A pyroclasticsurge is a fluidized mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments which is ejected during some volcanic eruption s. It is similar to a pyroclastic flow but contains a much higher proportion of gas to rock, which makes it more turbulent and allows it to rise over ridges and hills rather than always travel downhill as pyroclastic flows do. Pyroclastic surges are much faster moving than pyroclastic flows, and can reach speeds of 1050 km h. Pyroclastic flows may generate surges. For example, the city of Saint Pierre, Martinique Saint Pierre on the Caribbean island of Martinique in 1902 was overcome by one. Base surge was first recognised after the Taal Volcano eruption of 1965, where a visiting volcanologist recognised the phenomenon as congruent to base surge in atomic explosions. The USGS defines base surge as turbulent, low density cloud of rock debris and water and or steam that moves over the ground surface at high speed. Base surges are generated by explosions. ref http vulcan.wr.usgs.gov Glossary volcano terminology.html Base 20surge USGS Glossary ref Hot surges contain gas and steam at temperatures above 100 C 212 F and are ejected from the vent . They may be as hot as 800 C 1500 F and are produced by the same mechanisms as pyroclastic flows. Cold surges contain gas mainly below 100 C 212 F and can be produced when magma comes into contact with a large volume of water for example, if the vent is under a lake or the sea . Surges can travel around 10 kilometres 6.2 miles and are enormously destructive because of their massive kinetic energy and, for hot surges, the lethally hot gas. Even cold surges can contain large quantities of toxic gases, such as hydrogen sulfide . See also Pyroclastic fall Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic rock References references Category Volcanology volcanology stub de Surge fr Surge volcanique he ja ... more details
wiktionary surge TOC right Surge may refer to Science Jerk physics or surge , the rate of change of acceleration in physics Storm surge , the onshore gush of water associated with a low pressure weather system Surge glacier , a short lived event where a glacier can move up to velocities 100 times faster than normal Pyroclasticsurge , the fluidized mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments ejected during some volcanic eruptions Characteristic impedance , also known as surge impedance in electrical engineering Voltage spike , short duration surges in electrical circuits Compressor stall , also known as compressor surge , in aviation Surge, one of the linear Degrees of freedom engineering degrees of freedom in engineering Popular culture Surge soft drink , a soft drink formerly made by the Coca Cola Company Surge, a video game publishing label owned by Namco Bandai Games Surge radio station , the student radio station of the University of Southampton Surge comics , a comic book character and mutant in the Marvel Universe Lt. Surge , a gym Leader in the Pok mon video games Other Iraq War troop surge of 2007 usually referred to as The Surge , the revised U.S. counter insurgency strategy in the Iraq War See also lookfrom intitle Surgery disambiguation extrapolation and possible misspelling Serge possible misspelling Gush disambiguation alternate meaning Serge Corbin Professional Marathon canoe racer disambig fr Surge it Surge ja ... more details
to be pyroclastic because it is a fine dust made up of volcanic rock. One of the most spectacular forms of pyroclastic deposit are the ignimbrite s, deposits formed by the high temperature gas and ash mix of a pyroclastic flow event. Three modes of transport can be distinguished pyroclastic flow , pyroclasticsurge , and pyroclastic fall . During Plinian eruption s, pumice and Volcanic ash ...Image Pyroclastic Flow St. Helens.jpg thumb USGS scientist examines pumice blocks at the edge of a pyroclastic flow from Mount St. Helens File BishopTuff.jpg thumb Rocks from the Bishop tuff , uncompressed with pumice on left compressed with fiamme on right. Pyroclastic rocks or pyroclastics derived from the Greek language Greek , meaning fire and , meaning broken are clastic rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials. Where the volcanic material has been transported and reworked through mechanical action, such as by wind or water, these rocks are termed volcaniclastic . Commonly associated with explosive volcanic activity such as Plinian or Krakatoa krakatoan eruption styles, or phreatomagmatic eruptions pyroclastic deposits are commonly formed from airborne volcanic ash ash , lapilli and Volcanic bomb bombs or Volcanic blocks blocks ejected from the volcano itself, mixed in with shattered Country rock geology country rock . Pyroclastic rocks may be composed of a large ... clouds form layers on the ground this is pyroclastic fall or tephra . Pyroclastic density currents ..., are sometimes called glowing avalanches . The deposits of pumice rich pyroclastic flows can be called ignimbrite s. A pyroclastic eruption entails spitting or fountaining lava, where the lava will be thrown into the air along with ash, pyroclastic materials, and other volcanic byproducts. Hawaiian ... fountain . The magma clots, if hot enough may coalesce upon landing to form a lava flow . Pyroclastic deposits consist of pyroclasts which are not cemented together. Pyroclastic rocks tuff are pyroclastic ... more details
