Infobox Brain Name Putamen Latin GraySubject 189 GrayPage 34 Image BrainCaudatePutamen.svg Caption purple putamen, caudate nucleus, amygdala orange thalamus Image2 Gray718.png Caption2 Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle . Putamen labeled at top. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 212 MeshName Putamen MeshNumber NeuroLex Putamen NeuroLexID birnlex 809 DorlandsPre p 43 DorlandsSuf 12681480 Putamen is also a botany botanical term for the stone in a fruit , such as a peach . The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain telencephalon . The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum . It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia . Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus . The main function of the putamen is to regulate .... The putamen also plays a role in Degenerative disease degenerative neurological disorders , such as Parkinson s disease . History The word putamen is from Latin , referring to that which falls ... studies were conducted that were focused specifically on the putamen. However, many studies have ... neuron activity related to movement. Anatomy Image Globus pallidus and putamen very low mag.jpg thumb right Globus pallidus lower left and putamen upper right . LFB stain H&E LFB stain . The putamen ... and putamen contain the same types of neurons and circuits many neuroanatomists consider ... capsule , passing through the middle. The putamen, together with the globus pallidus , makes up the lenticular nucleus . The putamen is the outer most portion of the basal ganglia . These are a group .... The putamen is located in the rostral division as part of the striatum . The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex, via the striatum . The putamen is interconnected with the following structures Caudate Nucleus The caudate works with the putamen to receive the input from cerebral ... more details
This article was auto generated by User Polbot . taxobox status VU status system IUCN2.3 regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Ericales familia Sapotaceae genus Pouteria species P. putamen ovi binomial Pouteria putamen ovi binomial authority T.D.Penn. Pouteria putamen ovi is a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It is found in Brazil and Peru . Source World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 35887 all Pouteria putamen ovi . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 August 2007. Category Pouteria putamen ovi Category Vulnerable plants Sapotaceae stub vi Pouteria putamen ovi ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Charcot bouchard aneurysms are a common cause of stroke . They are aneurysms in the small penetrating blood vessel s of the brainstem and midbrain. They are associated with hypertension . The common artery involved is Lenticulostriate branch of Middle cerebral artery . Common locations of hypertensive hemorrhage s include the putamen , caudate , thalamus , pons , and cerebellum . Category Angiology medicine stub ... more details
orphan date September 2010 Status marmoratus is the presence in full term infants of basal nucleus lesion s resulting from acute total asphyxia . The lesions have a marbled appearance caused by neuron al loss and an overgrowth of myelin in the putamen , caudate Dn , and thalamus . References http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com status marmoratus med stub Category Pediatrics pl Stan marmurkowaty ... more details
Image Globus pallidus and putamen very low mag.jpg thumb right Micrograph of the putamen top right of image and external globus pallidus bottom left of image showing the striatopallidal fibres blue, diagonal, linear structures . LFB stain H&E LFB stain . The striatopallidal fibres , also Wilson s pencils , ref name pmid8985875 cite journal author Kimura M, Kato M, Shimazaki H, Watanabe K, Matsumoto N title Neural information transferred from the putamen to the globus pallidus during learned movement in the monkey journal J. Neurophysiol. volume 76 issue 6 pages 3771 86 year 1996 month December pmid 8985875 doi url http jn.physiology.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8985875 ref ref cite journal author Wilson SAK title An experimental research into the anatomy and physiology of the corpus striatum journal Brain volume 36 issue pages 427 92 year 1914 month pmid doi url ref pencil fibres of Wilson , ref cite book author Perry, Arie Brat, Daniel J. title Practical Surgical Neuropathology A Diagnostic Approach A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series publisher Churchill Livingstone location year 2010 pages 23 24 edition 1st isbn 978 0443069826 oclc doi accessdate ref and pencils of Wilson , are prominent myelinated fibres that connect the striatum to the globus pallidus . Their distinctive appearance allows one to identify the putamen on light microscope light microscopy . See also Lentiform nucleus Striatum References Reflist 2 Category Basal ganglia ... more details
