File TravisStateOfficeBuilding.JPG thumb William B. Travis State Office Building, which includes the offices of the Public Utility Commission of Texas The Public Utility Commission of Texas or PUCT is a state Public Utilities Commission which regulates privately owned Public utility utilities in the state of Texas . ref cite web url http www.puc.state.tx.us title Public Utility Commission of Texas accessdate 2009 04 10 ref It is headquartered in the William B. Travis State Office Building at 1701 North Congress in Austin, Texas Austin . ref http www.puc.state.tx.us contact index.cfm Contact the PUC . Public Utility Commission of Texas. Retrieved on August 18, 2009. ref See also Electric Reliability Council of Texas References reflist External links http www.puc.state.tx.us Official site texas stub Category State agencies of Texas Public Utilities Commission Category Public utilities commissions of the United States Texas ... more details
Infobox Government agency agency name Pennsylvania PublicUtility Commission logo logo caption seal formed dissolved superseding Pennsylvania State Railroad Commission br Pennsylvania Public Service Commission jurisdiction Government of Pennsylvania State government of Pennsylvania headquarters region code employees budget chief1 name Chairman chief1 position James H. Cawley parent agency child1 agency website http www.puc.state.pa.us footnotes Pennsylvania PublicUtility Commission is the publicutility commission in Pennsylvania . It is composed of five commissioners, appointed by the Governor with the consent of the state Senate. ref cite web title PUC History work www.puc.state.pa.us publisher Commonwealth of Pennsylvania date url http www.puc.state.pa.us general pdf PUC History.pdf ref See also List of Pennsylvania state agencies References reflist External links http www.puc.state.pa.us Pennsylvania PublicUtility Commission Category State agencies of Pennsylvania Category Public utilities Category Public utilities commissions of the United States ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In the United States, a publicutility district PUD is a special purpose district or other government al jurisdiction that provides Publicutilitypublic utilities such as electricity , natural gas , sewage treatment , waste collection Waste management management , wholesale telecommunications , water to the residents of that district. PUDs are created by a local government body, such as a city , county US county , or metropolitan area metropolitan service area two or more communities joining together for publicutility purposes . Normally the districts are Non profit organizations non profit . PUDs are often governed by a Government agency commission , which may be appointed or Election elected . Municipal Utility District s Municipal Utility District MUD are similar but have taxation authority while PUD do not. Historically, many of the electric PUDs in the Pacific Northwest were created with the express purpose of taking over the territory served by the investor owned utility then serving customers within the proposed PUD s territory and in some cases, the PUD s organizers were the only ones in favor of its creation elections centering on the creation of a PUD often coming back with a decisive majority in favor of staying with the IOU . The creation of many of these PUDs was also possible due to favorable laws on the books at the time and with the direct assistance of individuals in various federal agencies that were strong proponents of public ownership of electric utilities such as Dr. Paul J. Raver of Bonneville Power Administration . DEFAULTSORT PublicUtility District Category Special administrative structures in the United States Category Public utilities ... more details
Infobox Government agency agency name Oregon PublicUtility Commission logo OPUClogo.png logo width logo caption seal seal width seal caption picture Puc building 2.jpg picture width picture caption formed preceding1 preceding2 dissolved superseding jurisdiction headquarters Salem, Oregon latd latm lats latNS longd longm longs longEW region code employees budget minister1 name minister1 pfo minister2 name minister2 pfo chief1 name chief1 position chief2 name chief2 position agency type parent agency child1 agency child2 agency keydocument1 website http www.oregon.gov PUC index.shtml www.oregon.gov PUC footnotes map map width map caption The Oregon PublicUtility Commission PUC is the chief electric, gas and telephone utility regulatory agency of the state government government of the U.S. state of Oregon . It sets rates and establishes rules of operation for the state s investor owned utility companies. With respect to publicly owned utility districts and cooperatives, its authority is limited to safety regulations. The first regulation of a publicutility was effected in 1874 when the Oregon ... panel, replacing the office of the PublicUtility Commissioner, as a result of voters passage of a statewide ... s PublicUtility Commissioner under Gov. Robert W. Straub , from 1975 1979. ref name oreg 1apr87 ... Hearings Division conducts public hearings and other proceedings on utility matters, including ... to these statutes. References Reflist Category State agencies of Oregon PublicUtility Commission ... gas street lamps. The agency, or its predecessors including the Public Service Commission, have been ... into several sections. Staff members in the Utility Program represent customers in rate filings by examining utility companies financial needs. They regularly check utility records to see that they comply ... a convenient opportunity to participate The Public Information