref name DivineGuide Citation last Moezzi first Mohammad Ali Amir year 1994 title The Divine Guide in Early Shi ism The Sources of Esotericism in Islam publication place Albany publisher State University of New York Press page 6 isbn 0 7914 2121 X ref ref name alkafi Citation title Kitab al Kafi ref ref name Alamut Citation first Anthony last Campbell title The Assassins of Alamut year 2004 pages 84 ref While predominantly expounded by Sh thinkers, Sunni Muslims such as Barelvis and Sufis share similar beliefs. Sh ah Legal Implementation In Sh ah jurisprudence, aql is the process of using intellect or logic to deduce law. Legal scholars in both Sunni and Sh ah Islamic traditions share Quranic interpretation, the Sunnah , and Ijma consensus as sources of Islamic law and judicial decisions ukm . However, Twelver s of the Ja far madh hab school of law utilize aql whereas Sunnis use qiyas analogical reasoning as the fourth source of law. Among Twelvers, Akhbari Akhb r s associated with exotericism and traditionalism and theological schools in Qom and Usuli s associated with esotericism and rationalism and theological schools in Baghdad were contending subschools the former reject ijtihad ijtih d outright the latter advocate ijtihad and have been predominant for the last 300 years. ref name DivineGuide ref Citation last Masud first Muhamma ... more details
such methods as qiyas analogical reasoning and exegesis . However, the Sh a developed law directly ... appeal to reason Aql is similar to the Sunni qiyas , though all early Sh a authorities are unanimous in rejecting qiyas analogy . Anti Akhb r arguments Akhb r s claim to follow Hadith directly ... more details
from the 7th century with the process of Qiyas . During the Islamic Golden Age , there was a logical ... Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning , inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism . Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to reasoning, which Ibn Hazm 994 1064 disagreed with, arguing that Qiyas ... times, Abu Muhammad Asem al Maqdisi argued that Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning in a real ..., argued that the term Qiyas refers to both analogical reasoning and categorical syllogism in a real ... more details
Muslim population growth refers to the topic of population growth of the global Muslim community . In 2006, countries with a Muslim majority had an average population growth rate of 1.8 per year when weighted by percentage Muslim and population size . ref Averaging of individual country figures from https www.cia.gov library publications factbook CIA factbook see also Demographics of Islam ref This compares with a world population growth rate of 1.12 per year. ref https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook geos xx.html CIA Factbook ref As of 2011, it is predicted that the world s Muslim population will grow twice as fast as non Muslims over the next 20 years within a generation, Muslims will make up more than a quarter of the global population ref http news.yahoo.com s afp 20110127 ts alt afp islamdemographicsreligion 20110127152431 Yahoo news ref . Islamic view of population growth The Quran does not make any explicit statements about the morality of Birth control contraception , but contains statements encouraging Reproduction procreation . Prophet Muhammad also is reported to have said marry and procreate . However, marriage and reproduction is not a required principle for Muslims. It is recommended, but one will not be punished for not doing so. ref name IslamOnline Yusuf Al Qaradawi, Muhammad Saleh Al Munajjid. http www.islamonline.net servlet Satellite?pagename IslamOnline English Ask Scholar FatwaE FatwaE&cid 1119503544224 Contraception Permissible? , IslamOnline . ref Coitus interruptus , a primitive form of birth control, was a known practice at the time of Prophet Muhammad, and his companions engaged in it. Prophet Muhammad knew about this, but did not prohibit it. Umar and Ali , the second and fourth of the Rashidun caliphs, respectively, defended the practice. ref name IslamOnline Muslims scholars have extended the example of coitus interruptus, by Qiyas analogy , to declaring permissible other forms of contraception, subject to three cond ... more details
further using Hadith , as well as methods of juristic reasoning, like Qiyas . In later periods, large ... have solved with great ingenuity. ref name Dr. A. Hussain Through the use of deductive reasoning Qiyas ... more details
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