Wikify date June 2010 Pulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of large DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNA molecule s by applying an electric field that periodically changes direction to a gel matrix. Image Microbiologist 01.jpg right thumb 200px A microbiologist running a pulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis test used in bacterial typing. Historical background Standard DNA electrophoresisgelelectrophoresis techniques for separation of DNA molecules provided huge advantages for molecular biology research. However, many limitations existed with the standard protocol in that it was unable to separate very large molecules of DNA effectively. DNA molecules larger than 15 20kb migrating through a gel will essentially move together in a size independent manner. At Columbia ... Schwartz DC, Cantor CR. Separation of yeast chromosome sized DNAs by pulsedfield gradient gelelectrophoresis. Cell. 1984 May 37 1 67 75. ref This technique became known as PulsedFieldGelElectrophoresis ... References reflist DEFAULTSORT PulsedFieldGelElectrophoresis Category Biological techniques and tools Category Molecular biology Category Electrophoresis de PulsedField Elektrophorese id PFGE ja ... a standard gelelectrophoresis except that instead of constantly running the voltage in one direction ... at 0 hours to 60 seconds at 18 hours. This procedure takes longer than normal gelelectrophoresis ... axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 120 degrees either side. The pulse times are equal ... line through the gel. Theory The theory behind why PFGE works pertains to the mobility of larger ... can find their way through the gel matrix more easily than large DNA fragments, a threshold length exists above 30 50 kb where all large fragments will run at the same rate, and appear in a gel as a single large diffuse band. However, with periodic changing of field direction, the various lengths of DNA ... their charge when field direction is changed, while smaller pieces will be quicker. Over the course ... more details
a stacking gel and SDS 1975 2 dimensional gels O Farrell isoelectric focusing then SDS gelelectrophoresis 1977 DNA sequencing sequencing gels late 1970s agarose gels 1983 pulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis ...Infobox chemical analysis name Gelelectrophoresis image Gelelectrophoresis apparatus.JPG caption Gelelectrophoresis apparatus An agarose gel is placed in this buffer filled box and electrical field ... Capillary electrophoresis br SDS PAGE br Two dimensional gelelectrophoresis br Temperature gradient gelelectrophoresis hyphenated Gelelectrophoresis refers to using a gel as an anticonvective medium and or seiving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophresis is most commonly used for separation ... , or protein however, gelelectrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Electrophoresis ... bv.fcgi?&rid stryer.section.438 455 isbn 0 7167 4955 6 ref DNA Gelelectrophoresis is usually performed ... in the gel material. The gel is placed in an electrophoresis chamber, which is then connected ..., John F. & White, Bernard J. ref Visualization File Gelelectrophoresis 2.jpg thumb right 250px Gelelectrophoresis After the electrophoresis is complete, the molecules in the gel can be staining biology ... of the molecule. citation needed date January 2011 Applications Gelelectrophoresis is used in Forensic ..., other techniques are often implemented in conjunction with the results of gelelectrophoresis, providing ... to behave as long rods again. ref Troubleshooting DNA agarose gelelectrophoresis. Focus 19 3 p.66 1997 . ref Gelelectrophoresis of large DNA or RNA is usually done by agarose gelelectrophoresis . See ... dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis SDS PAGE , by Native GelElectrophoresis native gelelectrophoresis , by quantitative preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis ... through lectin binding. History 1930s first reports of the use of sucrose for gelelectrophoresis 1955 ... polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. journal The Journal of biological chemistry volume 244 issue ... more details
agarose gels should be run with a Pulsedfieldgelelectrophoresispulsedfieldelectrophoresis PFE , or field inversion electrophoresis . Most agarose gels are made with between 0.7 good separation ... agarose gel, 3 Volts cm, stained with ethidium bromide. The DNA size marker is a commercial 1 kbp ladder. The position of the wells and direction of DNA migration is noted. Agarose gelelectrophoresis ... techniques. Since passing current through a gel causes heating, gels may melt during electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is performed in buffer solutions to reduce pH changes due to the electric field, which ... digest , linear DNA PCR products, or RNAs. Agarose gelelectrophoresis is widely used to resolve ... and dyes The most common dye used to make DNA or RNA bands visible for agarose gelelectrophoresis ... agarose and resolution limits Agarose gelelectrophoresis can be used for the separation of DNA fragments ... electrophoresis. As low as one base pair size difference could be resolved in 3 agarose gel ... Analysis After electrophoresis the gel is illuminated with an ultraviolet lamp usually by placing it on a light ... acid fluoresces reddish orange, images are usually shown in black and white see figures . Gelelectrophoresis ... a similar fragment cut from a 4.5 kb plasmid vector See also Gelelectrophoresis Immunodiffusion , Immunoelectrophoresis Northern blot PCR Restriction endonuclease SDS polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis ... a gel and extracting DNA http maradydd.livejournal.com 417631.html Drinking straw electrophoresis ... method from wikiversity DEFAULTSORT Agarose GelElectrophoresis Category Biological techniques ... ref Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively ... than longer ones because shorter molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel. This phenomenon ... in agarose because the pores of the gel are too large to sieve proteins. Applications Estimation ... during electrophoresis. Samples are also easily recovered. After the experiment is finished, the resulting ... more details
. Two dimensional gelelectrophoresis , abbreviated as 2 DE or 2 D electrophoresis , is a form of gelelectrophoresis commonly used to analyze proteins. Mixtures of proteins are separated by two properties in two dimensions on 2D gels. Basis for separation 2 D electrophoresis begins with 1 D electrophoresis ... Comparative evaluation of two two dimensional gelelectrophoresis image analysis software applications ... in the analysis of two dimensional gelelectrophoresis images journal Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol ... Difference gelelectrophoresis QPNC PAGE Protomap proteomics PROTOMAP External links http www.aber.ac.uk ... Two Dimensional GelElectrophoresis Category Molecular biology Category Laboratory techniques Category Electrophoresis de 2D Gelelektrophorese es Electroforesis en gel id Elektroforesis dua dimensi ... the first. In 1 D electrophoresis, proteins or other molecules are separated in one dimension, so that all ... D gel. Because it is unlikely that two molecules will be similar in two distinct properties, molecules are more effectively separated in 2 D electrophoresis than in 1 D electrophoresis. The two dimensions ... point is called isoelectric focusing IEF . Thereby, a gradient of pH is applied to a gel and an electric potential is applied across the gel, making one end more positive than the other. At all pHs other ... towards the more negative end of the gel and if they are negatively charged they will be pulled to the more positive end of the gel. The proteins applied in the first dimension will move along the gel and will accumulate at their isoelectric point that is, the point at which the overall ... techniques conserving the native state of the protein complex es. In native polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis native PAGE , proteins remain in their native state and are separated in the electric field following their mass and the mass of their complexes respectively. To obtain a separation ... dimension, an electric potential is again applied, but at a 90 degree angle from the first field ... more details
Difference gelelectrophoresis DIGE is a form of gelelectrophoresis where up to three different protein samples can be labeled with fluorescent dye s for example Cy3, Cy5, Cy2 prior to two dimensional electrophoresis. After the gelelectrophoresis, the gel is scanned with the excitation wavelength of each dye one after the other. This technique is used to see changes in protein abundance for example, between a sample of a healthy person and a sample of a person with disease . It overcomes limitations in traditional 2D electrophoresis that are due to inter gel variation. This can be considerable even with identical samples. Since the proteins from the different sample types e.g. healthy diseased, virulent non virulent are run on the same gel they can be directly compared. To do this with traditional 2D electrophoresis requires large numbers of time consuming repeats. In experiments comprising several gels, a common technique is to include an internal standard in each gel. The internal standard is prepared by mixing together several or all of the samples in the experiment. This allows the measurement of the abundance of a protein in each sample relative to the internal standard. Since the amounts of each protein in the internal standard is known to be the same in every gel, this method reduces inter gel variation. ref Alban, A., David, S. O., Bjorkesten, L., Andersson, C. et al. A novel experimental design for comparative two dimensional gel analysis Two dimensional difference gelelectrophoresis incorporating a pooled internal standard. Proteomics 2003, 3, 36 44. ref Software packages that can handle analysis of DIGE experiments include http www4.gelifesciences.com aptrix upp00919.nsf Content Proteomics DIGE Proteomics DIGE Software DeCyder downloads software DeCyder , http ... and http www.ludesi.com redfin REDFIN . See also Two dimensional gelelectrophoresis Protomap proteomics PROTOMAP References Reflist Category Electrophoresis biochem stub ... more details
