In digital telecommunication, pulseshaping is the process of changing the waveform of transmitted pulses. Its purpose is to make the transmitted signal better suited to the communication channel by limiting .... In RF communication, pulseshaping is essential for making the signal fit in its frequency band. Typically pulseshaping occurs after line coding and before modulation . Need for pulseshaping Transmitting ... by the pulseshaping filter used by the transmitter. Usually the transmitted symbols are represented as a time sequence of dirac delta pulses. This theoretical signal is then filtered with the pulseshaping filter, producing the transmitted signal. The spectrum of the transmission is thus determined by the filter. In many base band communication systems the pulseshaping filter is implicitly a boxcar ... filters can be used as a pulseshaping filter. The filter itself must not introduce intersymbol ... interference. Examples of pulseshaping filters that are commonly found in communication ... filter Gaussian filter Sender side pulseshaping is often combined with a receiver side matched filter to achieve optimum tolerance for noise in the system. In this case the pulseshaping is equally ... roots of the system filters. Other approaches that eliminate complex pulseshaping filters have ... an output pulse shaped like a Gaussian function. See also Nyquist ISI criterion Raised cosine filter Matched filter Femtosecond pulseshapingPulse signal processing References John G. Proakis , Digital ... zone.ni.com devzone cda ph p id 200 National Instruments Signal Generator Tutorial, PulseShaping to Improve ... attempt to minimise the bandwidth needed for a certain symbol rate. Pulse filters Image NRZcode.png ... response of raised cosine filter with various roll off factors Theoretically the best pulseshaping filter would be the sinc filter, but it cannot be implemented precisely. It is a causal filter ... Fundamentals Tutorial, Pulse Shape Filtering in Communications Systems Category Telecommunication ... more details
unreferenced date October 2009 In optics , femtosecond pulseshaping ref cite journal author A.M. Weiner title Femtosecond pulseshaping using spatial light modulators journal Review of Scientific Instruments 71 , 1929 1960 2000 ref is a technique that modifies the temporal profile of an ultrashort pulse from a laser. Pulseshaping can be used to shorten elongate the duration of optical pulse, or to generate ... of pulse . This gives rise to two well known femtosecond pulseshaping techniques a Direct space to time pulseshaping DST PS br b Fourier transform pulseshaping FT PS Direct space to time pulseshaping ... 1101, then the output sequence of optical pulses is again 1101 1s mean pulse is present and 0s mean pulse is absent . Fourier transform pulseshaping In contrast to DST PS, the FT PS uses a modulating ... 2 refbegin cite journal title Femtosecond pulseshaping using spatial light modulators journal ... PulseShaping Category Nonlinear optics Category Laser science ... of a Pulse Shaper Generation of sequences of ultrashort optical pulses is key in realizing ultra ... reaction triggering and monitoring etc. Based on the requirement, pulse shapers may be designed to stretch, compress or produce a train of pulses from a single input pulse. The ability to produce ... at very high speeds. Techniques A pulse shaper may be visualized as a modulator. The input pulse is multiplied with a modulating function to get a desired output pulse. The modulating function in pulse ... of the system. Let us assume that occurrence of an optical pulse as 1 and absence of pulse as 0. Then, information ... frequency data back to time data . In FT PS, for a specific output pulse sequence, the modulating function is simply its Fourier Transform. Details of FT PS An ultrashort pulse with a well defined electrical ... in the frequency domain. Mathematically, the pulse is Fourier transform ed, filtered, and back transformed to yield a new pulse math E t mathcal F 1 mathcal F E t omega f omega t . math It is possible ... more details
Shaping can refer to In electricity generation, maintaining reliable delivery, for example by use of pumped storage hydroelectricity Shaping psychology , the reinforcement of successive approximations to train a type of behavior Traffic shaping , internet traffic management Shaping mechanical , a material removal process in which a cutting tool takes mass and shapes a stationary object to produce a sculpted or plane surface. Gear shaper , the shaping process used specifically for gear manufacturing Shaping Village in Dali, Yunnan disambig de Shaping ... more details
