Image DNA UV mutation.svg thumb right 300px DNA Lesion Thymine Dimer Pyrimidinedimers are molecular lesion s formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reaction s. ref cite journal title The Molecular Perspective Ultraviolet Light and PyrimidineDimers author David S. Goodsell journal The Oncologist volume 6 issue 3 pages 298 299 year 2001 url http theoncologist.alphamedpress.org cgi content full 6 3 298 doi 10.1634 theoncologist.6 3 298 pmid 11423677 ref ref cite book title ... pyrimidinedimers CPDs, including thymine dimers and 6,4 photoproducts. These premutagenic lesions alter the structure of DNA and consequently inhibit polymerases and arrest replication. Dimers may be repaired by photoreactivation or nucleotide excision repair, but unrepaired dimers are mutagenic. In humans they are the primary cause of melanoma s. Types of dimers Image Photodimer.png thumb ... 153 issue 3734 pages 379 386 doi 10.1126 science.153.3734.379 title Cyclobutane Type PyrimidineDimers ... introduce mutations at pyrimidinedimers, both in prokaryotes SOS mutagenesis and in eukaryotes. Although the thymine thymine CPDs thymine dimers are the most frequent lesions caused by UV light, translesion polymerases are biased toward introduction of As, so that TT dimers are often replicated correctly ... thumb right 300px Melanoma type of skin cancer Pyrimidinedimers introduce local conformational ... to UV light . Unrepaired pyrimidinedimers in humans may lead to melanoma. ref cite journal doi ... of cyclobutane pyrimidinedimers url journal Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology ... pyrimidine dimer. A cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer CPD contains a four membered ring arising from the coupling ... Cummings Publication year 1990 url isbn 978 0805350159 page 1168 ref Such dimers interfere with base pairing during DNA replication , leading to mutations. 6,4 photoproducts, or 6,4 pyrimidine pyrimidones ... of the pyrimidine dimer, returning it to its original state. ref name Friedberg, Errol C. 2003 ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 415136508 ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageFile Pyrimidine chemical structure.png ImageSize 368px ImageFile2 Pyrimidine2.png IUPACName Pyrimidine OtherNames 1,3 Diazine, m Diazine Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 8903 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C00396 InChI 1 C4H4N2 c1 2 5 4 6 3 1 h1 4H InChIKey CZPWVGJYEJSRLH UHFFFAOYAT ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 15562 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C4H4N2 c1 2 5 4 6 3 1 h1 4H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider ... c1cncnc1 MeSHName pyrimidine Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 4 sub H sub 4 sub N sub ... FlashPt Autoignition Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine ... U , are pyrimidine derivatives Image Cytosine chemical structure.png 101px Chemical structure of cytosine ... rarely, thymine can appear in RNA, or uracil in DNA. Other than the three major pyrimidine bases presented, some minor pyrimidine bases can also occur in nucleic acids . These minor pyrimidines are usually ... 2007 Chemical properties A pyrimidine has many properties in common with pyridine , as the number ... pyrimidine is 1.23 compared to 5.30 for pyridine. Pyrimidine also is found in meteorites, although scientists still do not know its origin. Pyrimidine also photolytically decomposes into Uracil ... JE, Dworkin JP title Formation of uracil from the ultraviolet photo irradiation of pyrimidine in pure ... ref Single Step Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives Mohammad Movassaghi and Matthew D. Hill J. Am. Chem ... 400px Pyrimidine Synthesis Movassaghi 2006 See also Pyrimidine biosynthesis Pyrazine ... eo Pirimidino fa fr Pyrimidine gl Pirimidina it Pirimidina he lt Pirimidinas hu Pirimidin mk nl Pyrimidine ja oc Pirimidina pl Pirymidyna pt Pirimidina ru ... ur Pyrimidine zh ... more details
nofootnotes date August 2008 Pyrimidine biosynthesis occurs both in the body and through organic synthesis. De novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine Unlike purines, pyrimidine s are assembled before being attached to 5 phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphate PRPP . Image Nucleotides syn2.png thumb center 400px div style border width 0px border bottom 1px solid black text align left The synthesis of UMP . div The color scheme is as follows span style font weight bold span style color blue enzymes span , span style color rgb 219,155,36 coenzymes span , span style color rgb 151,149,45 substrate names span , span style color rgb 128,0,0 inorganic molecules span span class wikitable Enzyme Product Description carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II ref cite web title Entrez Gene Dihydroorotase CAD carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2 , aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 790 accessdate ref carbamoyl phosphate This is the regulated step in the pyrimidine biosynthesis. aspartic transcarbamolyase aspartate carbamoyl transferase ref cite web title Entrez Gene CAD carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 790 accessdate ref carbamoyl aspartic acid dihhydroorotase ref cite web title Entrez Gene CAD carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 790 accessdate ref dihydroorotate Dehydration dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ref cite web title Entrez Gene DHODH dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ... enzymes. Pyrimidine catabolism Pyrimidines are ultimately catabolism catabolized degraded to carbon ... 2007 Pharmacotherapy Modulating the pyrimidine metabolism pharmacologically has therapeutical uses. Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors are used in active moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic ... more details