cleanup date September 2008 Temperature Gradient GelElectrophoresis TGGE and Denaturing Gradient GelElectrophoresis DGGE are forms of electrophoresis which use either a temperature or chemical gradient to denature the sample as it moves across an acrylamide gel. TGGE and DGGE can be applied to nucleic ... gelelectrophoresis. Fischer SG, Lerman LS ref ref Fischer S. G. and Lerman L. S. Separation of random ... from Biometra. Temperature gradient gelelectrophoresis DNA has a negative charge, and so in the presence of an electric field, will move to the positive electrode. A gel is a molecular mesh, with holes roughly the same size as the diameter of the DNA string. When an electric field is applied, the DNA will begin to move through the gel, at a speed roughly proportional to the length of the DNA molecule this is the basis for size dependent separation in standard electrophoresis . However, in TGGE, there is also a temperature gradient across the gel. At room temperature, the DNA will exist ... . Denaturing gradient gelelectrophoresis Denaturing gradient gelelectrophoresis DGGE works by applying a small sample of DNA or RNA to an electrophoresisgel that contains a Denaturation biochemistry ... gradient gelelectrophoresis Wong et al., 2002 . p53 mutation in pancreatic juices Lohr and coworkers ... be separated from each other by agarose gelelectrophoresis. However, sequence variations i.e. ... of the Sciences in Philadelphia. DEFAULTSORT Temperature Gradient GelElectrophoresis Category Biochemistry methods Category Electrophoresis Category Gene tests es Electroforesis en gel con gradiente ... gel History DGGE was invented by Leonard Lerman , while he was a professor at SUNY Albany. ref Cell ... Melting of DNA melting , and the speed at which they move through the gel decreases drastically. Critically ... DNA to melt at various stages. As a result of this melting, the DNA spreads through the gel and can ... gel is very sharp Rather than partially melting in a continuous zipper like manner, most fragments ... more details
unreferenced date July 2008 Native GelElectrophoresis is a technique used mainly in protein electrophoresis where the proteins are not denatured and therefore separated based on their charge to mass ratio. The two main types of native gels used in protein electrophoresis are polyacrylamide gel polyacrylamide gels and agarose gelelectrophoresis agarose gels . Polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis PAGE is used for separating proteins ranging in size from 5 to 2,000 kiloDalton due to the uniform pore size provided by the polyacrylamide gel. Pore size is controlled by controlling the concentrations of acrylamide and bis acrylamide powder used in creating a gel. Care must be used when creating this type of gel, as acrylamide is a potent neurotoxin in its liquid and powdered form. The other type of gel used is agarose gel. Agarose gels can also be used to separate native protein. They do not have a uniform pore size, but are optimal for electrophoresis of proteins that are larger than 200 kDalton. Unlike SDS PAGE type electrophoreses, Native gelelectrophoresis does not use a charged Denaturation biochemistry denaturing agent. The molecules being separated usually proteins therefore differ in molecular mass and intrinsic charge and experience different electrophoretic forces dependent on the ratio of the two. Since the proteins remain in the native state they may be visualised not only by general protein staining reagents but also by specific enzyme linked staining. See also Native PAGE QPNC PAGE Please add content and edit further Category Electrophoresis de Nativ Gelelektrophorese ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 orphan date November 2009 A Pulsedfield gradient is a short, timed pulse with spatial dependent field intensity. Any gradient is identified by four characteristics axis, strength, shape and duration. Pulsedfield gradient PFG techniques are key to magnetic resonance imaging , magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance spectrosopy spatially selective spectroscopy and studies of diffusion via NMR. PFG techniques are widely used as an alternative to phase cycling in modern NMR spectroscopy. Common field gradients in NMR The effect of a uniform magnetic field gradient in the z direction on spin I, is considered to be a rotation around z axis by an angle sub I sub Gz where G is the gradient magnitude and sub I sub is the gyromagnetic ratio of spin I. It introduces a phase factor to the magnetizations z, sub I sub zG The time duration is of order ms. See also Gradient enhanced NMR spectroscopy DEFAULTSORT PulsedField Gradient Category Nuclear magnetic resonance Physics stub ... more details
of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapies. Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine 26.3 2007 257 274. Academic ... with pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation case report. Southern Medical Journal 97.5 2004 ... with instrumentation in patients treated with adjunctive pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation ... of Mississippi Pulsed electromagnetic field systems with FDA PMA include the EBI Bone Healing System ... emed Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi Pulsed electromagnetic field systems with FDA PMA include ..., prospective, and controlled clinical trial of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation for cervical ... In 1974 it was demonstrated that a pulsed magnetic field applied across the site of a bone ... A Role For Pulsed Electromagnetic Field in the Treatment of Delayed Unions and Nonunions. The Internet ... Field Therapy.pdf History of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy http www.healthy.net scr Article.asp ...File Rhumart MBI 3000 RESC Controller.JPG thumb 200px Drolet s 1990 Rhumart System, a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy PEMF device. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy PEMFT , also called Pulsed Magnetic Therapy , is a reparative technique most commonly used in the field of orthopedics for the treatment ... membrane level to alleviate pain, and increasing range of motion. The value of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy has been shown to cover a wide range of conditions, with well documented trials carried ... study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for interbody lumbar fusions. Spine 15.7 1990 708 712. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Web. 10 June 2010. ref History The use of magnetic field therapy ... non invasive devices using pulsed electromagnetic fields designed to stimulate bone growth. ref ... pain and edema in superficial soft tissue. Citation needed date January 2010 In 2004, pulsed electromagnetic field system was approved by FDA as an adjunct to cervical fusion surgery in patients at high ... fusion nonoperative salvage with pulsed electromagnetic fields. American Journal Of Orthopedics ... more details
electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis DNA electrophoresis Electroblotting Electrofocusing Gelelectrophoresis Isotachophoresis Protein electrophoresisPulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis References Commons ... species as determined by macrorestriction digests resolved by pulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis. Int ...For specific types of electrophoresis for example, the process of administering medicine, iontophoresis Electrophoresis is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field . ref Lyklema, J. Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science , vol.2 ... noticed that the application of a constant electric field caused clay particles dispersed in water ... and the surrounding fluid. Image electrophoresis.gif thumb 200px Illustration of electrophoresis Image retardation.gif thumb 200px Illustration of electrophoresis retardation Theory The dispersed particles have an electric surface charge , on which an external electric field exerts an electrostatic ... sign with respect to that of the surface charge. The electric field also exerts a force on the ions ... retardation force. File Electrophoresis equipment.jpg thumb left This photograph shows a technician using an electrophoresis apparatus to separate proteins by molecular weight. Considering the hydrodynamic ... number and moderate electric field strength E , the velocity of a dispersed particle v is simply proportional to the applied field, which leaves the electrophoretic Electrical mobility mobility sub e sub defined as math mu e v over E . math The most known and widely used theory of electrophoresis ... be important for electrophoresis, as follows immediately from the Figure on the right. Increasing thickness ... simplifications not only for electrophoresis theory but for many other electrokinetic theories ... Trans. 2, 74, 1607, 1978 ref Recent molecular dynamics required for electrophoresis to occur, and that even neutral particles can migrate in an electric field due to the molecular structure of water ... more details
in hydrogels 2 Acrylamido 2 methylpropane sulfonic acid Aerogel Hydrocolloid Gelelectrophoresis , Agarose gelelectrophoresis , 2 D electrophoresis , SDS PAGE Gel filtration chromatography , Gel ...other uses Image Hairgel.JPG thumb right An upturned vial of hair gel A gel from the Latin lat. gelu ... within the fluid that give a gel its structure hardness and contribute to stickiness ... aquagel is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloid al gel ... polyethylene oxide , polyAMPS and polyvinylpyrrolidone Water Gel Explosives water gel explosives ... formed from a gel by drying with unhindered shrinkage. Xerogels usually retain high porosity ... of the xerogel due to a small amount of viscous flow and effectively transforms the porous gel into a dense ... to an opaque gel upon application of a short burst seconds of ultrasound . Heating to above the so called gelation temperature T sub gel sub takes the gel back to the solution. The compound is a dinuclear ... locked by aromatic stacking interaction s, whereas in the gel phase the conformation is planar with interlocked ... to gel by itself. In the gel phase, the dimer molecules form stacks of alternating and &minus components ... control. For example, the long finned pilot whale secretes an enzymatic gel that rests on the outer ... foods to paints and adhesives. In fiber optics communications, a soft gel resembling hair gel in viscosity is used to fill the plastic tubes containing the fibers. The main purpose of the gel is to prevent water intrusion if the buffer tube is breached, but the gel also buffers the fibers against mechanical damage when the tube is bent around corners during installation, or flexed. Additionally, the gel ... AgaroseGels.pdf Viscoelastic Characterization of Agarose Gel Scaffolds External links http www.iupac.org ... Gel ca Gel col loide cs Gel da Gel de Gel el es Gel et Geel eo elo fa fr Gel mat riau gl Xel hr Gel id Gel it Gel he la Gel lt Gelis hu G l nl Gel ja no Gel kjemi pl el pt Gel ru ... more details
The abbreviation GEL may refer to GEL General Extension Language , scripts used to configure the Code Composer Studio , an IDE for Texas Instruments DSPs and GPPs. GEL Georgian lari , an ISO 4217 code. See also gel disambiguation . Disambig ... more details