The Pulse may refer to tocright Radio The Pulse Sirius XM , a hot AC channel on Sirius XM Radio The Pulse Sirius , The original Sirius incarnation on channel 9 until November 12, 2008 The Pulse of West Yorkshire , a UK radio station originally known as Pennine Radio 94.7 The Pulse , an Australian community radio station from Geelong, Victoria formerly known as 3YYR The Pulse program , an Australian radio program The Pulse ESPN Radio , a college basketball program airing on ESPN Radio Comics The Pulse comics , a Marvel comic book about a section of the Daily Bugle newspaper focusing on superheroes The Pulse comics news , a comic book news website at Comicon.com Novels The Pulse, the signal transmitted from cell phones that made people go crazy in Stephen King s Cell novel Cell Other Central Pulse , a New Zealand netball team based in Wellington that compete in the trans Tasman ANZ Championship The Pulse, a lifestyle and entertainment magazine in Worcester, MA The Pulse, a weekly local music and entertainment magazine in Minneapolis, MN The Pulse Journal , a weekly broadsheet newspaper founded in Mason, Ohio and owned by Cox Enterprises The Pulse, A Social Experiment, a voluntary experiment to do without electronics for a period of time See also Pulse disambiguation disambig ... more details
other uses Refimprove date December 2008 In medicine , one s pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery ... joint posterior tibial artery . The pulse can also be measured by listening to the heart beat directly auscultation , traditionally using a stethoscope . Physiology The pulse is a decidedly low ... of cardiac performance. Claudius Galen was perhaps the first physiologist to describe the pulse. ref Temkin 165 BBC a ref The pulse is an expedient tactile method of determination of Systole medicine ... in Pulse diagnosis Pulse Diagnosis and seek six different pulses in each wrist, each corresponding ... and volume of the pulse and may characterize it as strong, thready, slippery or floating. ref The Pulse ... enough to create a palpable pressure wave. The Heart Rate may be greater or lesser than the Pulse ... or audible sounds at the heart apex, in which case it is not the pulse. The pulse deficit difference ... artery and auscultation at the heart apex. Pulse velocity, pulse deficits and much more physiologic ... care since the 1970s. The rate of the pulse is observed and measured by tactile or visual means on the outside of an artery and is recorded as beats per minute or BPM. The pulse may be further indirectly ... under oxygenated vs. deoxygenated conditions allows the technology of Pulse Oximetry . Normal Pulse Rates Normal pulse rates in beats per minute BPM class wikitable newborn ... athletes 120 160 80 140 80 130 75 120 75 110 60 100 40 70 The pulse rate can be used ... cite web title Pulse Rate Measurement url http www.webmd.com heart disease pulse measurement work Healthwise publisher WebMD accessdate 14 March 2011 ref Evaluation A collapsing pulse is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation . Several pulse patterns can be of clinical significance. These include Pulsus ... The strength of the pulse can also be reported ref name urlwww.meddean.luc.edu cite web url ... more details
Orphan date April 2010 Cleanup date March 2011 citations date March 2011 http www.s pulse.eu S PULSE is the acronym of Shrink Path of Ultra Low Power Superconducting Electronics. S PULSE is a support action of the European Seventh Framework Programme FP7 that stimulates joint efforts of European academic and industrial groups in the field of superconducting technologies. The general goal is to prepare Superconductor Electronics SE technologies for the technology generation beyond the CMOS scaling limits called often beyond CMOS . S PULSE supports the Superconducting Electronics community to strengthen the vital link between research and development and industry. It also strengthens the exchange of knowledge and ideas and take charge of education. The challenge in SE is to achieve superconducting electronic circuit performance beyond the possibilities of semiconductor circuit technologies, and to make SE technologies ready to benefit to other technologies in the world markets. This support action, developed in the 2008 2010 period, is focused to prepare a Technology Roadmap and a Strategic Research Agenda SRA to enable the transition from the present scientific oriented network for SE towards an industrially guided European Technology Platform ETP . References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.s pulse.eu S PULSE http www.lahc.univ savoie.fr fluxonics FLUXONICS http www.fluxonics foundry.de FLUXONICS Foundry RSFQ DEFAULTSORT S Pulse Category Superconductivity ... more details