deeper materials from the chamber were tapped as the eruption progressed. See also Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic rock Pyroclasticsurge DEFAULTSORT Pyroclastic Fall Category Volcanology ...Unreferenced date December 2009 A pyroclastic fall is a uniform deposit of material which has been ejected from a volcanic eruption or plume such as an ash fall or tuff . Pyroclastic air fall deposits are a result of Ballistic transport of ejecta such as volcanic blocks , volcanic bombs and lapilli from volcanic explosions Deposition of material from convective clouds associated with pyroclastic flows such as co ignimbrite falls Ejecta carried in gas streaming from a vent. The material under the action of gravity will settle out from an eruption plume or eruption column Ejecta settling from an eruptive plume or eruption column that is displaced laterally by wind currents and is dispersed over great distances Structures The deposits of pyroclastic falls follow a well sorted and well bedded trend. They exhibit mantle bedding the deposits directly overlie pre existing topography and maintain a uniform thickness over relatively short distances. Sorting by size is more pronounced than pyroclasticsurge or pyroclastic flows . Early settling of crystals and lithic fragments near an eruptive vent and of glassy fragments further away is a common trend witnessed during many eruptions. The St Vincent eruption in 1902 ejected a large eruption column which when settled near the vent contained 73 crystals, and ash deposited in Jamaica 1,600 km away consisted entirely of glass dust Dispersal The distribution of pyroclastic ash depends largely on the direction of wind at intermediate and high altitudes between approximately 4.5 13 km. The general trend of pyroclastic dispersal is shown ... area of recognisable pyroclastic fall was greater than 800,000 km . The pyroclastic ash encircled ... variations Pyroclastic falls exhibit lateral and commonly vertical variations in the nature ... more details
et ses Eruptions , Paris, Masson in French ref These pyroclastic flows glowed red in the dark. Pyroclastic flows that contain a much higher proportion of gas to rock are known as fully dilute pyroclastic density currents or pyroclasticsurge s. The lower density sometimes allows them to flow over ... vesuvius.htm . ref A pyroclasticsurge killed volcanology volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft and 41 other people on Mount Unzen , in Japan , on June 3, 1991. The surge started as a pyroclastic ... . A large energised pyroclasticsurge developed. This surge could not be restrained by the Ghaut and spilled ... fall Pyroclastic rock Pyroclasticsurge Lahar Welded tuff External links Commons Pyroclastic flow ...Refimprove date October 2007 Image Pyroclastic flows at Mayon Volcano.jpg thumb right 280px Pyroclastic ... from the Bishop tuff , uncompressed with pumice on left compressed with fiamme on right. A pyroclastic flow also known scientifically as a pyroclastic density current ref Branney M.J. & Kokelaar, B.P. 2002, Pyroclastic Density Currents and the Sedimentation of Ignimbrites. Geological Society London ... msh pyroclastic.html Pyroclastic flows USGS ref The flows normally hug the ground and travel downhill ... polytonic , meaning fire , and polytonic , meaning broken in pieces . A name for some pyroclastic ... is still lethally high. Cold pyroclastic surges can occur when the eruption is from a vent under a shallow lake or the sea. Fronts of some pyroclastic density currents are fully dilute for example ... Earth its physical systems through geological time ref A pyroclastic flow is a type of gravity current in scientific literature they are sometimes abbreviated to PDC pyroclastic density current . Causes There are several scenarios which can produce a pyroclastic flow Fountain collapse of an eruption ... pyroclastic flows and surges. In this style of eruption, the gas and projectiles create a cloud which is denser than the surrounding air and become a pyroclastic flow. Frothing at the mouth ... more details