enzyme Name pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.2 CAS number 9055 35 0 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 2 GO code 0016154 image width caption In enzymology , a pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a pyrimidine nucleoside phosphate math rightleftharpoons math a pyrimidine base alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are pyrimidine nucleoside and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are pyrimidine base and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is pyrimidine nucleoside phosphate alpha D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme is also called Py NPase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1BRW and PDB link 2DSJ . References reflist 1 Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. Eds. , The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1961, p. 237 255. cite journal author Saunders PP, Wilson BA, Saunders GF date 1969 title Purification and comparative properties of a pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 244 pages 3691&ndash 7 pmid 4978445 issue 13 cite journal doi 10.1271 bbb.60.1179 author Hamamoto T, Noguchi T, Midorikawa Y date 1996 title Purification and characterization of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus TH 6 2 journal Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. volume 60 pages 1179&ndash 80 pmid 8782414 issue 7 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name pyrimidine deoxynucleoside 2 dioxygenase EC number 1.14.11.3 CAS number 9076 89 5 IUBMB EC number 1 14 11 3 GO code 0047080 image width caption In enzymology , a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside 2 dioxygenase EC number 1.14.11.3 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 deoxyuridine 2 oxoglutarate O sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math uridine succinate CO sub 2 sub The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 2 deoxyuridine , 2 oxoglutarate , and oxygen O sub 2 sub , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are uridine , succinate , and carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2 oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2 deoxyuridine,2 oxoglutarate oxygen oxidoreductase 2 hydroxylating . Other names in common use include deoxyuridine 2 dioxygenase , deoxyuridine 2 hydroxylase , pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2 hydroxylase , thymidine 2 dioxygenase , thymidine 2 hydroxylase , thymidine 2 oxoglutarate dioxygenase , and thymidine dioxygenase . It has 2 cofactor biochemistry cofactors iron , and Ascorbate . References reflist 1 cite journal author Bankel L, Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S date 1972 title Thymidine 2 hydroxylation in Neurospora crassa journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 247 pages 6128&ndash 34 pmid 4265566 issue 19 cite journal author Stubbe J date 1985 title Identification of two alpha ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases in extracts of Rhodotorula glutinis catalyzing deoxyuridine hydroxylation journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 260 pages 9972&ndash 5 pmid 4040518 issue 18 cite journal author Warn Cramer BJ, Macrander LA, Abbott MT date 1983 title Markedly different ascorbate dependencies of the sequential alpha ketoglutarate dioxygenase reactions ... more details
enzyme Name pyrimidine deoxynucleoside 1 dioxygenase EC number 1.14.11.10 CAS number 98865 52 2 IUBMB EC number 1 14 11 10 GO code 0047079 image width caption In enzymology , a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside 1 dioxygenase EC number 1.14.11.10 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 deoxyuridine 2 oxoglutarate O sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math uracil 2 deoxyribonolactone succinate CO sub 2 sub The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 2 deoxyuridine , 2 oxoglutarate , and oxygen O sub 2 sub , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are uracil , 2 deoxyribonolactone , succinate , and carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2 oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2 deoxyuridine,2 oxoglutarate oxygen oxidoreductase 1 hydroxylating . This enzyme is also called deoxyuridine uridine 1 dioxygenase . It has 2 cofactor biochemistry cofactors iron , and Ascorbate . References reflist 1 cite journal author Stubbe J date 1985 title Identification of two alpha ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases in extracts of Rhodotorula glutinis catalyzing deoxyuridine hydroxylation journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 260 pages 9972&ndash 5 pmid 4040518 issue 18 1.14 enzyme stub Category EC 1.14.11 Category Iron enzymes Category Ascorbate enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Pirimidina deossinucleoside 1 diossigenasi ja 1 ... more details