Pulse was a tabloid magazine published by Tower Records which contained record reviews, interviews and advertising. ref citation url http www.sfgate.com cgi bin article.cgi?f c a 2006 10 19 DDGPJLR16L32.DTL title For S.F. rockers, Tower Records was where it was all happening now the party s over author Joel Selvin authorlink Joel Selvin publisher San Francisco Chronicle date October 19, 2006 ref Initially, it was given away free in their stores to promote their record sales. ref citation url http www.statehornet.com home index.cfm?event displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory id 2a04805e abc4 4280 a6e5 ac16184d46d9 title Tower Records magazine full of information author Cindy Vincent date 24 April 2001 publisher The State Hornet format dead link date May 2010 ref After nine years, in 1992, the magazine began national distribution with a cover price of 2.95, ref citation url http nl.newsbank.com nl search we Archives?p product SB&p theme sb&p action search&p maxdocs 200&p topdoc 1&p text direct 0 0EB0D9B1676ACC86&p field direct 0 document id&p perpage 10&p sort YMD date D&s trackval GooglePM title Pulse gives rock lovers their money s worth publisher Sacramento Bee date January 28, 1992 ref but was cancelled when the company discontinued U.S. operations. References reflist Category American music magazines entertainment mag stub es Pulse ... more details
Noise shaping is a technique typically used in digital audio, image, and video processing, usually in combination with dithering , as part of the process of quantization or bit depth reduction of a digital signal. Its purpose is to increase the apparent signal to noise ratio of the resultant signal by altering the spectral shape of the error that is introduced by dithering and quantization such that the noise power is at a lower level in frequency bands at which noise is perceived to be more undesirable and at a correspondingly higher level in bands where it is perceived to be less undesirable. A popular noise shaping algorithm used in image processing is known as Floyd Steinberg dithering many noise shaping algorithm used in audio processing are based on an Absolute threshold of hearing model. How noise shaping works Noise shaping works by putting the quantization error in a feedback loop ... e n i math is that of a ninth order noise shaper, and can allow very complex noise shaping. Noise shaping must also always involve an appropriate amount of dither within the process itself so as to prevent determinable and correlated errors to the signal itself. If dither is not used then noise shaping effectively functions merely as distortion shaping pushing the distortion energy around to different ... yields noise shaping. Noise shaping in digital audio Noise shaping in audio is most commonly done ... curve s . By using noise shaping we can effectively spread the quantization error around so that more ... greatly and where our ears are less sensitive the noise is much greater. Noise shaping and 1 ... of 1.4112 MHz. Noise shaping is used to lower the noise present in the audible range 20 Hz ... range the dynamic range is much greater over 100 dB. Noise Shaping is inherently built into the delta ... loop. For traditional Pulse code modulation PCM sampling the signal is then Decimation signal ... processing Category Noise de Rauschformung it Noise shaping ... more details
Image The Shaping of the Arabs.jpg right The Shaping of the Arabs A Study in Ethnic Identity is a book by noted scholar of Russian history and Islamic scholar Joel Carmichael . ref http www.librarything.com work 357269 LibraryThing s recommendations machine ref It was published in 1967 by Macmillan New York . References div class references small references div DEFAULTSORT Shaping of the Arabs islam book stub Category Non Islamic Islam studies literature Category 1967 books ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date January 2009 Gear shaping is a machinery process for generating teeth by a corresponding cutter. Gear shaping has become a convenient operation and one of the most versatile of all gear cutting operations. Image GearDiagram.jpg thumb Shaping a gear. The types of cutters used for gear shaping can be grouped into about four categories disk, hub, shank, and helical cutters. The cutters are essentially gears that are used to form the teeth. This method of gear cutting is based on the principle that any two gears will mesh if they are of the same pitch, proper helix angle, and proper tooth depth and thickness. Process Characteristics By using a gear shaped corresponding cutter that is rotated in relation to a blank gear produces the gear