542. ref In the direct pathway, the motor cortices send activating signals to the caudate and putamen. The cells of the direct pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nucleus lentiformis GraySubject 189 GrayPage 834 Image Gray741.png Caption Two views of a model of the striatum on the right side of the brain A, Human anatomical terms Anatomical directions lateral aspect B, Human anatomical terms Anatomical directions medial aspect. Image2 Gray678.png Caption2 Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories I to V . IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 253 MeshName Corpus Striatum MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.885.105.487 The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia . It is a large, cone shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule . Etymology The name comes from Latin and means lens geometry lens shaped, probably referring to the appearance of the nucleus from the side. Sections and size When divided horizontally, it exhibits, to some extent, the appearance of a biconvex lens, while a coronal section of its central part presents a somewhat triangular outline. It is shorter than the caudate nucleus and does not extend as far forward. Boundaries It is lateral to the caudate nucleus and thalamus , and is seen only in sections of the hemisphere. It is bounded laterally by a lamina of white substance called the external capsule , and lateral to this is a thin layer of gray substance termed the claustrum . Its anterior end is continuous with the lower part of the head of the caudate nucleus and with the anterior perforated substance . Components In a coronal section through the middle of the lentiform nucleus, two medullary lamin are seen dividing it into three parts. The lateral and largest part is of a reddish color, and is known as the putamen , while the medial and intermediate are of a yellowish tint, and together constitute the globus pallidus all three are marked by fine radiating white fibers, which are most distinct in the putamen. Additional images gallery Image Gr ... more details
send activating signals to the caudate and putamen. The cells of the indirect pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once activated, they send inhibitory signals ... more details
Mergeto subthalamus date December 2009 Unreferenced date December 2009 The prethalamus formerly described as ventral thalamus or subthalamus is part of the diencephalon and therefore part of the brain . Developmental biologists prefer the term prethalamus, as it can be genetically defined Puelles and Rubenstein, 2003 , whereas human anatomists often use the expression subthalamus. The prethalamus is part of the mid diencephalic territory MDT containing also the zona limitans intrathalamica ZLI , and the thalamus . Caudally, the prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the ZLI acting as lineage restriction boundary. The pro neural gene Dlx gene Dlx2 serves a typical marker of the prethalamus. Typical nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei of the prethalamus are the zona incerta , thalamic reticular nucleus , and the fields of Forel . The prethalamus is patterned by Sonic hedgehog signalling from the ZLI. Anatomically, it develops efferent nerve efferent output connections to the striatum caudate nucleus and putamen in the telencephalon , to the thalamus medial and lateral nuclear groups in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon . It receives afferent nerve afferent input connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. Diencephalon Category Neuroanatomy Category Brain Category Brainstem Category Central nervous system ... more details
wiktionary CPU The initialism CPU often refers to a computer s central processing unit . CPU may also refer to alphabetically... Caudate Putamen, a part of the brain also known as the striatum Central Philippine University Central Policy Unit , a head advisory unit to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong Central processing unit musician , a psychedelic trance electronic music project Columbia Pacific University , formerly based in California Commonwealth Press Union , an association of newspapers and news agencies Communist Party of Ukraine Central Processing Unit, a metonym for a computer case Computer Power User magazine Contract postal unit, any contracted affiliate of the U.S. Postal Service Types of postal facilities U.S. Postal Service CPU Computer Played Unit , a common nickname for non player character s in video games Critical patch update, software patch computing patch es distributed by Oracle Corporation Carboxypeptidase B2 , a human enzyme disambig als CPU de CPU Begriffskl rung eo CPU fr CPU homonymie ko CPU it CPU disambigua ja CPU sl CPU zh CPU ... more details