T Gel is a medicated shampoo produced by Neutrogena . It reduces psoriasis , dandruff , seborrheic dermatitis , and Dihydrotestosterone DHT levels. It has a limited antiandrogen effect Fact date February 2007 , and is used by some people to slow hair loss. In Merck & Co. Merck studies to determine the effectiveness of Propecia as a hairloss treatment for FDA approval, all subjects were required to use T Gel in order to standardize everyone s shampoo regimen and to prevent seborrheic dermatitis from interfering with potential scalp regrowth. Its primary active ingredient is coal tar . There is debate about coal tar as a carcinogen and T Gel shampoo may be labeled as such in CA http www.hairlosstalk.com newsletter article109.htm Drug Facts 2 Neutar Solubilized, Anti dandruff. 0.5 Coal Tar Extract, Anti seborrheic dermatitis, Anti psoriasis See also Baldness treatments References http www.tgel.com www.tgel.com Official web site product stub Category Shampoos Category Johnson & Johnson brands ... more details
Image DNA Agarose Gel Electrophor.jpg 200px thumb right Digital printout of an agarose gelelectrophoresis of cat insert plasmid DNA Image Electropherogram trace.jpg thumb 200px DNA electropherogram trace DNA electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA molecules which are to be analyzed are set upon a viscous medium, the gel , where an electric field induces the DNA to migrate toward the anode , due to the net negative charge of the sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA chain. The separation of these fragments is accomplished by exploiting the mobilities with which different sized molecules are able to pass through the gel. Longer molecules migrate more slowly because they experience more resistance within the gel. Because the size of the molecule affects ... linear DNA fragments of known length. The types of gel most commonly used for DNA electrophoresis are agarose gelelectrophoresis agarose for relatively long DNA molecules and polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis ... across a low voltage gel yield the most accurate resolution. The DNA to be separated can be prepared in several ways before separation by electrophoresis. In the case of large DNA molecules, the DNA ... is properly prepared, the samples of the DNA solution are placed in the wells of the gel and a voltage is applied across the gel for a specified amount of time. The DNA fragments of different lengths are visualized using a fluorescent dye specific for DNA, such as ethidium bromide . The gel shows ... electrophoresis has become important for applications such as high throughput DNA sequencing. Electrophoresis techniques used in the assessment of DNA damage include alkaline gelelectrophoresis and pulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis . The measurement and analysis are mostly done with a specialized gel analysis software. Capillary electrophoresis results are typically displayed in a trace view called an electropherogram . Category Molecular biology Category Electrophoresis Category DNA ru ... more details
. Capillary electrophoresis , commonly used to separate biomolecules by their charge and frictional forces. Gelelectrophoresis , a technique used by scientists to separate molecules based on physical ... include DNA electrophoresis , a specific type of gelelectrophoresis used to analyse DNA . Protein electrophoresis , a specific type of gelelectrophoresis used to analyse proteins . Two dimensional gelelectrophoresis , a specific type of gelelectrophoresis commonly used to analyse proteins ... polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis, commonly used to analyse proteins. Immunoelectrophoresis , used ... field. Other Electrophoresis is also used as a name or title Electrophoresis journal Electrophoresis journal . References references disambig Category Colloidal chemistry Category Electrophoresis ...Electrophoresis is both a phenomenon and a technique used in many scientific disciplines. Interface and Colloid Science Electrophoresis is the most known effect from electrokinetic phenomena . It is a motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under influence of electric that is space uniform . Alternatively, similar motion in space non uniform electric field is called dielectrophoresis . In this scientific discipline electrophoresis is mostly used for studying properies of dispersed particles . In particular, for measuring zeta potential . There are several different variations of electrophoresis based techniquies. The most known are microelectrophoresis and electrophoretic light scattering . These methods are described in details in the Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science , by Lyklema ref Lyklema, J. Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science , Academic Press, vol 2, 1995 ref The same reference overviews in details theory of electrophoresis . Physics Electrophoresis , the method of moving charged particles through a medium by using an electric field induced by flat ... charges. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Affinity electrophoresis , used to separate and characterize ... more details