Image Emi Koussi Tibesti Mountains Chad.jpg 250px thumb right Emi Koussi seen from International Space Station In volcanology , a pyroclastic shield or terrestrial ignimbrite shield is an uncommon type of shield volcano . Unlike most shield volcanoes, pyroclastic shields are formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruption s rather than relatively fluid basalt ic lava issuing from vents or fissure vent fissure s on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after explosive activity has ended. The paucity of associated Plinian eruption Plinian fall deposits indicates that pyroclastic shields are characterized by low Plinian columns. Pyroclastic shields are commonly known to form in the Andes Central Andes of South America , as well as in Melanesia the island of Bougainville Island Bougainville alone has two . There are also pyroclastic shields in Africa , such as Emi Koussi in Chad . Examples Main List of shield volcanoes Pyroclastic shields Ambrym , Vanuatu Apoyeque , Nicaragua Billy Mitchell volcano Billy Mitchell , Bougainville Island Bougainville , Papua New Guinea Emi Koussi , Chad Loloru , Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Purico Complex , Chile Rabaul caldera Rabaul , New Britain , Papua New Guinea Sacabaya , Bolivia Tata Sabaya , Bolivia External links http www.volcanolive.com shield2.html Pyroclastic Shield Volcano John Seach volcanology stub Category Shield volcanoes Category Volcanic landforms Category Volcanology Category Pyroclastic shields zh ... more details
Infobox mountain name Pyroclastic Peak photo South Face of Pyroclastic Peak.jpg photo caption South face of Pyroclastic Peak elevation m 2349 elevation ref prominence m 145 prominence ref location British Columbia British Columbia, Canada range Pacific Ranges coordinates coord 50 06 51.8 N 123 17 34.1 W type mountain region CA display inline,title topo National Topographic System NTS 92J 03 type Stratovolcano age Pleistocene volcanic arc belt Cascade Volcanoes Cascade Volcanic Arc clear Garibaldi Volcanic Belt last eruption Pleistocene first ascent 1971 R. Chicoine F. Douglas R. Wyborn ref name CME cite bivouac id 701 title Pyroclastic Peak accessdate 2007 05 01 ref easiest route Pyroclastic Peak is the second highest of the five named volcanic peaks immediately south of Mount Cayley in British Columbia , Canada . It is steep and rotten and is located convert 12 km mi 0 abbr on southwest of Callaghan Lake and convert 24 km mi 0 abbr on west of Whistler, British Columbia Whistler . It is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. On the south ridge of Pyroclastic Peak is a feature known as The Vulcan s Thumb which remains unclimbed ref name CME because of the looseness of the rock. See also Cascade Volcanoes Mount Cayley Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Volcanism of Canada Volcanism of Western Canada List of volcanoes in Canada References reflist Pacific Ranges Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Category Volcanoes of British Columbia Category Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Category Mountains of British Columbia Pyroclastic, Peak BritishColumbiaCoast geo stub ... more details
Power surge or Powersurge may refer to Voltage spike Power Surge comics , a 2002 DC Comics event Power Surge ride , an amusement ride Powersurge band , an American power metal band Powersurge , a Bangladeshi thrash groove metal band Powersurge , a song by Overkill from Taking Over Overkill album Taking Over Power Surge , a song by Jag Panzer from their Mechanized Warfare album Power Surge , a series of lightning rounds in the Nickelodeon game show Get the Picture show Get the Picture disambig ... more details
unreferenced date December 2009 File Blue ridge dam tva1.jpg right thumb The Blue Ridge Dam and surge tank A surge tank or surge drum is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the downstream end of a closed aqueduct or feeder pipe to absorb water hammer sudden rises of pressure as well as to quickly provide extra water during a brief drop in pressure. An open tank to which the top of a surge pipe is connected so as to avoid loss of water during a pressure surge. In mining technology, ore pulp pumps use a relatively small surge tank to maintain a steady loading on the pump. For hydroelectric power uses, a surge tank is an additional storage space or reservoir fitted between the main storage reservoir and the power house as close to the power house as possible . Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium hydraulic head head plants when there is a considerable distance between the water source and the power unit, necessitating a long penstock. The main functions of the surge tank are 1. When the load decreases, the water moves backwards and gets stored in it. 2. When the load increases, additional supply of water will be provided by surge tank. In short, the surge tank mitigates pressure variations due to rapid changes in velocity of water. Category Hydraulics Category Plumbing it Torrino piezometrico ja ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Surge channel.jpg thumb right 250px Surge channel on the West Coast Trail. A surge channel is a narrow inlet on a rocky shoreline. As waves strike the shore, water fills the channel, and drains out again as the waves retreat. The narrow confines of the channel create powerful currents that reverse themselves rapidly as the water level rises and falls. Surge channels can range from a few inches across to 10 feet or more. They may create tide pools if the conditions are correct, but the rapid water movement almost always creates a dangerous situation for people or animals that are caught in it. The West Coast Trail on the coast of Vancouver Island , B.C., is famous for its large number of surge channels, some of which are impassable even at low tide and must be crossed inland. Coastal geography DEFAULTSORT Surge Channel Category Coastal geography Category Coastal and oceanic landforms ... more details