teeth. The cutters that are rotated are timed with the workpiece. This process produces internal gears, external gears, and integral gear pinion arrangements. Process Schematic The developing process of gear shaping involves a toothed disk cutter which reciprocates in axial rotations. The workpiece or blank gear rotates on a second shaft spindle . The workpiece is correspondent with the cutter and it gradually feeds into the cutter while rotating. If a two step process is used, all tooth spaces are partially cut before the finishing. Setup and Equipment The machine used for gear shaping generally consists of a base, column spindle, and an arbor. The gear cutter is then mounted on the spindle, and the gear blank is mounted on the arbor. The cutter reciprocates up and down while the work piece gear blank is gradually fed into the cutter. At the end of each cutting rotation, the spindle is retracted slightly to discourage ... 1994 . Gear Shaping , Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide . Gear Shaping Machines. http www.liebherr.com gt en products gt.asp?menuID 106184 86 0 Gear Shaping Machines . Retrieved on January 13, 2009. DEFAULTSORT Gear Shaping Category Gears ... more details
refimprove date October 2006 In digital communications shaping codes are a method of encoding that changes the distribution of signals to improve efficiency. Description Typical digital communication systems uses M Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM to communicate thorough an analog channel specifically a Channel communications channel with Gaussian noise . For Higher bit rates M the minimum Signal to Noise ratio SNR required by a QAM system with Error detection and correction Error correcting code Error Correcting Codes is about 1.53 dB higher than minimum SNR required by a Gaussian source 30 more transmitter power as given in Shannon Hartley theorem math C B log 2 left 1 frac S N right math where C is the channel capacity in bits per second B is the Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth of the channel in hertz S is the total signal power over the bandwidth and N is the total noise power over the bandwidth. S N is the signal to noise ratio of the communication signal to the Gaussian noise interference expressed as a straight power ratio not as decibels . This 1.53 dB difference is called the shaping gap . Typically digital system will encode bits with uniform probability to maximize the Entropy information theory entropy . Shaping code act as buffer between digital sources and modulator communication system. They will receive uniformly distributed data and convert it to Gaussian like distribution before presenting to the modulator. Shaping codes are helpful in reducing transmit power and thus reduce the cost of Power amplifier and the interference caused to other users in the vicinity. Application Some of the methods used for shaping are described in the trellis shaping paper by Dr. Dave Forney G. D. Forney Jr. ref http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpls abs all.jsp?arnumber 119687 ... modems to get a shaping gain of .8 dB . All the shaping schemes in the literature try to reduce ... 5150381.html Trellis shaping for modulation systems DEFAULTSORT Shaping Codes Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving . Problem shaping or problem framing often involves the application of critical thinking . Algorithm ic approach to technical problems reformulation was introduced by G. S. Altshuller in ARIZ . See also div style moz column count 3 column count 3 Adaptive Reasoning Abductive reasoning Analogy Artificial intelligence Brainstorming Common sense Common sense reasoning Creative problem solving Cyc Deductive reasoning Divergent thinking Educational psychology Executive function Facilitation General Problem Solver General problem solver Inductive reasoning Innovation Intelligence amplification Inquiry Morphological Analysis Allen Newell Newell, Allen PDCA Portal thinking Problem Statement Herbert Simon Simon, Herbert Soar cognitive architecture Thought Transdisciplinary Studies TRIZ Troubleshooting Wicked problem div DEFAULTSORT Problem Shaping Category Problem solving Sci stub it Problem shaping ... more details
usually too large for shaping. Shaping is used not only for flat surfaces, but also for external ... by horizontal shapers. Concerning shaping, the device that holds the piece being worked on has a very ... it on the planer. Typical Tools and Geometry Produced The tools for shaping planing are usually ... and shaping machines capable of processing anything from metal pieces to plastic objects. References ... more details