zone electrophoresis methods in the 1940s and 1950s, which used filter paper or gel s as supporting media. By the 1960s, increasingly sophisticated gelelectrophoresis methods made it possible to separate ... biology rise of molecular biology . Gelelectrophoresis and related techniques became the basis ...Orphan date January 2011 The history of electrophoresis begins in earnest with the work of Arne Tiselius in the 1930s, and new separation process es and chemical analysis techniques based on electrophoresis ... , developed the Tiselius apparatus for moving boundary electrophoresis , which was described ... blotting procedures, DNA sequencing , and many more. Electrophoresis before Tiselius Early work with the basic principle of electrophoresis dates to the early 19th century, based on Faraday s laws ... of an electric field led to general mathematical descriptions of the electrochemistry of aqueous ... would form the basis of Tiselius s moving boundary electrophoresis method. ref Vesterberg, p. 5 ... a range of new applications of electrophoresis in analyzing chemical mixtures. Its development, significantly ... at a number of major of major centers of chemical research. Rise of zone electrophoresis By the late 1940s, new electrophoresis methods were beginning to address some of the shortcomings of the moving boundary electrophoresis of the Tiselius apparatus, which was not capable of completely separating ..., the new methods used solid or gel matrices to separate compounds into discrete and stable bands zones in 1950 Tiselius dubbed these methods zone electrophoresis . Zone electrophesis found widespread application in biochemistry after Oliver Smithies introduced starch gel as an electrophoretic substrate in 1955. Starch gel and later polyacrylamide and other gels enabled the efficient separation of proteins ... and identify minute differences in related proteins. Widespread application Since the 1950s, electrophoresis .... See also Electrophoresis journal Electrophoresis Journal of Electrophoresis History of chromatography ... more details
electrophoresis , electrically charged analytes move in a conductive liquid medium under the influence of an electric field . Introduced in the 1960s, the technique of capillary electrophoresis ... done with a specialized http www.labimage.net gel analysis software . For CE SERS, capillary electrophoresis ... and is proportional to the strength of the electric field. The efficiency of capillary electrophoresis ... strands. This is called capillary gelelectrophoresis . This is a high resolution alternative to slab gelelectrophoresis . Some capillary electrophoresis systems can also be used for microscale liquid ...Infobox chemical analysis name Capillary electrophoresis image caption acronym CE classification Electrophoresis analytes Biomolecule s br Chirality chemistry Chiral molecules manufacturers related gelelectrophoresis br Two dimensional gelelectrophoresis hyphenated Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry Capillary electrophoresis CE , also known as capillary zone electrophoresis CZE , can be used ... electrophoresis is relatively simple. A basic schematic of a capillary electrophoresis system is shown ... action , pressure, or siphoning . The migration of the analytes is then initiated by an electric field ... 2007 . ref Image Capillaryelectrophoresis.gif frame Figure 1 Diagram of capillary electrophoresis system Detection Separation by capillary electrophoresis can be detected by several detection devices ... used in capillary electrophoresis are coated with a polymer for increased stability. The portion ... the stability of the cell window. The path length of the detection cell in capillary electrophoresis ... tubing . ref name Baker small Fluorescence detection can also be used in capillary electrophoresis ... electrophoresis system can be complicated. The method requires that the light beam be focused on the capillary ... In order to obtain the identity of sample components, capillary electrophoresis can be directly coupled ... electrophoresis. This allows the subsequent spectroscopic technique to be applied to specific eluants ... more details
also Affinity electrophoresis Electroblotting Electrofocusing Gelelectrophoresis Immunofixation QPNC ... 113343976 ABSTRACT Discontinuous native protein gelelectrophoresis http wolfson.huji.ac.il purification Protein purification facility DEFAULTSORT Protein Electrophoresis Category Electrophoresis Category ...Merge Serum protein electrophoresis discuss Talk Protein electrophoresis Merger proposal date October 2008 Image Electrophoresis.png thumb Schematic representation of a protein electrophoresisgel. Image Monoclonal gammopathy Multiple Myeloma.png thumb Serum protein electrophoresis showing a paraprotein peak in the gamma zone in a patient with multiple myeloma . In medicine , protein electrophoresis a.k.a. Immunoelectrophoresis is a method of analysing a mixture of protein s by means of gelelectrophoresis , mainly in blood blood plasma serum blood plasma is not suitable . Before the widespread use of electrophoresis gels, protein electrophoresis was performed on paper sometimes in combination with paper chromatography . Interpretation There are two classes of blood protein s serum albumin and globulin . They are generally equal in proportion, but albumin is much smaller and lightly negatively charged, leading to an accumulation of albumin on the electrophoretic gel. A small band before albumin represents transthyretin also named prealbumin . Some forms of medication or body chemicals can cause their own band, usually small. Abnormal bands spikes are seen in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma , and are useful in the diagnosis of these conditions. The globulin