about the hydraulic device electrical surges Surge arrestor . Unreferenced date December 2009 Tone date December 2009 reason Sounds like a how to guide, not suitable for the casual reader. A pressure surge can occur in a hydraulic system if you try to stop the flow in a pipeline to quickly. When a valve closes or a pump stops the water or oil or other fluid in a hydraulic system will attempt to continue flowing. This will cause an increase in pressure which can damage the pipe. Surge control devices absorb and limit this pressure increase and prevent damage to the pipework. What is hydraulic surge Hydraulic pressure transient flow occurs when the flow of fluid in a pipeline is abruptly changed. Piping systems that use quick acting valves, or use pumps that start up or shut down rapidly, are susceptible to pressure transients surges . These conditions can result in piping failure, damage to pumps, fittings, instrumentation, and other system components. Controlling hydraulic surge Controlling hydraulic surges can increase the life of hydraulic systems by effectively managing these destructive forces. Surge suppressors, bladder surge tanks, and hydropneumatic device surge tank can be used to control surges. Typical applications Surge control products are currently protecting fluid systems in numerous industries and defense industries, including airport refueling systems, bulk loading facilities, fire systems as surge tanks , municipal water and sewage pump systems, petro chemical facilities, cogeneration plants, mobile fuel trucks, and diesel fuel loading Bladder surge suppressors Bladder surge tanks are used in many applications including fire protection and water pumping stations. They utilize a pre charged bladder to control pressure transients. Hydropneumatic surge tanks for water, waste water, and sewage service Water, waste water, and sewage pumping applications, incorporate a hydraulically designed nozzle to dampen destructive energy and prevent vortexing . Category ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Surge Rocks Coord 64 47 S 64 4 W is a group of five rocks, two always exposed, lying 0.1 miles southwest of Eichorst Island and 0.6 miles south southeast of Bonaparte Point , Anvers Island . The name was suggested by Palmer Station personnel in 1972. Ocean swells working on the shoal surrounding these rocks, cause breaking and a surge of the water level in any weather condition. Category Rock formations in Antarctica WAntarctica geo stub es Rocas Surge ... more details
Maximum Surge is a cancelled game by Digital Pictures . Planned for release in 1996 for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer 3DO , Macintosh Mac , IBM PC clone PC and Sega Saturn . It features full motion video in the same way that many of Digital Pictures releases of the time did. The game featured Walter Koenig , Yasmine Bleeth , and Michael Champion. The game was directed by William Mesa , and written by J. Garrett Glover and Charlie Ogden . According to Flash Film Works, the studio responsible for the special effects used in the game, Maximum Surge was never released http www.flashfilmworks.com d maximum.htm . However, the ESRB s website lists a rating for the game on multiple platforms, suggesting that the project made it at least to the late stages of development. A short playable demo of Maximum Surge was released as part of a Digital Pictures Windows 95 demo disk. Cast Yasmine Bleeth Jo Walter Koenig Drexel Michael Champion Wolf Christopher Doyle Ugly John Escobar Vendor Andy Hirsch Codec Michael Jace Stark Timothy Scott Ralston Ugly 1 Scotty Rogers Ugly 2 Spice Williams Crosby Spice Williams Amazonian Plot The game stars the player as an unnamed soldier, as you join forces with Jo Yasmine Bleeth against Drexel Walter Koenig , who is trying to replace humanity with evil cyborg beings which transfer information by means of umbilical data cords. It is up to you to destroy his bases and ultimately face him in the final battle. Production Footage from this and other Digital Pictures games was used by Insight Film and Video Production, Shavick Entertainment, and Avrio Filmworks to create a movie originally titled Maximum Surge Movie, which was later rereleased on DVD by York ... it feel to be in the video game Maximum Surge ? Bleeth responded Maximum Surge was a completely new ... surge&x 0&y 0&type game&validateSearch 1 ESRB ratings for Maximum Surge IMDB title 0117012 http www.imdb.com title tt0382178 IMDB entry for Maximum Surge Movie 2003 Category Cancelled 3DO games Category ... more details