nucleus caudate , the putamen , and the fundus striati, that ventral part linking the two ... been virtually equalized with the distinction between the caudate putamen complex dorsal and the nucleus ... into the ventral parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen. The striatum can also be differentiated ... capsule into The caudate nucleus caudate medially The putamen laterally The Fundus diencephalon fundus ventrally , linking the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The dorsal striatum is a single ... nucleus and putamen essentially induced by the internal capsule do not completely overlap with now ... related part of the striatum ie, the caudate putamen complex . This inclusion of ventrally located ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia , subthalamic nucleus STN and substantia nigra SN . STN is in subthalamus SN is not. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 417 MeshName Subthalamus MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.385.800 NeuroLex Subthalamus NeuroLexID birnlex 708 DorlandsPre s 28 DorlandsSuf 12767157 The subthalamus is a part of the diencephalon . ref name urlsubthalamus cite web url http www.sci.uidaho.edu med532 subthalamus.htm title subthalamus format work accessdate ref Its major part is the subthalamic nucleus . Functionally, it also encompasses the globus pallidus , which is topographically part of the telencephalon . ref cite web url http books.google.si books?id wlGDPwz 7KoC&lpg PA211&ots UDAn MHYjU&dq 2Bsubthalamus 20part 20 22globus 20pallidus 22&pg PA211 v onepage&q subthalamus 20part 20 22globus 20pallidus 22&f false title Theme atlas of anatomy head and neuroanathomy ref Anatomy During development the subthalamus is continuous with the hypothalamus , but is separated by white matter fibres mainly from the internal capsule . Caudally, the subthalamus or prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the zona limitans intrathalamica . Other nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei of the subthalamus are the zona incerta , thalamic reticular nucleus , and the fields of Forel . Post natally the subthalamus lies beneath the thalamus , hence sub meaning below thalamus . It also lies dorsolateral to the hypothalamus . Relations The subthalamus develops efferent nerve efferent output connections to the striatum caudate nucleus and putamen in the telencephalon , to the dorsal thalamus medial and lateral nuclear groups in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon . It receives afferent nerve afferent input connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. See also Subthalamic nucleus prethalamus Referenc ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 189 GrayPage 837 Image Substantia innominata MRI.PNG Caption Coronal MRI slice with cross hairs indicating location of the substantia innominata Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 256 MeshName Substantia innominata MeshNumber A08.186.211.577.820 NeuroLex Substantia innominata NeuroLexID birnlex 915 DorlandsPre s 27 DorlandsSuf 12766814 The substantia innominata literally unnamed substance of Meynert is a stratum in the human brain consisting partly of grey matter gray and partly of white matter white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus . The gross anatomical structure is called the anterior perforated substance because, to the naked eye, it appears to be perforated by many holes which are actually blood vessels . It is part of the basal forebrain and includes the nucleus basalis . Layers Image Nucleus basalis of Meynert l very low mag.jpg thumb right 150px Micrograph showing the substantia innominata bottom , globus pallidus top right , putamen top left . LFB stain LFB HE stain . It consists of three layers, superior, middle, and inferior. The superior layer is named the ansa lentiformis , and its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus . The middle layer consists of nerve cells and nerve fibers fibers enter it from the parietal lobe through the external capsule , while others are said to connect it with the medial longitudinal fasciculus . The inferior layer forms the main part of the inferior stalk of the thalamus, and connects this body with the temporal lobe and the insula . External links http mail.biocfarm.unibo.it aunsnc 3dobjcl18.html Diagram at biocfarm.unibo.it Gray s neuroscience stub Basal forebrain de Substantia innominata fr Substantia innominata pl Istota ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Latin cornu inferior GraySubject 189 GrayPage 829 Image Gray735.png Caption Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from above. Image2 Gray736.png Caption2 Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from the side. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 204 MeshName MeshNumber The inferior cornu temporal horn, descending horn middle horn medicornu , the largest of the horns of the lateral ventricle , traverses the temporal lobe of the brain, forming in its course a curve around the posterior end of the thalamus. It passes at first backward, lateralward, and downward, and then curves forward to within 2.5 cm. of the apex of the temporal lobe, its direction being fairly well indicated on the surface of the brain by that of the superior temporal sulcus . Its roof is formed chiefly by the inferior surface of the tapetum of the corpus callosum , but the tail of the caudate nucleus and the stria terminalis also extend forward in the roof of the inferior cornu to its extremity the tail of the caudate nucleus joins the putamen. Its floor presents the following parts the hippocampus , the fimbria hippocampi , the collateral eminence , and the choroid plexus . When the choroid plexus is removed, a cleft like opening is left along the medial wall of the inferior cornu this cleft constitutes the lower part of the choroidal fissure. Additional images gallery Image Human brain right dissected lateral view description.JPG Human brain right dissected lateral view