Office disseminates information on the agency s responsibilities and operations through publications, the news media and direct public contact ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PublicUtility Model PUM EMS is an ambulance system in which the community retains public control of the ambulance system s capital assets and accounts receivable through direct, accountable daily oversight. It then subcontracts the day to day operations to an outside ambulance service provider. Roughly 5 of all Emergency medical services EMS agencies in the United States are PublicUtility Model EMS systems. A PublicUtility Model EMS system is designed where the government not only regulates and oversees system performance, but the ambulance service provider contractor is held accountable to meet or exceed performance requirements. This can include termination of the provider contract and even fines being imposed. In PublicUtility Model EMS system design, the government is a purchaser of First Responder paramedic, and paramedic ambulance transport services through a competitive bidding process insuring that the most cost effective provision of EMS services is guaranteed. Examples For example, in Fort Worth, Texas , the 9 1 1 publicutility model is known as MedStar ... publicutility model is called the Richmond Ambulance Authority . Recently, the Richmond Ambulance ... contract to the authority. Examples of publicutility model EMS systems currently operating in the United ... Knoxville, TN Distinguishing Characteristics PublicUtility Model EMS systems have certain characteristics ... focus of a publicutility model EMS service. Continuous quality improvement is paramount, and every ... times. Financial control Financial controls must be in place where the publicutility model oversight authority controls all EMS system funding. A publicutility model is designed to be funded through ... in developing PublicUtility Models, EMS Performance Contracts, and helped design the very first ... 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 24 hours in a large and busy system. SSM enables a publicutility model EMS ... may01.html Fitch, Joseph J. Prehospital Care Administration ISBN 0 8151 3391 X Publicutility model ... more details
The PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 1935 PUHCA , , also known as the Wheeler Rayburn Act , was a law ... the collapse of Samuel Insull s publicutility holding companies. Context PUHCA was one of a number ... , including the collapse of Samuel Insull s publicutility holding companies. By 1932, the eight largest utility holding companies controlled 73 percent of the investor owned electric industry. ref LEONARD S. HYMAN, AMERICA S ELECTRIC UTILITIES PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 74 PublicUtility Reports, Inc .... It was replaced by a much weaker set of laws called the PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 2005 ... PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 1935 1935 &ndash 1992 by the United States Department of Energy ... Under the PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 1935 at the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC ... eng 47.cfm Electricity Restructuring Background PublicUtility Holding Company Act of 1935 PUHCA ... www.ucsusa.org clean energy clean energy policies publicutility holding company act puhca.html PUHCA ... puhca index.cfm Article about PUHCA at Public Citizen DEFAULTSORT PublicUtility Holding Company ... securities legislation Category 1935 in law fr PublicUtility Holding Company Act ... a limited geographic area. Another purpose of PUHCA was to keep utility holding companies engaged ... to engaging in a non utility business and that such businesses be kept separate from the regulated ... unnecessary corporate layers. Individual operating utility companies could centralize certain business ... Energy Regulatory Commission regulation. As a result, when a state utility commission regulated a utility located in a particular state, the rate payers of that state would pay only the share ... marking up the prices paid by the utility operating companies above what the central purchasing ... electric streetcar companies were private companies owned by electric utility holding companies. These streetcar ... utility company would sell electricity to the streetcar affiliate company and artificially ... more details
The Connecticut Department of PublicUtility Control is a public utilities commission , a quasi judicial tribunal, which regulates investor owned, electricity, natural gas, water, and telecommunication companies in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is also in charge of franchising for cable television companies ref cite web author Department of PublicUtility Control url http www.ct.gov dpuc site default.asp title State of Connecticut Department of PublicUtility Control publisher Ct.gov date accessdate 2010 02 24 ref ref cite web url http www.das.state.ct.us Digest Digest 2009 Public 20Utility 20Control, 20Department 20of.htm title Department of PublicUtility Control work The Digest of Administrative Reports to the Governor 2008 2009 publisher State of Connecticut Department of Administrative Services date accessdate 2010 02 24 ref and takes action against any unfair business practices by a regulated company. ref cite news url http www.acorn online.com joomla15 thereddingpilot news localnews 49191 blumenthal calls for investigation into local electric brokers contract.html title Blumenthal calls for investigation into local electric broker s contract last Kirkpatrick first Rachel date 11 February 2010 work The Redding Pilot accessdate 24 February 2010 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref References Reflist External links http www.ct.gov dpuc site default.asp Connecticut Department of PublicUtility Control Official site Category Public utilities commissions of the United States Connecticut Category State agencies of Connecticut Connecticut stub ... more details