orphan date March 2008 Surge Events is the name of a series of art events which began in the autumn of 2006 in Fredericton New Brunswick Canada . While the focus has been mainly on music, Surge is, in effect, a continuing Multi Disciplinary Festival with literary readings, film and video. Musical performers have included Motion Ensemble , John Born, Chris Giles, Eric Hill and Bill McIver External links http www.surge events.org Official site Category Music festivals in Canada Category Experimental music festivals Category Festivals in New Brunswick Category Culture of Fredericton ... more details
About the meteorological terminology the fictional character Storm Surge Transformers Tropicalcyclone Image Surge en.svg thumb 300px Impact of a storm surge A storm surge is an offshore rise of water associated ... is the most common cause of storm surge flooding problems. The term storm surge in casual non scientific ... tide, wave run up, and freshwater flooding. When referencing storm surge height, it is important to clarify ... reference storm surge as water height above predicted astronomical tide level, and storm tide as water ... during the storm surge. In areas where there is a significant difference between low tide and tide high ..., this increases the difficulty of predicting the magnitude of a storm surge since it requires ... extreme storm surge events typically occur as a result of tropical cyclones. Factors that determine the surge heights for landfalling tropical cyclones include the speed, intensity, size of the radius ... Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes model is used to simulate surge from tropical cyclones. ref name NHC Additionally, there is an extratropical storm surge model that is used to predict ... Galveston, Texas Galveston , Texas, drove a devastating surge ashore between 6,000 and 12,000 ... Herbert 1983 The deadliest storm surge caused by an extratropical cyclone in the twentieth century ... Mechanics Image Storm surge graphic.svg frame right Schematic of a storm surge. At least five ... it can amplify the surge, and when it bends the current away from the shore it has the effect of lessening the surge. ref name Har63 The effect of waves, while directly powered by the wind, is distinct ... can quickly surge water into the rivers that drain them. This can increase the water level near the head ... the estuary. ref name Har63 Surge and wave heights on shore are affected by the configuration and bathymetry ... produces deep water in close proximity to the shoreline tends to produce a lower surge ... are subject to higher storm surges, but smaller waves. This difference is because in deeper water, a surge ... more details
Surge protector A Surge Arrestor is installed between communication equipment and coaxial cable connector or between two communication equipments to protect communication equipment from damage caused by transient state voltage formed by lightning induction. It adopts quarter wave technology, is designed according to VSW theory and frequency spectrum of lightning wave. It has features of quick reaction, big current passing capacity, wide frequency band, low VSWR , low insertion loss, easy installation and free maintenance. It can be used to meet protection requirements of various communication equipments and lightning sensitivity. File Surge arrestor.jpg Use An electrical appliance used to protect electronic equipment against lightning overvoltage transients. It is usually connected to wires power phase line, signal line, zero line and ground between being protective devices in parallel, when the lightning over voltage the value of the required actions voltage, arrestor immediate to limit over voltage amplitude lead to protection equipment and systems, enabling the system to work properly. Surge arrestor series Low voltage surge arrestor Apply in Low voltage distribution system, exchange of electrical appliances protector, low voltage distribution transformer windings Distribution arrestor Apply in 3KV, 6KV, 10KV AC power distribution system to protect distribution transformers, cables and power station equipment The station type of common valve arrestor Used to protect the 3 220KV transformer station equipment and communication system Magnetic blow valve station arrestor Use to 35 500KV protect communication systems, transformers and other equipment Protection of rotating machine using magnetic blow valve arrester Used to protect the AC generator and motor insulation Line Magnetic blow valve arrester Used to protect 330KV and above communication system circuit equipment ... satellite receiver, etc. Receptacle type surge arrester Use to Protect the terminal Electronic equipment ... more details