gallery External links UMichAtlas n1a4p2 UMichAtlas n1a4p5 Gray s Lateral ventricles Category Cerebrum neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Lennart Heimer 11 March 1930 12 March 2007 , was a Swedish American neuroscientist and educator most noted for mapping circuits of the brain in the limbic lobe and basal ganglia , structures that play central roles in emotion processing and movement. ref http www.sfn.org index.cfm?pagename memberObituaries heimer Society for Neuroscience Obituary Lennart Heimer ref div Research Heimer s first notable achievement was the development of the Fink Heimer silver stain for mapping the smallest ends of axons in the brain. With this technique, he made his most well known contribution a new structural framework for the striatum . Heimer identified the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle as striatal structures and termed them the ventral striatum . The traditional striatal structures, the caudate nucleus and putamen are, strictly speaking, now termed the dorsal striatum, though in practice the term striatum without qualification generally refers just to the dorsal striatum. Heimer is also known for helping to elaborate the anatomical concept of the extended amygdala , first proposed by his collaborator, Jose de Olmos. ref Groenewegen HJ, Trimble M. http www.cnsspectrums.com aspx articledetail.aspx?articleid 1377 The ventral striatum as an interface between the limbic and motor systems CNS Spectr. 2007 Dec 12 12 887 92. ref ref Elias WJ, Ray DK, Jane JA. http thejns.org doi full 10.3171 FOC 2008 25 7 E8 Lennart Heimer concepts of the ventral striatum and extended amygdala. Neurosurg Focus. 2008 25 1 E8. ref div References reflist Category American people of Swedish descent Category 1930 births Category 2007 deaths Category American neuroscientists ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Ventral striatum Latin striatum ventrale corpus striatum ventrale GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The ventral striatum is generally considered that part of the striatum that is connectionally associated with limbic structures, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, midline thalamus, and certain regions of the prefrontal cortex. In addition, the ventral striatum is strongly innervated by dopaminergic fibers from the ventral tegmental area VTA , known as the mesolimbic dopamine system, and has the highest density of serotonergic inputs in the striatum. The ventral striatum consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle . ref name pmid18047654 Cite journal author Ubeda Ba on I, Novejarque A, Mohedano Moriano A, et al. title Projections from the posterolateral olfactory amygdala to the ventral striatum neural basis for reinforcing properties of chemical stimuli journal BMC Neurosci volume 8 issue pages 103 year 2007 pmid 18047654 pmc 2216080 doi 10.1186 1471 2202 8 103 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1471 2202 8 103 ref Although, some sources also include the ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen . ref name isbn0 07 138183 X Cite book author Martin, John Joseph title Neuroanatomy text and atlas publisher McGraw Hill location New York year 2003 pages 393 isbn 0 07 138183 X oclc doi accessdate ref In its present connotation, the term ventral striatum was introduced in 1975 by Heimer and Wilson to differentiate it from the dorsal, sensorimotor related part of the striatum ie, the caudate putamen complex . This inclusion of ventrally located striatal tissue in a unified striatum, along with the recognition of connectionally associated pallidal elements in the substantia innominata and deep layers of the olfactory tubercle ie, the ventral pallidum , has had great impact on the functional anatomical concept of the basal ganglia. Whereas traditionally, th ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Dorsal striatum Latin GraySubject 189 GrayPage 833 Image Gray656.png Caption Diagrammatic coronal section of brain to show relations of neopallium . Cs. dorsal striatum. Th. Thalamus . Image2 Gray741.png Caption2 Two views of a model of the striatum A, lateral aspect B, mesal aspect. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 255 MeshName Dorsal Striatum MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.885.105.487 The dorsal striatum striated body is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus , and the lentiform nucleus which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus . ref name urlBasal Ganglia and Cerebellum cite web url http thalamus.wustl.edu course cerebell.html title Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum format work accessdate ref Definitions The term has been used in a few different ways It is a pair of nuclear masses which form the basal ganglia , along with the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra . It may also refer to both the basal ganglia and internal capsule collectively. ref name urlGeneral Description of the Central Nervous System cite web url http www.csuchico.edu pmccaffrey syllabi CMSD 20320 362unit2.html title General Description of the Central Nervous System format work accessdate ref According to the 1917 version of Gray s Anatomy , it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus also known as the lenticular nucleus and the caudate nucleus According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum . ref name urlBrainInfo cite web url http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID 255 title BrainInfo format work accessdate ref Appearance From lateral to medial, the dorsal striatum is composed of the external capsule white matter , the lentiform nucleus gray matter , the internal capsule white matter , and the caudate nucleus gray matter . The alternating white and gray matter give it a striated appearance. Anatomy The dorsal striatum has rece ... more details