Infobox disease Name Inborn errors of purine pyrimidine metabolism Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 E 79 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 277.2 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D011686 Inborn errors of purine pyrimidine metabolism are a class of inborn error of metabolism disorders specifically affecting purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism . An example is Lesch Nyhan syndrome . Urine tests may be of use in identifying some of these disorders. ref name pmid10102915 cite journal author Wevers RA, Engelke UF, Moolenaar SH, et al. title 1H NMR spectroscopy of body fluids inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism journal Clin. Chem. volume 45 issue 4 pages 539 48 year 1999 month April pmid 10102915 doi url http www.clinchem.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 10102915 accessdate 2008 05 07 ref References reflist Purine, pyrimidine, porphyrin, bilirubin metabolic pathology medicine stub Category Inborn errors of metabolism ... more details
CPD can refer to any of the following US police departments Chicago Police Department Cincinnati Police Department Cleveland Police Department Columbus Police Department Certified Project Director as per IAPPM Town of Carmel Police Department , in New York Also Cape Photographic Durchmusterung Centre for Policy Dialogue Cephalo pelvic disproportion Cherry Poppin Daddies Chicago Park District Chronic pulmonary disease Collaborative Product Development Collaborative Professional Development Commission on Presidential Debates Committee on the Present Danger Concert of Parties for Democracy Conditional probability distribution Congress of People s Deputies AKA Congress of Soviets Contact potential difference Continuing Professional Development CPD gene , a human gene encoding the protein Carboxypeptidase D CPD Mark Critical Point Drying , a method of specimen preparation for electron microscopy Pyrimidine dimers Cyclobutane photodimers Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer Cyclopentadiene CPD is the ICAO airline designator for Capital Airlines Limited Kenya PMD software Copy.2FPaste Detector .28CPD.29 PMD Copy&Paste Detector CPD disambig de CPD fr CPD it CPD ja CPD ru ... more details
Image direct DNA damage.png thumb right 500px Direct DNA damage The UV photon is directly absorbed by the DNA left . One of the possible reactions from the excited state is the formation of a thymine thymine cyclobutane dimer right . The direct DNA damage leads to sunburn, causing an increase in melanin production, thereby leading to a long lasting tan. However, it is responsible for only 8 of all melanoma. Direct DNA damage can occur when DNA directly absorbs the UV B photon. UVB light causes thymine base pairs next to each other in genetic sequences to bond together into thymine dimers , a disruption in the strand, which reproductive enzymes cannot copy. It causes sunburn and it triggers the production of melanin . ref name Parrish1982 cite journal author John A. Parrish, Kurt F. Jaenicke, R. Rox Anderson title ERYTHEMA AND MELANOGENESIS ACTION SPECTRA OF NORMAL HUMAN SKIN url http www.blackwell synergy.com doi abs 10.1111 j.1751 1097.1982.tb04362.x journal Photochemistry and Photobiology volume 36 issue 2 pages 187 191 year 1982 doi 10.1111 j.1751 1097.1982.tb04362.x pmid 7122713 ref Other names for the direct DNA damage are ref http www.osti.gov bridge servlets purl 6106470 Syh9i7 6106470.PDF Effects of Solar Ultraviolet Photons on Mammalian Cell DNA ref thymine dimer s pyrimidine dimer s Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers CPD s . UV endonuclease sensitive sites ESS Due to the excellent photochemical properties of DNA, this nature made molecule is damaged only by a tiny fraction of the absorbed photons. DNA transforms more than 99.9 of the photons into harmless heat ref name DNA IC But the damage from the remaining 0.1 of the photons is still enough to cause sunburn . ref name Parrish1982 The transformation of excitation energy into harmless heat occurs via a photochemical process called internal conversion chemistry internal conversion . In DNA, this internal conversion chemistry internal conversion is extremely fast and therefore efficient. This ultrafast subpicose ... more details
volume 153 issue 3734 pages 379 386 doi 10.1126 science.153.3734.379 title Cyclobutane Type PyrimidineDimers in Polynucleotides author R. B. Setlow pmid 5328566 ref ref cite web author Expert reviews ... Cummings Publication year 1990 url isbn 978 0805350159 page 1168 ref T T dimers thymine dimers ... more details
. The tanning activator coumarin is known to induce thymine dimers cyclobutane pyrimidinedimers . ref ... dimers . In order to produce this action they have to penetrate into the skin, and this is in contrast ... more details
enzyme Name pyrimidine 5 nucleotide nucleosidase EC number 3.2.2.10 CAS number 9023 31 8 IUBMB EC number 3 2 2 10 GO code 0047405 image width caption In enzymology , a pyrimidine 5 nucleotide nucleosidase EC number 3.2.2.10 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a pyrimidine 5 nucleotide H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math D ribose 5 phosphate a pyrimidine base Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are pyrimidine 5 nucleotide and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are D ribose 5 phosphate and pyrimidine base . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is pyrimidine 5 nucleotide phosphoribo deoxyribo hydrolase . Other names in common use include pyrimidine nucleotide N ribosidase , and Pyr5N . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Imada A date 1967 title Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides by enzyme systems of Streptomyces. II. Pyrimidine 5 nucleotide phosphoribo deoxyribo hydrolase of Streptomyces virginiae journal J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. volume 13 pages 267&ndash 278 doi 10.2323 jgam.13.267 cite journal author Imada A, Kuno M and Igarasi S date 1967 title Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides by enzyme systems of Streptomyces. I. Ribose 5 phosphate formation from pyrimidine nucleotides journal J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. volume 13 pages 255&ndash 265 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.2.