Refimprove date August 2006 Traffic shaping also known as packet shaping or ITMPs Internet Traffic Management .... As a result, traffic shaping can be used to prevent this from occurring and keep latency in check. ref ... Services section 2.3.3.3 definition of Shaper ref Traffic shaping provides a means to control the volume ... however traffic shaping is always achieved by delaying packets. Traffic shaping is commonly applied ... 1, pages 67 76 vol.1. Describes a gigabit Ethernet NIC with transmit traffic shaping. ref or by an element ... tech note09186a00800a3a25.shtml Cisco Tech Notes Comparing Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping ... Traffic shaping is sometimes applied by traffic sources to ensure the traffic they send complies with a contract ... is at capacity result in a traffic shaping effect. This can appear at for example a low bandwidth link such as dial up , a particularly expensive WAN link or satellite hop. Traffic shaping is often used ... as well as shaping. A more sophisticated implementation could apply a dropping algorithm such as Random ... through unshaped. Traffic Classification Simple traffic shaping schemes shape all traffic uniformly ... traffic enters the network with a granularity that allows the traffic shaping control mechanism to separate ... mechanisms can also affect traffic shaping of sorts for example Transmission Control Protocol TCP ... to Traffic Management Traffic shaping is a specific technique and one of several which combined ... 0056.00, Section 5.5, Traffic Shaping ref Current common usage, particularly in discussion of domestic Internet service provision, frequently confuses traffic shaping with traffic management ... See bandwidth management , and also Teletraffic engineering in broadband networks Traffic shaping is of interest .... They often use traffic shaping as a method to optimize the use of their network, sometimes by intelligently shaping traffic according to importance, other times by discouraging uses of applications ... per client traffic shaping is more effective without creating potential controversies about what traffic ... more details
Input Shaping is a control technique for reducing vibrations in computer controlled machines. The method works by creating a command signal that cancels its own vibration. That is, vibration caused by the first part of the command signal is canceled by vibration caused by the second part of the command. Input shaping is implemented by convolving a sequence of impulses, an input shaper, with any desired command. The shaped command that results from the convolution is then used to drive the system. If the impulses in the shaper are chosen correctly, then the system will respond without vibration to any unshaped command. The amplitude s and time locations of the impulses are obtained from the system s natural frequencies and damping ratios. Shaping can be made very robust to errors in the system parameters. ref citebook title Flexible Robot Dynamics and Controls author Rush D. Robinett, Rush D. Robinett III, John Feddema, G. Richard Eisler, Clark Dohrmann, Gordon G. Parker, David G. Wilson, Dennis Stokes publisher Springer year 2001 isbn 0306467240 ref References refs Category Control theory Category Cybernetics ... more details
unreferenced date August 2009 Ear shaping is the process of altering the shape of the human ear s as a body modification practice, often resulting in a non human appearance. The medical procedure via which ears are reshaped to give a normal appearance is known as otoplasty . Ear shaping is usually performed by Cutter body modification cutters . There are several ways in which human ears can be given a different appearance, including cropping, pointing, and the amputation of various parts. The various methods may be combined to give specific results. Amputation In this form of ear shaping, the earlobe lobe or other portions of the ear are amputation amputated to give the desired look. This may also be undertaken to remove Stretching body piercing stretched portions that are no longer wanted. Surgical suture Suture s or cauterizing may be required. Cropping Ear Docking animal cropping is commonly performed on animals, for both cosmetic and other reasons, but rarely on humans. In humans, cropping usually involves the removal of part of the upper ear with a scalpel . Suturing or cauterizing may be required. Cutting Cutting involves removing small portions of tissue or cutting parts of the ear to produce a new shape or a decorative pattern. Pointing Ear pointing or elfing by various methods is undertaken to give them an appearance similar to that of elves or Vulcans . A common method is to remove a small wedge shaped portion at the