Striate arteries or Ganglionic arteries arise from the middle cerebral artery and supplies deep structures in the cerebrum including the internal capsule . Strokes in these vessels can cause extensive damage. The middle cerebral artery MCA has a large diameter and branches at an acute angle from the internal carotid. The MCA passes laterally just underneath the frontal lobe, ultimately taking up a position between the temporal and frontal lobes in the Sylvian fissure. The initial part of the MCA is a single vessel called the stem or M1 segment. As it passes laterally, the stem gives off a series of six to twelve long, small diameter, penetrating vessels that travel directly upward to supply the basal ganglia and much of the internal capsule. These are called the lenticulostriate arteries. Clinical Note The lenticulostriate vessels are small diameter arteries that originate as right angle branches from the MCA stem a large diameter vessel with a brisk, high pressure blood flow . These small arteries are particularly susceptible to damage from hypertension. More about hypertension. They may either rupture producing an intracerebral hemorrhage that is initially centered in the region they supply or become occluded producing a lacunar infarct in the tissue they supply . The lenticulostriate arteries are end arteries and regions that they supply do not have significant collateral blood supply. Therefore occlusion of these vessels leads to stereotyped stroke syndromes. Clinical Note In the case of the lenticulostriate vessels, hemorrhage may remain localized to the putamen and caudate , may involve neighboring structures like the internal capsule and other more distant white matter of the hemisphere, or may even rupture into the ventricular system Examples Specimens CT Scans . Lacunar infarcts may have serious functional consequences if they involve motor or sensory fibers in the internal capsule, but may be silent if they involve other small regions of white matter or th ... more details
, this association remains controversial. Parts Image Globus pallidus and putamen very low mag.jpg thumb right External globus pallidus lower left of image and putamen upper right of image . LFB stain ... more details
nucleus made up of the globus pallidus and the putamen by the anterior limb of the internal capsule . Together the caudate and putamen form the dorsal striatum . Neurochemistry The caudate ... lateral view Image BrainCaudatePutamen.svg purple caudate nucleus and putamen, orange thalamus ... more details
other uses Infobox Anatomy Name Grey matter Latin substantia grisea GraySubject GrayPage Image spinal nerve.svg Caption The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. Gray matter labeled at center right. Image2 Grey matter and white matter very high mag.jpg Caption2 Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuron neuronal cell bodies right of image dark shade of pink , and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork like appearance left of image lighter shade of pink . HPS stain . System MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands nine 100008780 DorlandsID Gray matter Grey matter or Gray matter is a major component of the central nervous system , consisting of neuron al Soma biology cell bodies , neuropil dendrites and both unmyelinated axons and myelinated axons , glial cell s astroglia and oligodendrocytes and Capillary capillaries . Grey matter contains neural cell bodies, in contrast to white matter , which does not and mostly contains myelinated axon tracts. ref name Purves cite book author Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White title Neuroscience. 4th ed. publisher Sinauer Associates pages 15 16 year 2008 id ISBN 978 0 87893 697 7 ref The color difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a grey brown color, which comes from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies. Distribution Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemisphere s cerebral cortex and of the cerebellum cerebellar cortex , as well as in the depths of the cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus subthalamus , basal ganglia putamen , globus pallidus , nucleus accumbens septal nuclei , cerebellar deep cerebellar nuclei dentate nucleus , globose nucleus , emboliform nucleus , fastigial nucleus , brainstem substantia nigra , red nucleus , olivary body olivary nuclei , cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord spin ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Centromedian nucleus Latin nucleus centromedianus thalami GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 306 