s are classified by their banding pattern with their main representatives The alpha globulin alpha band consists of two parts, 1 and 2 sub 1 sub alpha 1 antitrypsin sub 1 sub antitrypsin , sub 1 sub acid glycoprotein. sub 2 sub haptoglobin , alpha 2 macroglobulin sub 2 sub macroglobulin , Alpha 2 antiplasmin sub 2 sub antiplasmin , ceruloplasmin . The beta globulin beta ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that can detect different types of hemoglobin . It uses the principles of gelelectrophoresis to separate out the various types of hemoglobin. The test can detect abnormal levels of HbS, the form associated with sickle cell disease , as well as other abnormal hemoglobin related blood disorders, such as hemoglobin C . It can also be used to determine whether there is a deficiency of any normal form of hemoglobin, as in the group of diseases known as thalassemia s. Different hemoglobins have different charges, and according to those charges and the amount, hemoglobins move at different speeds in the gel whether in alkaline gel or acid gel.The hemoglobin electrophoresis is also known to be thalessemia screening, this also can be helpful for the patient who is frequently need of fresh blood transfusion. The patient need blood transfusion because the body is unable to produce enough Hemoglobin required for the body. See Hemoglobinopathy Migration patterns Migration Patterns . Thalassemia major Hb F level and Hb A2 levels increase DEFAULTSORT Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Category Blood tests Treatment stub ... more details
Pulsed power is the term used to describe the science and technology of accumulating energy over a relatively long period of time and releasing it very quickly thus increasing the instantaneous power. Overview Steady accumulation of energy followed by its rapid release can result in the delivery of a larger amount of instantaneous power physics power over a shorter period of time although the total energy is the same . Energy is typically stored within electrostatic field s capacitor s , magnetic field s inductor , as mechanical energy using large flywheel s connected to special purpose high current alternator s , or as chemical energy high current lead acid battery electricity batteries , or explosives . By releasing the stored energy over a very short interval a process that is called energy compression , a huge amount of peak power can be delivered to a External electric load load . For example, if one joule of energy is stored within a capacitor and then evenly released to a load over one second, the peak power delivered to the load would only be 1 watt. However, if all of the stored energy were released within one microsecond , the peak power would be one megawatt , a million times greater. Examples where pulsed power technology is commonly used include radar , particle accelerator s, ultrastrong magnetic field s, fusion power fusion research, electromagnetic pulse s, and high power pulsed laser s. History Pulsed Power was first developed during World War II for use in Radar . Radar requires short high power pulses. After the war development continued in other applications leading to the super pulsed power machines at Sandia National Laboratories . See also Marx generator Explosively pumped flux compression generator Compulsator Electromagnetic pulse EMP Z machine Particle ... ABB Pulsed Power Manufacturer of semiconductor based replacements for thyratrons DEFAULTSORT Pulsed Power Category Power physics Category Pulsed power fr Hautes puissances ... more details
3 MHz to 300 GHz depending on the type and application Therapeutic Uses of Pulsed Radiofrequency Pulsed radiofrequency fields are an emerging technology used in the medical field for the treatment ... tissue wounds. There are two general categories of pulsed radiofrequency field therapies based on their mechanism ... of pulsed radio frequency are currently being used to treat pain and edema, chronic wounds, and bone repair. Pulsed radiofrequency therapy technologies are described by the acronyms EMF electromagnetic field , PEMF ref 7. Basset, C.A. , Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutic uses of pulsed ... Uses of Pulsed magnetic Field Exposure A review. Radio Science Bulletin No.307, 2003 ref pulsed electromagnetic fields , PRF pulsed radiofrequency fields ,and PRFE ref 9. Porreca, E.G. and G.M. Giordano Jablon, Treatment of Severe Stage III and IV Chronic Pressure Ulcers Using Pulsed Radio ...Pulsed radiofrequency is the technique where by radio frequency RF oscillations are gated at a rate of pulses ... Relay League, Inc. CT, 06111 USA, 1997, ISBN 0 87259 174 3 ref . Pulsed Radio Frequency Wave Forms The figure below shows an example of a generalized pulsed radio frequency waveform as seen with an oscilloscope ... MHz of RF energy. The duty cycle for a pulsed radio frequency is the percent time the RF packet is on, 4.2 ... MHz of RF energy gallery Pulsed Radio Frequency and Radar The best understood and applied use of pulse ... or scatter of pulsed radiofrequency waves emitted from a transmitter which are then detected ... for tumors and cardiac arrhythmia has been used for over 25 years, non thermal pulsed radio frequency ... uses pulsed radio frequency energy delivered via catheter at frequencies of 300 750 kHz for 30 to 60 seconds Thermal pulsed radio frequency takes advantage of high amperage current delivered focally ... al., Cell proliferation induction healing chronic wounds through low energy pulsed radiofrequency. Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2009. 8 1 p. 45 51 ref pulsed radiofrequency energy . These technologies have ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Refimprove date March 2009 Pulsed columns are a type of liquid liquid extraction equipment ref citebook title Chemical Engineering first1 John Metcalfe last1 Coulson first2 John Francis last2 Richardson first3 J. H. last3 Harker first4 John last4 Backhurst edition 5th publisher Butterworth Heinemann year 2002 ISBN 0750644451 ref examples of this class of extraction equipment is used at the BNFL plant THORP . References refs Category Chemical engineering chem stub pt Coluna pulsada ... more details