top of the ear, and then suture the two edges. Category Body modification Category Ear ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Demand shaping is the influencing of demand to match planned supply. For example, in a manufacturing business, dynamic pricing can be used to manage demand. ref Cite web url http www.kellogg.northwestern.edu msom2005 papers Xia.pdf title Shaping Demand to Match Anticipated Supply author Anant Balakrishnan, Yusen Xia and Bo Zhang publisher MSOM Conference year 2005 ref ref cite web url http ctl.mit.edu index.pl?id 6664 title Sculptors of Demand MIT Center for Transportation and Demand accessdate 2008 03 24 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref Dell Inc., is one of the best example of companies that practice Demand Shaping. ref cite web url http www.fastcompany.com magazine 88 dell.html title Living in Dell Time author Bill Green ref From its currently available supplies, Dell posts special sales weeks that influences the demand. References reflist econ stub Category Pricing ... more details
shaping instead relies on the use of positive reinforcement. Feedback also often denotes a consequence ... on a musical instrument versus the production of incorrect notes. Shaping, on the other hand, involves ... July 2008 Shaping is used in two areas in psychology training operant conditioning operant responses ... animal training. Shaping assists in discrimination , which is the ability to tell the difference ... . In autoshaping, in contrast to shaping, food comes irrespective of the behavior of the pigeon ... provides an interesting conundrum for B.F. Skinner s assertion that one must employ shaping as a method ... process of shaping? Autoshaping also contradicts Skinner s principle of reinforcement. During ... shaping of the pigeon s key peck. J. Exper. Analys. Behav. 11 1 8. ref even if this behavior had never ... aba shaping and chaining.htm ABA Shaping and Chaining Category Behavioral concepts Category Behaviorism ko he sv Shaping ... more details
Infobox Television show name Shaping Up image caption show name 2 Welcome to the Club genre Situation comedy Sitcom creator Ken Estin br Sam Simon writer Ken Estin br Merrill Markoe br Sam Simon director Michael Lessac starring Leslie Nielsen br Michael Fontaine br Jennifer Tilly br Shawn Weatherly br Jake Steinfeld composer Fletcher Adams country United States language English language English num seasons 1 num episodes 5 executive producer Ken Estin br Sam Simon producer Richard Sakai runtime 30 min approx channel American Broadcasting Company ABC first aired March 20, 1984 last aired April 17, 1984 Shaping Up is a short lived United States American Situation comedy sitcom created by writer producers Sam Simon and Ken Estin , which ran for five weeks on American Broadcasting Company ABC . Synopsis A spring replacement in 1984, Shaping Up , originally titled Welcome to the Club , was given the 9 00 Tuesday slot following Three s Company . Leslie Nielsen played Buddy Fox, curmudgeon owner of the Buddy Fox Health Club. Michael Fontaine played Ben, the club s manager who was like a son to Buddy and served as the show s voice of sanity. Other cast members included Jennifer Tilly , Shawn Weatherly and Jake Steinfeld of Body by Jake fame. While only five episodes were aired, six were shot. The role of Ben was first played by Tim Robbins , whom the network replaced with Fontaine. Episodes style border collapse collapse border 1 cellpadding 3 width 500 bgcolor CCCCCC Episode Episode title Original airdate 1 1 Baby Be Mine March 20, 1984 1 2 Ex Pede Hercuelum March 27, 1984 1 3 Defusing the Muse April 3, 1984 1 4 I Should Have Danced All Night April 10, 1984 1 5 Mixed Nuts April 17, 1984 External links imdb title id 0086799 tv.com show id 7200 Category 1984 television series debuts Category 1984 television series endings Category 1980s American comedy television series Category American Broadcasting Company network shows Category American television sitcoms Category Television ... more details
unreferenced date April 2010 Magnetic confinement fusion Magnetically confined fusion plasma physics plasma s such as those generated in tokamak s and stellarator s are characterized by a typical shape. Plasma shaping is the study of the plasma shape in such devices, and is particularly important for next step fusion devices such as ITER . This shape is conditioning partly the performance of the plasma. Tokamaks, in particular, are axisymmetric devices, and therefore one can completely define the shape of the plasma by its cross section . Cross section In the simple case of a plasma with up down symmetry, the plasma cross section is defined using a combination of four parameters the plasma elongation, math kappa b over a math , where math a math is the plasma minor radius, and math b math is the height of the plasma measured from the equatorial plane . br the plasma triangularity, defined as the horizontal distance between the plasma major radius math R math and the X point. br the angle between the horizontal and the plasma last closed flux surface LCFS at the low field side. br the angle between the horizontal and the plasma last closed flux surface LCFS at the high field side. br Category Plasma physics ... more details
