Image Pythagoreancomma difference A1 m2 .PNG thumb right 400px Pythagoreancomma PC defined in Pythagorean ... direction from to C Music to D Music b . Image Pythagoreancomma on C.png thumb right Pythagoreancomma on C. audio Pythagoreancomma on C.mid Play . The note depicted as lower on the staff B semitone Just intonation music syntonic comma is slightly higher in pitch than C music natural . In musical tuning , the Pythagoreancomma or diatonic comma , named after the ancient mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras , is the small Interval music interval or Comma music comma existing in Pythagorean ... Pythagoreancomma on C.mid Play , or D Music b and C Music . It is equal to the Interval ratio frequency ... . The Pythagoreancomma can be also defined as the difference between a Pythagorean apotome and a Pythagorean .... It coincides therefore with the opposite of a Pythagoreancomma, and can be viewed as a descending Pythagoreancomma e.g. from C Music to D Music b , equal to about &minus 23.46 cents. Size The size of a Pythagoreancomma, measured in Cent music cents , is math hbox apotome hbox limma approx 113.69 ... comma as twelve justly tuned perfect fifths. The Pythagoreancomma can also be thought of as the discrepancy ... flat scales are one Pythagoreancomma lower. Disregarding this difference leads to enharmonic ... 5 music flat and 7 music sharp scales differ in the same way by one Pythagoreancomma. Scales ... of a Pythagoreancomma approximately 2 cents , thus producing perfect octaves. Another way to express ... the just fifth to the twelfth power, then subtract seven octaves, and you get the Pythagoreancomma about 1.4 difference . History Chinese mathematicians had been aware of the Pythagoreancomma as early ... this 53rd pitch and the starting pitch would be much smaller than the Pythagoreancomma. This much ... the comma s proportion of 531441 524288 was Euclid , who takes as a basis the whole tone of Pythagorean ... See also Comma music Syntonic comma Holdrian commaPythagorean tuning Schisma References Reflist ... more details
Created by User Hyacinth Hyacinth User talk Hyacinth talk in Sibelius 5 with midi pitch bend on 65,71 for 23.461914 cents rather than 0. See Image Pythagorean comma on C.png GFDL migration relicense Category Music midis Category Midis with pitch bend ... more details
Created by User Hyacinth Hyacinth User talk Hyacinth talk using Sibelius 5. Note that the note depicted lower on the staff is slightly higher in pitch. See File Pythagorean comma on C.mid GFDL self migration relicense Category Music images Category Monochrome images ... more details
Image Virguli a i sedila.svg thumb 180px Appearance of Comma punctuation comma upper row and cedilla lower row in the Times New Roman font. S comma lang ro majuscule , minuscule is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet , used to represent the Romanian language sound IPA , the voiceless postalveolar fricative like sh in shoe . This letter however was not part of the early Unicode versions, which is why S cedilla is often used in digital texts in Romanian. S Comma punctuation comma was introduced only in Unicode 3.0 at the request of the Romanian national standardization body, but most computers today still do not have font s compatible with it computers with Microsoft operating system s older than Windows XP do not have compatible fonts. Windows XP does not support this letter out of the box, but it is possible to install http www.microsoft.com downloads details.aspx?FamilyID 0ec6f335 c3de 44c5 a13d a1e7cea5ddea&DisplayLang en European Union Expansion Font Update which add support for this letter . That is why almost all Romanian texts still use S cedilla or even S , despite the recommendation to migrate from cedilla to comma. The letter is placed in Unicode in the Latin Extended B range, under Additions for Romanian , as the capital letter S with comma U 0218 and small letter s with comma U 0219 . ref Unicode code charts. http www.unicode.org charts PDF U0180.pdf Latin Extended B Range 0180 024F ref In HyperText Markup Language HTML these can be encoded by code ... ideologie. Apr., 1982 , pp. 75 85. ref Use of the comma with the letter S Diacritical marks Romanian ... used to represent the Romanian language Romanian letter Polytonic S with comma on outdated systems which do not support the glyph. Example word Polytonic Timi oara . See also T comma D comma References reflist Latin alphabet S comma Category Specific letter diacritic combinations S comma Category Romanian language S comma br lizherenn de es it nl no pl ro sk sv S komma ... more details