Image Rectification.svg thumb right 350px Rectification of a sine wave produces pulsed DC. Pulsed DC or PDC is the form of wave produced from a Rectifier half wave rectifier or a Rectifier full wave rectifier . Full wave rectified ac is more commonly known as Rectified AC . PDC has some characteristics of both alternating current AC and direct current DC waveforms. The voltage of a DC wave is roughly constant, whereas the voltage of an AC waveform continually varies between positive and negative values. Like an AC wave, the voltage of a PDC wave continually varies, but like a DC wave, the sign of the voltage is constant. Most modern electronic items function using a DC voltage, so the PDC waveform must usually be smoothed before use. A reservoir capacitor converts the PDC wave into a DC waveform with some superimposed ripple. When the PDC voltage is initially applied, it charges the capacitor, which acts as a short term storage device to keep the output at an acceptable level while the PDC waveform is at a low voltage. Voltage regulation is often also applied using either linear regulator linear or switching regulator switching regulation. Pulsed DC may also be generated for purposes other than rectification. It is often used to reduce electrical arcs when generating thin carbon films, http www.astex.com eni rcsi TN.html and for increasing yield in semiconductor fabrication by reducing electrostatic build up. http www.freepatentsonline.com 5249094.html Category Electric power electronics stub ... more details
Affinity electrophoresis is a general name for many analytical methods used in biochemistry and biotechnology . Both qualitative and quantitative information may be obtained through affinity electrophoresis. The methods include the so called mobility shift electrophoresis, charge shift electrophoresis and affinity capillary electrophoresis . The methods are based on changes in the electrophoresis electrophoretic pattern of molecules mainly macromolecules through biospecific interaction or complex formation . The interaction or binding of a molecule, charged or uncharged, will normally change the electrophoretic properties of a molecule. Membrane proteins may be identified by a shift in mobility induced by a charged detergent . Nucleic acid s or nucleic acid fragments may be characterized by their affinity to other molecules. The methods has been used for estimation of binding constant s, as for instance in lectin affinity electrophoresis or characterization of molecules with specific features like glycan content or ligand binding. For enzymes and other ligand binding proteins, onedimentional electrophoresis similar to counter electrophoresis or to immunoelectrophoresis rocket immunoelectrophoresis , affinity electrophoresis may be used as an alternative quantification of the protein. Some of the methods are similar to affinity chromatography by use of immobilized ligands . See also Immunoelectrophoresis biochemistry stub Category Electrophoresis Category Molecular biology Category Protein methods Category Laboratory techniques Category Protein protein interaction assays ... more details
Infobox Journal title Electrophoresis cover Image Electrophoresis Journal.jpg thumb center Cover editor Ziad El Rassi ref name editboard Wiley InterScience Journals Electrophoresis, http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 10008330 home 2027 edbd.html Editorial Board . ref discipline Biochemistry language English language English abbreviation None publisher Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA country Germany frequency Biweekly history 1980 to present ref name firstissue Wiley InterScience Journals Electrophoresis, http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 110461308 issue Volume 1 1 April 1980 . ref openaccess license impact 3.077 ref name JCR2010 http scientific.thomsonreuters.com products jcr Journal Citation Reports , 2010. ref impact year 2009 website http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 10008330 home RSS http www3.interscience.wiley.com rss journal 10008330 atom JSTOR OCLC 7297725 LCCN 83640492 CODEN ELCTDN ISSN 0173 0835 eISSN 1522 2683 Electrophoresis is a scientific journal for new analytical and preparative methods and for innovative applications on all aspects of electrophoresis . It was first published in April 1980 ref name firstissue . The Institute for Scientific Information ISI impact factor for 2009 was 3.077. ref name JCR2010 References references Category Electrophoresis Category Biochemistry journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1980 chem journal stub fr Electrophoresis ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