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Centromedian nucleus NeuroLexID birnlex 805 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12580665 In the anatomy of the brain, the centromedian nucleus , also known as the centrum medianum , CM or Cm Pf is a part of the intralaminar nucleus ILN of the thalamus . There are two centromedian nuclei arranged bilaterally. It contains about 2000 neuron s per cubic millimetre and has a volume of about 310 cubic millimetres with 664,000 neurons in total. ref cite journal author Henderson J, Carpenter K, Cartwright H, Halliday G title Loss of thalamic intralaminar nuclei in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson s disease clinical and therapeutic implications journal Brain volume 123 Pt 7 issue pages 1410 21 year 2000 pmid 10869053 url http brain.oupjournals.org cgi content full 123 7 1410 doi 10.1093 brain 123.7.1410 ref Input and output It sends nerve fibre s to the subthalamic nucleus and putamen . ref cite journal last Powell first T. P. S. coauthors Cowan W. M. title The interpretation of the degenerative changes in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. journal Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry volume 30 issue 2 pages 140 153 year 1967 accessdate 2009 02 14 pmid 4962197 pmc 496153 doi 10.1136 jnnp.30.2.140 ref It receives nerve fibres from the cerebral cortex, vestibular nuclei , globus pallidus , superior colliculus , reticular formation , and spinothalamic tract . Function Its physiological role involves attention and arousal , including control of the level of cortical activity. Some frequencies of extracellular electrical stimulation of the centromedian nucleus can cause absence seizure s temporary loss of consciousness although electrical stimulation can be of therapeutic use in intractable epilepsy and Tourette syndrome Tourette s sy ... more details
the striatum , composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus , globus pallidus , substantia nigra ... pathway of the motor circuit is one in which projections from the cortex travel to the putamen ... pathway of the motor circuit is thought to project from the cortex, to the putamen, and to the thalamus ... lack of function of the direct pathway between the Putamen and the GPi. Again, it was thought that this dysfunction ... more details
neostriatum composed of caudate nucleus caudate and putamen , globus pallidus or pallidum composed of globus ... , Caudate , Putamen , Globus pallidus pallidum hr li Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus ... capsule . They named these two masses the caudate nucleus and putamen . More recent anatomists ... and putamen have been identified, but these are taken to be consequences of the fact that each ... thought to be functionally parts of a single structure such as the caudate nucleus and putamen ... 1994 pmid 7754290 ref For many years, the putamen and the caudate nucleus were not associated with each other. Instead, the putamen was associated with the pallidum in what was called the Lentiform ... the term striatum to describe the group of structures consisting of the caudate nucleus, the putamen ... more details
dablink This article is about the genetic disease of the blood, not Swyer James syndrome MacLeod s syndrome the lung disease . Infobox Disease Name McLeod syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB 29708 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 314850 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID GeneReviewsID mcleod GeneReviewsName McLeod Neuroacanthocytosis Syndrome McLeod syndrome or McLeod phenomenon is a genetic disorder that may affect the blood , brain , peripheral nerves , muscle and heart . It is caused by a variety of recessively inherited mutations in the XK protein XK gene on the X chromosome . The gene is responsible for producing a specific protein Kell antigen on the red blood cell surface. Clinical features Patients usually begin to notice symptoms in their 50s and the course is usually slowly progressive. Common features include peripheral neuropathy , cardiomyopathy and hemolytic anemia . Other features include limb chorea disease chorea , facial tics , other oral movements lip and tongue biting , seizures , a late onset dementia and behavioral changes. Laboratory features McLeod syndrome is one of only a few disorders in which acanthocyte s may be found on the Blood film peripheral blood smear . Blood evaluation may show signs of hemolytic anemia . Elevated creatine kinase can be seen with myopathy in McLeod syndrome. Radiologic and pathologic features MRI shows increased Thoracic spinal nerve 2 T2 signal in the lateral putamen with caudate nucleus caudate atrophy and secondary Lateral ventricles lateral ventricular dilation. Necropsy shows loss of neurons and gliosis in the caudate and globus pallidus . Similar changes may also be seen in the thalamus , substantia nigra and putamen. The cerebellum and cerebral cortex are generally spared. History McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961 and, as with the Kell antigen system , was named after the first patient in which it was found a Harvard dental student Hugh McLeod, whose red blood cell s were observed to have weak expressi ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