Image Virguli a i sedila.svg thumb 180px Appearance of comma upper row and cedilla lower row in the Times New Roman font. T comma lang ro majuscule , minuscule is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet , used to represent the Romanian language sound IPA t s , the voiceless alveolar affricate like ts in bolts . It is written as the letter T with a small Comma punctuation comma below and it has both the lower case U 021B and the upper case variants U 021A . The letter was proposed in the Buda Lexicon , a book published in 1825, which included two texts by Petru Maior , Orthographia romana sive Latino valachica una cum clavi and Dialogu pentru inceputul linbei rom ne , introducing for IPA and for IPA t s . ref Marinella L rinczi Angioni, Coscienza nazionale romanza e ortografia il romeno tra alfabeto cirillico e alfabeto latino , La Ricerca Folklorica , No. 5, La scrittura ... texts in Romanian. T Comma punctuation comma was introduced only in Unicode 3.0.0 September 1999 at the request ... T cedilla or even T , despite the recommendation to migrate from cedilla to comma. Full support of this letter ... Vista . In Windows XP, most of the fonts including the Arial Unicode MS render T cedilla as T comma ... can often be seen as if it had been written using S cedilla and T comma. However, in order to correctly encode and render both S comma and T comma, one has to install the European Union Expansion Font ... version of the Firefox web browser is able to generate S comma and T comma, even if the characters ... are able to correctly render S comma and T comma, since at least 2005. If these characters ... the X.Org Server supports the correct keyboard ro comma since at least 2005, selecting this keyboard ... also D comma S comma Cedilla Other diacritics confused with the cedilla Other diacritics confused ... Latin capital letter T with comma below http www.fileformat.info info unicode char 0162 index.htm ... html ro keyboard.html Keyboard driver for Windows XP with S comma and T comma Latin alphabet T comma ... more details
other uses Comma disambiguation Punctuation marks , The comma , is a punctuation mark. It has ..., slightly curved or straight, or with the appearance of a small, filled in number 9. The comma is used ... Dictionary , the word comma comes directly from the Greek language Greek komma , which means ... of a comma, though the name came to be used for the mark itself instead of the clause it separated ... Modern Palaeography Punctuation glossary ref Uses In general, the comma is used where ambiguity ... and after the comma are less closely or exclusively linked in the associated grammar grammatical structure that they might be otherwise. The comma may be used to perform a number of functions in English ... European ones, although the rules on comma usage and their rigidity vary from language to language ... mice. In English, a comma may or may not be used before the final Grammatical conjunction conjunction and , or , nor in a list of more than two elements. A comma used in such a position is called a serial comma or an Oxford or Harvard comma after the Oxford University Press and Harvard University Press , both prominent advocates of this style . In some cases, use or omission of such a comma may serve to avoid ambiguity Use of serial comma disambiguating I spoke to the boys, Sam and Tom. could ... about spkeaing to the boys and Tom . Could only be the boys, who are Sam and Tom if a serial comma can be used in lists with two items Sam, and Tom are my brothers Omission of serial comma disambiguating ..., a comma is generally used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent ... , as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. Without the comma, this would ... In Canada, the Editing Canadian English 5.7 , the comma should be used between independent clauses introduced ..., Canadian magazines and newspapers often omit this comma if there is no ambiguity of meaning. In some languages, such as German language German and Polish language Polish , stricter rules apply on comma ... more details
File Pythagore chartres.jpg thumb Sculpture of Pythagoras at Chartres Pythagorean means of or pertaining to the ancient Ionia n mathematician, philosopher, and music theorist Pythagoras . See Philosophy Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs purported to have been held by Pythagoras. Neo Pythagoreanism was a school of philosophy reviving Pythagorean doctrines that became prominent in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Pythagoreanism Vegetarianism Pythagorean diet was the name for vegetarianism prior to the nineteenth century Mathematics Pythagorean theorem Pythagorean triple Pythagorean prime Pythagorean trigonometric identity Pythagorean Approximation Table of Pythagoras, another name for the Multiplication table Music PythagoreancommaPythagorean tuning Pythagorean hammers Drinkware Pythagorean cup Graphics Upsilon Symbolism Pythagorean letter Sports statistics Pythagorean expectation disambig ... more details