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Image Pyrimidin.svg thumb right Pyrimidine Pyrimidinediones are a class of chemical compounds characterized by a pyrimidine ring substituted with two carbonyl groups. Examples include naturally occurring metabolite s class wikitable Trivial name IUPAC name Structure Pathway Uracil Pyrimidine 2,4 1 H ,3 H dione Image Uracil.svg Pyrimidine biosynthesis Thymine 5 Methylpyrimidine 2,4 1 H ,3 H dione File Thymine chemical structure.png 150px Pyrimidine biosynthesis 5,6 Diaminopyrimidine 2,4 1 H ,3 H dione Riboflavin biosynthesis and drugs Image Primidone.png thumb right Primidone Fluorouracil Idoxuridine Primidone Trifluridine References http www.biam2.org www Cla20291.html Classe PYRIMIDINEDIONE heterocyclic stub Category Pyrimidinediones ja sr Pirimidindion zh ... more details
The molecular formula C sub 4 sub H sub 4 sub N sub 2 sub may refer to Pyrazine Pyridazine Pyrimidine Succinonitrile MolFormDisambig fr C4H4N2 ... more details
pyrimidine nucleoside hydrolase YeiK journal Acta Crystallogr. D volume 60 pages 524&ndash 7 pmid ... title Crystal structure to 1.7 a of the Escherichia coli pyrimidine nucleoside hydrolase YeiK, a novel ... more details
Summary Figure 1 from the article Georgiev, Danko. 2009 Remarks on the number of tubulin dimers per neuron and implications for Hameroff Penrose Orch OR. Available from Nature Precedings http precedings.nature.com documents 3860 version 1 Reconstructions performed with Neuromantic 1.6.3. Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant ... more details
Other persons Richard Wood Richard D. Wood born June 3, 1955, Boulder, Colorado is an US American molecular biologist specializing in research on DNA repair and mutation http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 286 5446 1897 . He is known for pioneering studies on nucleotide excision repair NER , particularly for reconstituting the minimum set of proteins involved in this process, identifying proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA as part of the NER complex http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WSN 4C6BNK5 BC& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 e74b8e13e377bccfcd1948f4f423b8f8 and identifying mammalian repair polymerase s http www.jbc.org cgi content abstract 278 34 32014 http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 31 21 6117 . In humans, mutations affecting the NER DNA repair pathway cause the disease xeroderma pigmentosum or XP. Normal UV and sunlight exposure generates DNA mutations particularly pyrimidine dimers in epidermal cells that must be continually repaired through NER. XP patients are particularly sensitive to sun exposure and generally must stay indoors during the day, using heavy sunscreens to prevent skin damage and susceptibility to skin cancer. NER occurs through a programmed set of steps that includes recognition of the damaged site probably by sensing an unpaired bubble at the mutation site , nicking the DNA at upstream and downstream sites, excising the damaged DNA, then filling in the single stranded DNA gap using a polymerase , with the opposite strand serving as a template for the proper sequence for the repair patch. Since multiple proteins are involved in NER, different XP patients may have different gene mutations. Cells having different NER gene mutations can complement each other, when the cells are fused together, to reestablish DNA repair since one cell line has an intact enzyme that is defective or missing in the other cell ... more details
unreferenced date November 2010 protein name dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase caption image width HGNCid 3012 Symbol DPYD AltSymbols EntrezGene 1806 OMIM 274270 RefSeq NM 000110 UniProt PDB ECnumber 1.3.1.2 Chromosome 1 Arm p Band 22 LocusSupplementaryData Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase DPD is an enzyme that is involved in pyrimidine degradation. It is the initial and rate limiting step in pyrimidine catabolism. It catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine . It is also involved in the degradation of the chemotherapeutic drugs 5 fluorouracil and Tegafur uracil . See also Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency External links enzyme stub Nucleotide metabolism de Dihydropyrimidin Dehydrogenase ... more details
regulated enzyme that catalyses the first committed step in pyrimidine biosynthesis, the condensation ... controls the rate of pyrimidine biosynthesis by altering its catalytic velocity in response to cellular levels of both pyrimidine s and purine s. The end product of the pyrimidine pathway, Cytidine ... that are in contact and held together by three regulatory dimers, so the native form of the enzyme ... more details
oxygen of pyrimidine bases. Finally, the active site makes extensive hydrogen bonds with the DNA backbone ... DnaA ATP than DnaA ADP. Because the levels of DnaA are strictly regulated, and 5 DnaA DnaA dimers ... more details
with the absorption spectrum of DNA points towards the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer s direct DNA damage . The initialism for cyclobutane pyrimidinedimers is CPDs. Human differences There are typically ... more details
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