Lipolysis and Radiofrequency Body contouring and shaping includes different techniques to help ... implants . Men who have body shaping surgery usually undergo male breast reduction surgery .... Plastic surgeons advise patients that body shaping is not an obesity operation. A patient who ... on such a major undertaking. Body lifting surgical procedures While body shaping can be done in one .... Usual results While considered major surgery, the outcome of body shaping can require several ... two to three weeks. Except for brachioplasty, virtually all body shaping procedures require ... more details
method. Tree shaping , also called tree training , arborsculpture , pooktre or several Tree shaping Alternative names alternative names , is the art of training trees and their roots into ornamental ... an early form of what is known today as tree shaping. In an early, labor intensive, practical ... of topiary , the agricultural craft of espalier , and the arboricultural craft of tree shaping all ... to perform initial bending and grafting on a project in an hour, as with Tree shaping Richard Reames ... 2010 05 08 ref and might then either remain growing, as with the living Tree shaping Peter Cook and Becky ... die, since each living tree has a lifespan. Techniques Practitioners of tree shaping may employ a variety ... to achieving a shaped tree. Some techniques used for shaping trees are unique to a particular ... are still in the research stage. ref name FriendsofTAU Manual tree shaping Image Chair1.jpg 220px ... books How to grow a chair and Arborsculpture Manual tree shaping starts with trees 6 8 ft. 2 2.5 ... of 3 8in 1 cm wide band of bark. ref name ring barking Aeroponic root shaping Aeroponic is a process ... for shaping a portion of a woody plant into a desired form issue date 2008 02 12 patent number 7328532 country code US description A method of shaping a portion of a woody plant into a desired form is provided. The method is effected by providing a root of a woody plant, shaping the root into the desired ... architecture. ref name FriendsofTAU Gradual tree shaping Image Grownup Furniture.jpeg 220px thumb right Grownup Furniture by Dr Chris Cattle created using a gradual tree shaping method. Gradual Tree shaping starts with designing and framing. These are fundamental to the success of the piece. ref ... ref The actual shaping of the tree requires day to day or weekly guiding of the new growth. The growth ... or complex wire design. ref name QSFMagazine Common techniques to all forms of tree shaping ... Reames2 rp 178 The purpose of framing varies depending on which shaping technique is being used ... more details
on numerical simulations, the dark pulse formation in the laser is a result of dark soliton shaping ...Context date April 2011 In physics , a pulse is a single disturbance that moves through a medium from one point to the next point. Pulse Reflection Consider a pulse moving through a medium perhaps through a rope or a slinky . When the pulse reaches the end of that medium, what happens to it depends on whether the medium is fixed in space or free to move at its end. For example, if the pulse is moving through a rope and the end of the rope is held firmly by a person, then it could be said that the pulse ... to move up or down when the pulse reaches its end, then it could be said that the pulse is approaching a free end. Free End A pulse will reflect off a free end and return with the same direction of displacement that it had before reflection. That is, a pulse with an upward displacement ... 1D fixed endpoints.gif right thumb 250px A pulse traveling through a string with fixed endpoints as modeled by the wave equation . A pulse will reflect off a fixed end and return with the opposite direction of displacement. In this case, the pulse is said to have inverted. That is, a pulse with an upward ... When there exists a pulse in a medium that is connected to another less heavy or less dense medium, the pulse will reflect as if it were approaching a free end no inversion . Contrarily, when a pulse is traveling through a medium connected to a heavier or denser medium, the pulse will reflect as if it were approaching a fixed end inversion . Optical pulse technical section date April 2011 Bright pulse Dark pulse Dark pulses ref P. Emplit et al, Opt. Commun. 62, 374 1987 . ref are characterized ... pulse laser was reported in a quantum dot diode laser with a saturable absorber. ref M. Feng et al, CLEO ... pulse fiber laser was successfully achieved in an all normal dispersion erbium doped ber laser with a polarizer in cavity. Experimentation has revealed that apart from the bright pulse emission ... more details