137. ref Relationships The syntonic comma is the interval between a just perfect third 5 4 and a Pythagorean ditone 81 64 . Another way of describing the syntonic comma, as a combination of more commonly ... encountered comma is the Pythagoreancomma . Syntonic comma in the history of music The syntonic comma has a crucial role in the history of music. It is the amount by which some of the notes produced in Pythagorean tuning were flattened or sharpened to produce just minor and major thirds. In Pythagorean ...Image Syntonic comma on C.png thumb right Syntonic comma on C audio Syntonic comma on C.mid Play . Image ... Play . The perfect fifth above D A is a syntonic comma higher than the just major sixth A music natural ... tone audio Minor tone on C.mid Play . In music theory , the syntonic comma , also known as the comma of Didymus or Ptolemy Ptolemaic comma , is a small Comma music comma type interval music interval ... than as different notes. The comma is referred to as Didymus the Musician Didymus because it is the amount by which Didymus corrected the Pythagorean interval Pythagorean major third ref name Lloyd ... . The difference between these is 21.51 cents 81 80 , a syntonic comma. The difference of 21.51 cents ... to be made when deciding which system of musical tuning to use for an instrument. Pythagorean tuning .... Quarter comma meantone , on the other hand, uses exact 5 4s for major thirds, but flattens each of the fifths by a quarter of a syntonic comma. Other systems use different compromises. In just intonation ... just intonation, they have a ratio of 9 8 and 10 9, and the ratio between them is the syntonic comma ... fourth . The Pythagorean major third 81 64 and minor third 32 27 were Consonance and dissonance ... Middle Ages , musicians realized that by slightly tempering the pitch of some notes, the Pythagorean ... comma 81 80 the frequency of E, C E a major third , and E G a minor third become just. Namely ... E, become almost as dissonant as the Pythagorean Wolf interval wolf fifth . But the fifth ... more details
and chromatic , and hence by a comma of unique size. The same is true for Pythagorean tuning. align ... 2 align center 81 80 Major Major second tone Minor tone Pythagoreancomma PC Ditonic comma align ... differences. For instance, the Pythagoreancomma is the opposite of a Pythagorean diminished ... of a Pythagoreancomma , and in Quarter comma meantone Size of intervals quarter comma meantone ...Image Syntonic comma on C.png thumb right Syntonic comma on C audio Syntonic comma on C.mid Play . Image Pythagoreancomma on C.png thumb right Pythagoreancomma on C audio Pythagoreancomma on C.mid Play . In music theory , a comma is a minute interval music interval , the difference resulting from ..., eds. Macmillan. ref The word comma used without qualification refers to the syntonic comma , ref ..., for instance, as the difference between an F Music tuned using the D based Pythagorean tuning system, and another F Music tuned using the D based quarter comma meantone system. Even within the same ... comma meantone as difference between semitones br m2 &minus A1 117.1 &minus 76.0 41.1 cents ... from C to D is narrower than in Pythagorean tuning see below . audio Enharmonic scale segment on C.mid Play Image Pythagoreancomma difference A1 m2 .PNG thumb center 492 px Pythagoreancomma PC defined in Pythagorean tuning as difference between semitones br A1 &minus m2 113.7 &minus 90.2 ... from C to D is wider than in quarter comma meantone see above . In just intonation , more than ... and Interval 2 , all intervals are presumed to be tuned in just intonation . Notice that the Pythagoreancomma PC and the syntonic comma SC are basic intervals which can be used as yardsticks to define some of the other commas. For instance, the difference between them is a small comma called schisma ... 3 Name of comma rowspan 3 Alternative Name colspan 4 Definitions colspan 2 Size rowspan 2 Difference ... align center A1 &minus m2 br in 1 12 comma meantone temperament meantone align center 1 PC &minus ... more details