Image SwitchboardSurgeProtector 40kA DinRail.jpg thumb right 250px A 2 pole surge protector for installation in Distribution board distribution boards A surge protector or surge suppressor is an appliance designed to protect Electricity electrical devices from voltage spike s. A surge protector attempts ... however, there is some coverage of other methods. The terms surge protection device SPD , or the obsolescent term transient voltage surge suppressor TVSS , are used to describe electrical devices ... similar hazards. ref name NIST SPA 8 cite web last NIST title Coordination of cascaded surge protective devices url http www.eeel.nist.gov 817 pubs spd anthology coordination.html work Surge Protection ... Many power strip s have basic surge protection built in these are typically clearly labeled as such. However, power strips that do not provide surge protection are sometimes erroneously referred to as surge ... Image Surge protector.jpg thumb right 300px Many surge and noise protectors have multiple outlets Image Surge pro.JPG thumb right 250px UK AC power plugs and sockets Type G type G socket adaptor with surge protector These are some of the most prominently featured specifications which define a surge ... components inside a surge protector to divert unwanted energy from the protected line. ref name Grouper C http grouper.ieee.org groups spd html terms c.html IEEE Power & Energy Society Surge ... article2 0,2845,1155235,00.asp Rosch, Winn. Surge Suppressors Anatomy Lesson . ExtremeTech ref Joules rating This number defines how much energy the surge protector can theoretically ... surge current will cause more of the surge energy to be dissipated elsewhere in the system. Better ... let through voltage can receive a higher joule rating, even though it lets more surge energy ... parameter for comparing surge protectors. A surge of any arbitrary ampere and voltage combination ... modeled surge energy has been far under 100 Joules. ref http www.eeel.nist.gov 817 pubs spd anthology ... more details
surges have been divided into two categories depending on the character of the surge event. Glaciers ... Jiskoot and Juhlin ref ref Murray et al. ref Examples of Glacial Surge Events In the Norwegian Arctic ... observed to surge. ref Dowdeswell ref Glacial surges in Karakoram occur in the presence of extreme ..., Neil Frank. Basal Hydrology of a Surge Type Glacier Observations and Theory Relating to Variegated Glacier. University of Washington, 1987. ref When the 1982 surge ended on July 5, there was a large ... the glacial surge zone, there are predominantly low basal water velocities, and high sliding ... Hydrology of a Surge Type Glacier Observations and Theory Relating to Variegated Glacier. University ... system under the glacier plays a key role in surge cycles. Thermal Regime Glaciers that exhibit ... bed hypothesis In other cases, the geology of the underlying country rock may dictate surge frequency ... of a Surge Type Glacier Observations and Theory Relating to Variegated Glacier. University of Washington, 1987. Jiskoot H, DT Juhlin. 2009. Surge of a small East Greenland glacier, 2001 2007, suggests Svalbard type surge mechanism. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 55, No. 191., pp. 567 570. http ..., H. Jiskoot, and P. Christakos 2003 , Is there a single surge mechanism? Contrasts in dynamics between ... geomorphic effects. Progress in Physical geography. ppg.sagepub.com glaciers DEFAULTSORT Surge Glacier Category Glaciology link GA ru fr Surge glaciaire it Surge glaciale pt Surge ru tr Buzul ... more details
Comics character name Surge image Surge.JPG imagesize 200 converted y caption Surge. Art by Skottie ... super subcat Marvel Comics hero y sortkey Surge comics Surge Noriko Nori Ashida is a fictional character ... the capsules away. In reality it was the other way around, and without the pills, Surge completely ... to anyone wishing to be an X Man, Onyxx tells them that Mercury and X 23 had escaped the mansion. Surge and Prodigy rush to Dust who tells them what had happened to Cessily. ref New X Men 35 ref Surge ..., Surge, Rockslide, Dust, Elixir, Cyclops comics Cyclops , Emma Frost , Colossus comics Colossus , and Shadowcat ... responsibility as leader. As a result, Surge and Hellion were the only students that were not teleported ... killed David, much to Nori s grief. Coordinating with O N E , Surge and Hellion discovered ... of David s death , Surge has become somewhat impulsive and angry, threatening the O N E troopers when ... black pile of ash. ref New X Men 40 ref Issue 40 ends with Surge, Hellion, Amanda Sefton and the O ... s pilot, Surge and Hellion stop fighting demons and head for the castle. In the final battle against Belasco, Surge leads the united Xavier Institute students against the demonic hordes, even engaging ... accept. Issue date May 2009 World War Hulk Main World War Hulk Surge is one of the students that goes ... away when Hulk gains his strength. Surge next attacks him when X 23 blinds him, but she is thrown ... Cyclops praises her for her excellent work in Limbo, Surge still deals with the harm that came to her team and the students, specifically Prodigy. Surge finds out from X 23 the torture David went through in Limbo. In hopes of driving him away from the school and out of harm s way, Surge passionately ... Furious at being left on the sidelines, Surge organizes the New X Men and Armor comics Armor on a strike ... opt not to go, thinking Surge is going for vengeance. The New X Men infiltrate a Purifier church ... by the Nano Sentinel infected Sentinel comics Sentinel Squad O N E O.N.E. Sentinels , Surge ... more details