phase of the input pulse so that the output pulse is a bandwidth limited pulse with the shortest possible duration. A femtosecond pulseshapingpulse shaper can be used to make more complicated ...No footnotes date April 2009 In optics , an ultrashort pulse of light is an electromagnetic pulse whose ... the record for the shortest pulses artificially generated. Indeed, pulse durations on the attosecond ... pulse of light in the time domain. In this figure, the amplitude and intensity are Gaussian ... pulse is oscillating at an angular frequency sub 0 sub corresponding to the central wavelength of the pulse. To facilitate calculations, a complex field E t is defined. Formally, it is defined ... S is the spectral density or simply, the spectrum of the pulse, and is the spectral phase . Example of spectral phase functions include the case where is a constant, in which case the pulse is called a bandwidth limited pulse , or where is a quadratic function, in which case the pulse is called a chirp ed pulse because of the presence of an instantaneous frequency sweep. Such a chirp may be acquired as a pulse propagates through materials like glass and is due to their dispersion . It results in a temporal broadening of the pulse. The intensity functions I t and S determine the time duration and spectral bandwidth of the pulse. As stated by the uncertainty principle , their product ... on the definition used for the duration and on the shape of the pulse. For a given spectrum, the minimum time bandwidth product, and therefore the shortest pulse, is obtained by a transform limited pulse, i.e., for a constant spectral phase . High values of the time bandwidth product, on the other hand, indicate a more complex pulse. Pulse shape control Although optical devices also used for continuous ... compressor pulse compressor , a device that can be used to control the spectral phase of ultrashort ... the pulse, a full characterization of the pulse spectral phase is a must in order to get certain pulse ... more details
Wiktionary pulse A pulse is the throbbing of arteries as an effect of a heartbeat. Pulse may also refer to TOC right Art and entertainment Film Pulse 1988 film Pulse 1988 film , a horror film starring Cliff De Young Pulse 1995 film Pulse 1995 film , a video by the band Pink Floyd Pulse 2001 film Pulse 2001 film or Kairo , a Japanese horror film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa Pulse 2002 feature film Pulse 2002 feature film or Octane , an American thriller Pulse A Stomp Odyssey , a 2002 short documentary Pulse 2005 film Pulse 2005 film , an independent film starring Stelio Savante Pulse 2006 film Pulse 2006 film , an American remake of the 2001 Japanese film Literature Pulse Augustus , a character in the Marvel Comics universe The Pulse comics The Pulse comics , a Marvel Comics series Pulse , a music magazine Pulse magazine Pulse magazine , a medical professional s magazine Pulse , a book by Robert Frenay Music Pulse band , an American dance house project Pulse group , a UK group, winners of the reality TV show Dance X Pulse music , series of beats in music Albums Pulse The Back Horn album Pulse The Back Horn album Pulse Front 242 album Pulse Front 242 album Pulse Greg Phillinganes album Pulse Greg Phillinganes album Pulse Megumi Hayashibara album Pulse Megumi Hayashibara album Pulse Pink Floyd album Pulse Pink Floyd album Pulse Toni Braxton album Pulse Toni Braxton album Pulse Thomas Giles album Songs Pulse song Pulse song , a song by Fluke Pulse , a song by The Mad Capsule Markets from Osc Dis Pulse , a song by The Psychedelic Furs from The Psychedelic Furs album The Psychedelic Furs Television Pulse TV channel , a media stream based on video games and sports Pulse TV series Pulse TV series , a videogame news program aired on G4TV Video games Gran Pulse, or simply Pulse, a fictional world from Final Fantasy XIII Science and technology Pulse ALM , a proprietary application lifecycle management technology The Arcimoto The PulsePulse , an electric vehicle being developed ... more details
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