. ref . Its size is 27.264 cent music cents , slightly larger than the Pythagoreancomma . The composition of the septimal comma and the syntonic comma is 36 35, known as the septimal diesis . ref name ...Image Septimal comma on C.png thumb Septimal comma on C audio Septimal comma on C.mid Play . Image Major second on C.png thumb right 3 limit 9 8 major second major tone audio Major tone on C.mid Play . Image Septimal major second on C.png thumb right 7 limit 8 7 septimal whole tone audio Septimal major second on C.mid Play . A septimal comma is a small interval music musical interval in just intonation that contains the number 7 number seven in its prime factorization . There is more than one such interval, so the term septimal comma is ambiguous, but it most commonly refers to the interval 64 63. ref name H F cite web url http www.xs4all.nl huygensf doc intervals.html title List of intervals accessdate 2006 07 29 author Manuel Op de Coul work Stichting Huygens Fokker archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20060704064519 http www.xs4all.nl huygensf doc intervals.html Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2006 07 04 ref ref cite journal last Perrett first Wilfrid year 1932 month April title The Heritage of Greece in Music journal Proceedings of the Musical Association volume 58 pages 85 103 url http www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.fsu.edu view 09588442 ap030059 03a00070 0 format GIF accessdate 2006 07 29 doi 10.1093 jrma 58.1.85 ref Use of septimal commas introduces new intervals that extend tuning ... commas The 64 63 septimal comma Audio Septimal comma on C.mid play , also known as Archytas Comma ... 9 Pythagorean tuning Pythagorean minor seventh the composition of two 4 3 perfect fourths and the 7 ... septimal tritone s, 7 5 and 10 7, or Erlich s decatonic comma , because it plays an important role ... Size in cents Names 64 63 27.3 Septimal comma, Archytas comma 50 49 35.0 Septimal sixth tone , tritonic diesis, Erlich s decatonic comma 49 48 35.7 Septimal diesis Slendro diesis 36 35 48.4 Septimal ... more details
Wiktionary comma A comma is a type of punctuation mark , . The word comes from the Greek komma , which means something cut off or a short clause . Comma may also refer to Comma music , a type of interval in music theory Comma butterfly, the brush footed butterfly Polygonia c album and related species comma butterflies the genus Polygonia in general Comma journal , the journal of the International Council on Archives Comma rhetoric , a short clause in Greek rhetoric Comma operator , an operator in C and other related programming languages See also Coma disambiguation Commer commerial vehicle manufacturer Kama Disambig fr Comma id Koma it Comma sv Komma ... more details
In Ancient Greek rhetoric a comma is a short clause , something less than a colon rhetoric colon , originally denoted by Comma punctuation comma marks . It is shaped as a small swipe at the bottom of the line. In antiquity comma was defined as a combination of words that has no more than eight syllables. See also Comma Johanneum References http humanities.byu.edu rhetoric Figures C comma.htm Part of a http humanities.byu.edu rhetoric glossary of classical rhetorical terms . Bibliography Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament. Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, New York, Oxford Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 45 46. Category Rhetoric ling stub ... more details
In music theory and musical tuning the Holdrian comma , also called Holder s comma , and sometimes the Arabian comma , ref name Touma Habib Hassan Touma 1996 . The Music of the Arabs , p.23. trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon Amadeus Press. ISBN 0 931340 88 8. ref is a small musical interval of approximately 22.6415 cent music cents , ref name Touma equal to one step of 53 equal temperament , or math sqrt 53 2 math Audio Holdrian comma on C.mid play . The name comma music comma is misleading, since this interval is an irrational number and does not describe the compromise between intervals of any tuning system it assumes this name because it is an approximation of the syntonic comma Audio Syntonic comma on C.mid play , which was widely used as a measurement of tuning in William Holder s time. Mercator s comma is a name often used for a closely related interval because of its association with Nicholas Mercator . One of these intervals was first described by Ching Fang in 45 BCE. ref name Touma Mercator s comma and the Holdrian comma Mercator applied logarithms to determine that math sqrt 55 2 math 21.8182 cents was nearly equivalent to a syntonic comma of 21.5063 cents a feature of the prevalent sixth comma meantone temperament tuning system of the time . He also considered that an artificial comma of math sqrt 53 2 math might be useful, because 31 octaves could be practically approximated by a cycle of 53 just fifth s. William Holder , for whom the Holdrian comma is named ... than that of 55. Thus Mercator s