Infobox company company name Snohomish County PublicUtility District company logo company type Municipal utility foundation 1949 location Everett, Washington , United States USA key people Commissioners br Dave Aldrich br Toni Olson br Kathy Vaughn br br General Manager br Steven Klein industry PublicUtility products Electric utility , Drinking water revenue 554 million 2010 num employees 1,002 2010 slogan homepage http www.snopud.com www.snopud.com Snohomish County PublicUtility District is a publicutility providing power to 320,000 customers in Snohomish County and on Camano Island , Washington ... County. The utility is the second largest publicutility in the Pacific Northwest and the 12th ... ref History The Snohomish County PublicUtility District is a municipal corporation of the State of Washington, formed by a majority vote of the people on November 3, 1936. It started as a water utility on January 17, 1946. The PUD began operating as an electric utility on September 1, 1949. In 2005 ... PUD Hoovers website Category PublicUtility Districts of Washington state Category Water companies ... utility customer of the Bonneville Power Administration , a major wholesale marketer of energy in the Western United States. The utility is one of the leaders in tidal power tidal ref http ... in the Pacific Northwest, both of which are clean, reliable and plentiful in the region. In 2010, the utility ... power wind energy projects. The utility started offering incentives, loans and other resources for small .... The utility has weatherized more than 60,000 homes, recycled 23,000 older, energy wasting refrigerators ... at discounted prices through a retail network. In 2009, the utility set its record for conservation ... the Columbia River Gorge. The utility will receive about 60 average megawatts from these facilities ... drinking water. The utility is developing several additional small, low impact hydroelectric facilities .... The PUD has sold a portion of the environmental attributes to fund the utility s renewable energy ... more details
The PublicUtility Regulatory Policies Act PURPA is a law, passed in 1978 by the United States Congress as part of the National Energy Act . It is meant to promote greater use of domestic renewable energy . The law forced regulated, natural monopoly Electric utility electric utilities to buy power from other more efficient producers, if that cost was less than the utility s own avoided cost rate to the consumer the avoided cost rate was the additional costs that the electric utility would incur if it generated the required power itself, or if available, could purchase its demand requirements from another source. At the time generally, where demand was growing, this was considered to be the construction and fossil fuel costs incurred in the operation of another thermal power plant . This free market approach presented investment opportunity and government encouragement for more development of environment friendly, renewable energy projects and technologies the law created a market in which non utility Independent Power Producer s developed, and some energy market players Enron scandal failed . Although a Federal law, PURPA s implementation was left to the States Rights individual states , because needs varied a variety of regulatory regimes developed in states where renewable power resources were needed, available for development, or the generated power could be Electric power transmission transmitted . Little was done in many states where such resources were unavailable, where ... 16 10 46.html PURPA at U.S. Code http www.ucsusa.org clean energy solutions big picture solutions publicutility regulatory.html Union of Concerned Scientists http www.energyvortex.com energydictionary publicutility regulatory policies act of 1978 purpa .html EnergyVortex.com Category 1978 in law ... agencies have therefore stopped forcing utilities to give contracts to developers of non utility ... and Development of Power, Subchapter II Regulation of Electric Utility Companies Engaged in Interstate ... more details
County Community Network coord missing Washington Category Douglas County, Washington Category PublicUtility Districts of Washington state ... more details
Other uses Utilitarianism In economics , utility is a measure of relative satisfaction. Given this measure, one may speak meaningfully of increasing or decreasing utility, and thereby explain economic behavior in terms of attempts to increase one s utility. Utility is often modeled to be affected by Consumption ... of leisure time. The doctrine of utilitarianism saw the maximization of utility as a moral criterion ... Stuart Mill 1806 1873 , society should aim to maximize the total utility of individuals, aiming for the greatest ... 