Refimprove date November 2010 A sophomore surge is a term used in the political science of the United States Congress that refers to an increase in votes that congressional candidates candidates for the United States House of Representatives House of Representatives usually receive when running for their first re election. The phrase has been adopted in Australia by psephology psephologist Malcolm Mackerras who is well known for his Mackerras Pendulum electoral pendulums . History This phenomenon first started in the 1960s. As of 1998, freshman candidates running for a second term now get eight to ten percent more votes than when they were elected for their first term. Citation needed date November 2010 Over ninety percent of all incumbent House members are reelected. Citation needed date November 2010 United States Senate Senate members also currently benefit from a sophomore surge, though it is to a lesser degree. Citation needed date November 2010 The reason for the sophomore surge is attributed By whom date November 2010 to the fact that congressmen have figured out how to run personal campaigns rather than Political party party campaigns. They make use of their free, or Franking franked , mail frequent home trips radio and television broadcasts and service distribution to their Congressional district districts in order to create a good opinion of themselves, not their party, among their constituents. Citation needed date November 2010 They also promise to clean things up in the Federal government of the United States federal government if they are re elected. Citation needed date November 2010 References Reflist John DiIulio DiIulio, John J., Jr. , and James Q. Wilson . American Government textbook American Government , 1998 Houghton Mifflin Houghton Mifflin Company . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97 72562. ISBN 0 395 85763 5. DEFAULTSORT Sophomore Surge Category Political science terms Category Terminology of the United States Congress US poli stub ... more details
surge. The effect is particularly pronounced on regolith surfaces of airless bodies in the solar system ... surge is due to the covering of shadows on the ring particles. An alternate theory for the increase ... the surge is 3 4 larger at 0.41 m than at 1.00 m. This result suggests that the principal cause of the lunar opposition surge is shadow hiding rather than coherent backscatter. ref Burrati ... Surge Observations by Clementine . Icarus 124 490 499. ref Though the nominal area illuminated ... amount of lit surface. For this reason, opposition surge is often far less noticeable from ... backscattering of incoherent incident EM radiaton? The existence of the opposition surge was first ... for the phenomenon, but the more intuitive opposition surge is now more widely used. Since Gehrels early studies, an opposition surge has been noted for most airless solar system bodies. No such surge ... http asia.spaceref.com news viewsr.html?pid 18523 Hayabusa observes the opposition surge of Asteroid .... Includes a picture of the opposition surge on the moon http www.atoptics.co.uk atoptics oppos2.htm ... surge http the moon.wikispaces.com page view Opposition Surge 14051865 The moon wikispaces opposition surge page http saturn.jpl.nasa.gov multimedia images image details.cfm?imageID 2238 Opposition surge on Saturn s B Ring as seen by Cassini Huygens Category Astronomical events Category Lunar science ... more details
Pro hockey team text color FFD700 bg color 191970 team Mississippi Surge logo MississippiSurge.PNG logosize 200px city flagicon Mississippi Biloxi, Mississippi league Southern Professional Hockey League conference division founded 2009 arena Mississippi Coast Coliseum colors Blue, Gold, Metallic Silver, White br colorbox 191970 colorbox gold colorbox silver colorbox white owner Coast Hockey, LLC Richard Dedaux, Dr. Mike Diaz, Bo Lindsay, Jason Ondriezek, Chuck Thuss and Steffon Walby GM Steffon Walby coach Steffon Walby media The Sun Herald affiliates Franchise history name1 Mississippi Surge dates1 ... Surge is a professional team in the Southern Professional Hockey League that began play ... The Mississippi Surge began play 2009 following the suspension of operations of the Mississippi ... and the team held a name the team contest on their temporary webpage. On June 17, the Surge unveiled ... Sea Wolves player and coach Steffon Walby. In the franchise s first season in the SPHL the Surge had great success. After finishing first in the league at 34 14 8 at the end of the regular season the Surge ... to winning the William B. Coffey Trophy, the Surge also won many of the league s player awards. Steffon .... In the team s second year of operation, the Surge facing adversity with numerous injuries and call ... league rival, Pensacola, it was announced the Mississippi Surge were the 2010 2011 Regular Season Champions and the William B. Coffey Trophy would remain in Biloxi for its second year in a row. The Surge ... Play offs. In March 2011, the Surge announced that the Surge would play in The Power Plant for the 2011 ... Mississippi Surge http www.thesphl.com The Southern Professional Hockey League website http ... http www.wkrg.com mississippi article storm surge vs misissippi surge 110841 Jun 18 2009 6 00 pm WKRG Storm Surge vs Misissippi Surge SPHL Mississippi Sports Category Southern Professional Hockey ... established in 2009 de Mississippi Surge fr Surge du Mississippi ... more details