comma and the Holdrian comma are two distinct but related intervals. Arabian comma The name Arabian comma may be inaccurate the comma has been employed mainly in Turkish music theory by Kemal Ilerici , and by the Turkish composer Erol Sayan . The name of the comma ... enc m mercator comma.aspx Mercator s Comma , Tonalsoft . Intervals state expanded DEFAULTSORT Holdrian Comma Category Musical tuning Category Intervals Category Commas ca Coma de Holder ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Eastern Comma image Polygonia comma Kaldari 01.jpg status regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Brush footed Butterflies Nymphalidae subfamilia Nymphalinae tribus Nymphalini genus Polygonia species P. comma binomial Polygonia comma binomial authority Thaddeus William Harris Harris , 1842 range map Polygonia comma range map.JPG Range map showing distribution of the Eastern Comma. synonyms Nymphalis comma The Eastern Comma Polygonia comma is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae , subfamily Nymphalinae . Description Image ... comma mark in the middle of the hindwing in both forms. Its wingspan is 4.5 6.4 cm 1.8 2.5 inches . Habitat The Eastern Comma may be spotted in woods near rivers, ponds, marshes, swamps and other ... migrate south for the winter. Similar Species The dark form of comma is frequently confused ... can readily be distinguished by the shape of the comma mark on the underside. The pale form is easily confused with the Polygonia satyrus Satyr Comma N. satyrus , which usually occurs north and west of the Eastern Comma s range. They can be distinguished by the upperside colour, which is orange brown in comma and tawny yellowish brown in satyrus by the underside pattern, which tends to be mottled in comma but appears to be more longitudinally streaked in satyrus and by the row of pale submarginal spots on the hindwing upperside, which tend to be separate and surrounded by dark shading in comma ... spp pages butterflies species EasternComma e.php Eastern Comma , Butterflies of Canada External links http entomology.ifas.ufl.edu creatures bfly eastern comma.htm Eastern Comma on the UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Commons Polygonia comma DEFAULTSORT Polygonia Comma Category Butterflies and moths of North America Category Butterflies of Canada Category Butterflies of Canada fr Polygone virgule nl Polygonia comma ... more details
Taxobox image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Fly Diptera zoosectio Schizophora zoosubsectio Acalyptratae superfamilia Tephritoidea familia Tephritidae genus Trypeta species T. comma binomial Trypeta comma subdivision ranks Subspecies subdivision Trypeta comma is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Trypeta of the family Tephritidae . ref http www.itis.gov servlet SingleRpt SingleRpt ref ref http nomen.at Trypeta comma ref ref http data.gbif.org species browse taxon 13143053 ref References Reflist Category Trypeta Trypeta stub ... more details
Fat comma is a computer programming programming term primarily associated with the Perl and Ruby programming language Ruby programming language s, though others doubtless also employ the token parser token . It refers to an operator programming operator , indicated as code code , that can be used as a substitute for the comma operator and is an example of good idiomatic Computer science idiomatic Perl when used to bind key value pairs in a hash table hash . ref name hashbind Cite book last Conway first Damian authorlink Damian Conway editor Allison Randal and Tatiana Appandi title Perl Best Practices origyear 2005 publisher O Reilly Media, Inc. isbn 0 596 00173 8 chapter 4 Values and Expressions pages 66 quote Whenever you are creating a list of key value or name value pairs, use the fat comma to connect the keys to their corresponding values. ref source lang perl a typical, idiomatic use of the fat comma in Perl my newHash first name Tom , last name Auger source Subtleties When working under strict mode a programming practice that forces the developer to adhere to the highest standards of consistency, typing and declaration available to the language s compiler , the fat comma has one advantage over its comma code , code analogue it forces the word to its left to be interpreted as a string. ref http perldoc.perl.org perlop.html Comma Operator perldoc.perl.org perlop Comma Operator ref Thus, where this would produce a run time error barewords are not allowed under strict source lang perl use strict my badHash bad bareword, not so cool source the following use of the fat comma would be legal and idiomatic source lang perl use strict my goodHash converted to string very monkish source This is because the token code converted to string code would be converted to the string literal code converted to string code which is a legal Parameter computer science argument in a hash key assignment. The result is easier to read code, with a stronger emphasis on the name value pairing ... more details
Image D comma.svg thumb right 200px D with comma below. unicode D unicode d D comma is a letter which was part of the Romanian alphabet , and used to represent the sound IPA z or IPA dz where it was derived from a Latin language Latin d e.g. unicode d i , pronounced IPA zi came from Latin die , day ref Negruzzi, p. 234. ref . It was the equivalent of the Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic letters Ze Cyrillic and Dze . This letter was first introduced by Petru Maior in his 1819 book Ortographia romana sive Latino Valachica, una cum clavis, qua penetralia originationis vocum reserantur... unicode d sicut Latinorum z ac cyrillicum ref V rtosu, p. 208 ref . In 1844 Ioan Eliade introduced unicode d again in his magazine Curierul de ambe sexe as a substitute for ref V rtosu, p. 223. ref . On 23 October 1858 the Eforia Instruc iunii Publice of Wallachia issued a decree in which, among other rules, unicode d was for the third time adopted instead of Cyrillic . However, this rule will not be fully adopted until later ref V rtosu, p. 234 235. ref . Taking the matter in his hands, internal affairs minister Ion Ghica stated on 8 February 1860 that whoever in his order ignored the new transitional alphabet rules, was going to be fired ref V rtosu, p. 236. ref . In Moldavia , the transitional alphabet and the letter unicode d was adopted much later. In his grammar published in Paris in 1865, Vasile Alecsandri adopted this sign instead of , viewing the comma below d as a small s unicode d was often pronounced IPA dz , IPA ds . This was also the case with S comma unicode ss and T comma unicode ts ref V rtosu, p. 245. ref . This letter was abandoned in 1904 and is no longer in use ... point of view of D cedilla is very similar that has a comma. See also S comma T comma Notes references ..., Bucharest, 1968. Latin alphabet D comma Category Specific letter diacritic combinations D comma Category Romanian language D comma ... more details
In musical tuning , the Orwell comma audio Orwell comma on C.mid Play is a very small musical interval of 13.07 cents music cents and frequency ratio of 1728 1715 or 2 sup 6 sup 3 sup 3 sup 5 7 sup 3 sup ref http www.huygens fokker.org docs intervals.html ref . Sources references Intervals state expanded Category Commas Category Musical tuning Category Intervals music theory stub ... more details
Taxobox name Comma image Polygonia c album 3451 cropped.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Nymphalidae tribus Nymphalini genus Polygonia species P. c album binomial Polygonia c album binomial authority Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1758 synonyms Nymphalis c album The Comma Polygonia c album is a species of butterfly , common in the United Kingdom and with a distribution across Europe and temperate Asia to Japan and south to Morocco. Similar species are found in the United States and Canada . It has a white marking on its underwings resembling a comma punctuation comma . The wings have a distinctive ragged edge, apparently a cryptic zoology cryptic form as the butterfly resembles a fallen leaf. The caterpillar s are also cryptic, resembling a bird dropping. In the 19th century the British population of comma butterflies crashed, and by 1920 there were only two sightings. The cause for this decline is unknown, and from about 1930 the population recovered and it is now one of the more familiar butterflies in Southern England , and is now resident in Scotland and in North Wales . The caterpillars will feed up on hops , and they will also eat stinging nettle , elm or currant leaves, and in other parts of its distribution e.g. in Sweden also sallow and birch leaves. The species survives the winter in the adult stage, and adults are of two forms. The form that overwinters before reproducing has dark undersides of the wings, whereas the form ... Polygonia c album Comma butterfly http www.ukbutterflies.co.uk species.php?vernacular name CommaComma page from the http www.ukbutterflies.co.uk UK Butterflies site http www.butterfly conservation.org Butterfly 32 Butterfly.html?ButterflyId 16 Comma page from the http www.butterfly conservation.org ... Underwing shown with the namesake white Comma punctuation comma mark Image Polygonia c album DePanne.jpg Comma butterfly Image Polygonia c album eggs.jpg Egg Image Polygonia c album ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Asylemissa