NFLE team name Sacramento Surge color1 00877B color2 FDC82F helmet WLAF Surge.png logo SacramentoSurge91.png ... season 11 9 br Postseason 2 0 wb won 1 wb1 World Bowl II 1992 The Sacramento Surge was a professional ... Starkey and Ronnie Lott on the Surge radio broadcasts on KRAK AM Radio, Sacramento. The team was coached ... coordinator and Jim Haslett was a defensive assistant coach. The Surge won the World Bowl in 1992 ... Bill Goldberg . After the WLAF ended its American presence at the end of the 1992 season, Surge ... and several Surge players were retained in the change, as were the team colors of aqua and yellow ... colspan 10 style background color 00877B color FDC82F text align center Sacramento Surge align ... 1991 season Infobox NFL season team Sacramento Surge year 1991 record 3 7 division place 3rd coach ... Hughes Stadium playoffs did not qualify uniform previous next Sacramento Surge 1992 season 1992 Personnel ... border 2px solid FDC82F text align center 1991 Sacramento Surge staff colspan 7 align right valign top ... 1991 Surge Media Guide cite book title 1991 Sacramento Surge Media Guide ref Roster class toccolours ... align center 1991 Sacramento Surge roster colspan 7 align right valign top style font size 95 valign ... Waldstadion 51,653 1992 season Infobox NFL season team Sacramento Surge year 1992 record 8 2 division ... Stadium playoffs W World Bowl II World Bowl 92 uniform previous Sacramento Surge 1991 season 1991 next ... white border 2px solid FDC82F text align center 1992 Sacramento Surge staff colspan 7 align right valign ... Tony Griffith Equipment Manager Marc Miller Video Director Mike Gleeson ref name 1992 Surge Media Guide cite book title 1992 Sacramento Surge Media Guide ref Roster class toccolours style font size 95 ... Sacramento Surge roster colspan 7 align right valign top style font size 95 valign top Quarterbacks ... P style width 25px style font size 95 valign top Operation Discovery None ref name 1992 Surge Media ... American football teams in California ca Sacramento Surge nl Sacramento Surge Sacramento Surge ... more details
Infobox football club clubname Cascade Surge image Image cascadesurge.jpg fullname Cascade Surge nickname The Surge founded 1995 dissolved 2009 ground McCulloch Stadium capacity 2,500 chrtitle Owner chairman ... rightarm2 ffffff shorts2 ffffff socks2 ffffff Cascade Surge was an American association football .... History The team from Salem first joined the old USISL Pro League in 1995 as Oregon Surge ... indicated a positive future. The Pro League was realigned in 1996, and the newly titled Cascade Surge ..., although Surge did avoid a second consecutive wooden spoon by finishing one place ahead of Willamette Valley with a 5 11 2 record. Image Oldsurgelogo.jpg thumb right Original Cascade Surge logo The 2001 season continued the run of poor performances as the Surge continued to be dominated by their Northwest ... wins on the season. The Surge improved further in 2002, returning to the playoffs after finishing third in the northwest behind Seattle Sounders Select . Against all odds, the Surge made it all the way ..., however, were positive that Surge s form was finally turning around. The Cascade s excellent form ... Star , the Surge nevertheless enjoyed a significant turnaround in form. 2004 saw the Cascade finally capture their first divisional title, just overtaking the Spokane Shadow on goal difference. The Surge ... form exhibited in 2006 continued in 2007 as the Surge finished the season 7th of seven, a full 30 ... , but once again it was Surge s wilting defence which made them suffer their worst result of the year ... bright spark in a second dismal season in a row for Surge. Surge were desperate to recapture the successes ... to the worst possible start. Surge lost five of their opening nine games of the season, going down ... potent striker, with 5 goals, while Chris Andre contributed three assists. On 13 October 2009, Surge .... ref http www.statesmanjournal.com article 20091011 SPORTS 910110348 1018 Salem s Cascade Surge closing ... Surge USSoccer Oregon Sports Category Association football clubs established in 1995 Category Teams ... more details
Information Description U.S. Geological Survey scientist examines pumice blocks at the edge of a pyroclastic flow from the May 18, 1980 eruption. Source United States Geological Survey http vulcan.wr.usgs.gov Volcanoes MSH Images MSH80 framework.html pyroclastic flows Date 05 30 1980 Location Author Donald A. Swanson Permission PD USGov USGS other versions ... more details
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