comma image image width 240px regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Micronoctuidae genus Asylemissa species A. comma binomial Asylemissa comma binomial authority Fibiger, 2010 synonyms Asylemissa comma is a moth of the Micronoctuidae family. It is known from north eastern Thailand . The wingspan is about 8 mm. The head, patagia, anterior part of the tegulae, prothorax, basal part of the costa, costal part of the medial area and fringes are blackish brown. The costal medial area is quadrangular. The forewing is short, narrow and pointed at the apex. The ground colour is yellow suffused with brown scales and with a black tornal patch. The crosslines are partly indistinct and light brown. The terminal line is also indistinct and indicated by a few black, interneural dots. The hindwing is grey, without a discal spot. The underside of the forewing is light brown, while the underside of the hindwing is light grey. References aut Fibiger, M. 2010 Revision of the Micronoctuidae Lepidoptera Noctuoidea Part 3, Taxonomy of the Tactusinae. http www.mapress.com zootaxa index.html Zootaxa , 2583 1 119. http www.mapress.com zootaxa 2010 f z02583p119f.pdf Preview Noctuoidea stub Category Micronoctuidae ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Nephele comma image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Sphingidae genus Nephele genus Nephele species N. comma binomial Nephele comma binomial authority Hopffer, 1857 ref http www.cate sphingidae.org taxonomy Nephele leighi.html CATE Creating a Taxonomic eScience Sphingidae ref synonyms Nephele triangulifera small Closs, 1914 small Nephele charoba small Kirby, 1877 small Nephele charoba microstigma small Clark, 1927 small Nephele comma derasa small Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 small Nephele comma is a moth of the Sphingidae family. It is very common throughout the Ethiopian Region , including Madagascar . ref http www.biodiversitylibrary.org jeanhs XXVI 20No.3 20 115 1 1967 Carcasson.pdf Revised Catalogue of the African Sphingidae Lepidoptera with Descriptions of the East African species ref The length of the forewings is 32 39 mm. It is a very variable species. The body and forewings are dark olive green to reddish brown and to light ochreous brown. The dorsum of the abdomen is broadly of the same colour as the thorax. There are three large quadrate blackish lateral spots. The forewings have irregular dark transverse bands which are usually much better developed in the olive or ochreous specimens than in the reddish ones. The terminal area has a greyish tinge, usually in distinct contrast with the remainder of the wing and clearly defined proximally by a regular blackish submarginal line running from the apex to the tornus. In the typical form, the stigma is a prominent silvery white reversed comma with its curve towards the base of the wing and its extremities towards the termen. This stigma is even more dilated posteriorly and reduced anteriorly in form charoba and is reduced to a tiny dot or altogether absent in form derasa . The hindwings are various shades of olive, with a darker margin. References reflist Category Nephele Sphingidae stub ... more details
A comma splice is the use of a comma to join two independent clause s where the clauses are not connected ... languages and compulsory in others, comma splices are generally considered errors in English. Prescriptive view Comma splices are condemned in The Elements of Style , a popular American English ... by a comma chapterurl http www.crockford.com wrrrld style2.html 5 ref According to Joanne Buckley ... Nelson. 2003. ref comma splices often arise when writers use conjunctive adverb s to separate ... adverb is a word like furthermore , however , or moreover . A conjunctive adverb and a comma ... and creates a comma splice. For example, There is no admission fee, however you will be responsible for any food you order. contains a comma splice with a conjunctive adverb. Only semicolons and periods ... such as although or since . Grammarians disagree as to whether a comma splice also constitutes a run on sentence . Some define run on sentences to include comma splices, ref cite web title Run on Sentences, Comma Splices url http grammar.ccc.commnet.edu grammar runons.htm accessdate 2008 ... without any punctuation, thereby excluding comma splices. ref cite web title Run ons Comma Splices Fused ... of writing comma joined sentences is not uncommon in both older and present day fiction. Modern ... from friends at Cambridge Iris Murdoch I. Murdoch . The comma splice is often considered acceptable ... accessdate 2007 11 23 chapter That ll do, comma author Lynne Truss. publisher Profile Books location London ref observes so many highly respected writers observe the splice comma that a rather unfair ... Maugham . Done knowingly by an established writer, the comma splice is effective, poetic .... Done ignorantly by ignorant people, it is awful. Comma splices are also acceptable in passages ... more closely. Correction Simply removing the comma does not correct the error, but results in a run on sentence . There are several ways to correct this Change the comma to another punctuation mark It is nearly ... more details
Taxobox name Hoary Comma image Polygonia gracilis 3396.JPG image width 250px status NE status system IUCN3.1 regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropoda classis Insecta ordo Lepidoptera familia Nymphalidae tribus Nymphalini genus Polygonia species P. gracilis binomial Polygonia gracilis binomial authority Augustus Radcliffe Grote Grote & Robinson, 1867 synonyms Nymphalis gracilis The Hoary Comma Polygonia gracilis is a species of butterfly , common in boreal ecosystem boreal North America from Alaska, across southern Canada to New England and the Maritime Provinces and south to New Mexico from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The wings have a distinctive ragged edge. ref name Sommer cite web last Sommer first Stefan authorlink coauthors Denise Knight, Stephanie McDowell, Stephen Burton, Ean Harker title Polygonia gracilis work Digital Atlas of Idaho publisher date url http imnh.isu.edu digitalatlas bio insects butrfly famnymph pogrf.htm doi accessdate 2008 06 22 ref ref name Opler cite web last Opler first Paul A. authorlink coauthors Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, coordinators title Hoary Comma work Butterflies and Moths of North America publisher Bozeman, MT NBII Mountain Prairie Information Node year 2006 url http www.butterfliesandmoths.org format doi accessdate 2008 06 22 ref Adult butterflies feed on tree sap and nectar from flowers. Caterpillars feed on shrub leaves including currant, western azalea and mock azalea. The species survives the winter in the adult stage in diapause and mate and lay eggs in the spring. Butterflies emerge from their Pupa Chrysalis chrysalids in midsummer. References references External links http www.cbif.gc.ca spp pages butterflies species HoaryComma e.php Hoary Comma , Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility Commons Polygonia gracilis Hoary Comma Category Nymphalini Category Butterflies and moths of North America Category Butterflies of Canada Category Butterflies of Canada Nymphalinae stub fr Polygone gracile ... more details
In the C programming language C and C programming languages, the comma operator represented by the token parser token code , code is a binary operator that evaluates its first operand and discards the result, and then evaluates the second operand and returns this value and type . The comma operator has the lowest precedence of any C operator, and acts as a sequence point . The use of the comma token as an operator is distinct from its use in function call s and definitions, variable declarations, enum declarations, and similar constructs, where it acts as a separator . In this example, the differing behavior between the second and third lines is due to the comma operator having lower precedence than assignment. source lang C int a 1, b 2, c 3, i comma acts as separator in this line, not as an operator i a, b stores b into i ... a 1, b 2, c 3, i 2 i a, b stores a into i. Equivalent to i a , b ... a 1, b 2, c 3, i 1 i a 2, a b increases a by 2, then stores a b 3 2 into i ... a 3, b 2, c 3, i 5 i a 2, a b increases a by 2, then stores a 5 into i ... a 5, b 2, c 3, i 5 i a, b, c stores a into i ... a 5, b 2, c 3, i 5 i a, b, c stores c into i ... a 5, b 2, c 3, i 3 source A handy reminder is that source lang C a, b source has the same effect as using C s 3F ternary operator like source lang C a ? b b source Because the comma operator discards its first operand, it is generally only useful where the first operand has desirable Side effect computer science side effects , such as in the initialiser or increment statement of a for loop . For example, the following terse linked list cycle detection algorithm a version of Robert W. Floyd Floyd s Cycle detection Tortoise and hare tortoise and hare algorithm source lang C bool loops List list List tortoise, hare advance hare 2 times ... of hare tortoise tortoise next, hare hare next comma separates hare and tortoise step if tortoise ... which makes it easy to fill containers using comma operator Category C programming language compu ... more details
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