1921 2002 would have society maximize the utility of the individual initially receiving the minimum amount of utility. Utility is usually applied by economists in such constructs as the indifference ... a given level of satisfaction. Individual utility and social utility can be construed as the value of a utility function and a social welfare function respectively. When coupled with production ... concept in welfare economics . Quantifying utility It was recognized that utility could not be measured ... Utility is taken to be correlative to Desire or Want. It has been already argued that desires cannot .... ref blockquote Cardinal and ordinal utility Details cardinal utility Economists distinguish between cardinal utility and ordinal utility . When cardinal utility is used, the magnitude of utility ... utility captures only ranking and not strength of preferences. Utility functions of both sorts assign a ranking to members of a choice set. For example, suppose a cup of orange juice has utility of 120 utils, a cup of tea has a utility of 80 utils, and a cup of water has a utility of 40 utils. When speaking of cardinal utility, it could be concluded that the cup of orange juice is better than ..., because this conclusion would depend not only on magnitudes of utility differences, but also on the zero of utility. It is tempting when dealing with cardinal utility to aggregate utilities across persons. The argument against this is that interpersonal comparisons of utility are meaningless because ... more details
Wiktionary utilityUtility is a measure of the happiness or satisfaction gained from a good or service in economics and game theory. Utility may also refer to Publicutility , an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service, or the services themselves Utility patent , one of the requirements for patentability in United States patent law Utility software or a utility program, a software program that functions for a particular purpose Utility player , a baseball player who plays more than one position regularly. Utility model , an intellectual property right to protect inventions Utility Radio , a radio receiver manufactured in Great Britain during the 1939 45 World War Utility room , a room in a house, which is the descendant of the scullery Utility vehicle , a vehicle that is designed for a specific task Utility car , a term used in Australia and New Zealand to refer to a pickup truck or coupe utility vehicle ute Utilities film Utilities film , a 1981 movie starring Robert Hays disambig es Utilidad ko it Utilit ja pl U yteczno pt Utilidade sk Utilita ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Confusing date February 2009 The Utility pattern is a software pattern that is used for utility Class computer science class es that do not require instantiation and only have static method s. The state computer science stateless class is designated as static so that no instances can be created. Good candidates for utility classes are convenience methods that can be grouped together functionally. Furthermore, methods in Utility classes are usually deterministic. As the Utility class is stateless, all parameters in each method must pass all necessary information to the method. Example in C public static class LogUtil public static void LogError String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogError message public static void LogWarning String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogWarning message public static void LogInfo String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogInfo message A simple example showing how the utility methods are used class MyProgram static void Main String args if args.Length 0 Call our utility helper methods. Note that these are static methods that are called directly off the class. LogUtil.LogError User ran app with arguments else LogUtil.LogInfo Running program. Run See also Utility class Category Software design patterns Compu prog stub ... more details
Image UtilityVault.JPG thumb right 150px Open Utility Vault. ELEC on cover indicates Electrical Equipment Wires. A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean publicutility equipment, such as valve s for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunication s equipment. Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete box es, poured cement or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside. Such vaults are considered confined space s and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical room mechanical or electrical room s in design and content. External links http www.precast.org vault faq.htm National Precast Concrete Association Category Public utilities Category Rooms Category Subterranea geography room stub ... more details
Primary sources date July 2008 Infobox software name Disk Utility logo Image Diskutil.png 64px screenshot Image Disk Utility screenshot.png 220px Disk Utility screenshot caption author developer Apple Inc. released latest release version 11.5.2 298.4 latest release date November 10, 2010 latest preview version latest preview date operating system Mac OS X platform language genre Software utilityUtility license Proprietary software Proprietary website Disk Utility is the name of a Utility software utility created by Apple Inc. Apple for performing Disk storage disk related tasks in Mac OS X . These tasks ... Utility 10.5 Help Testing and repairing a disk or volume ref the creation, conversion, compression and encryption of disk image s from a wide range of formats read by Disk Utility to .dmg or for CD ... Disk Utility s Repair Disk Permissions feature ref disk erasing, disk formatting formatting , disk partitioning ..., merging ref http support.apple.com kb TA24359 Mac OS X How to combine RAID sets in Disk Utility .... Disk Utility functions may also be accessed from the Mac OS X Command line interface command line with the diskutil and hdiutil commands. Disk Utility was updated with Mac OS X v10.3 . Prior to v10.3, the functionality of Disk Utility was spread across two applications Disk Copy and Disk Utility. Disk Copy was used for creating and mounting disk image files, and Disk Utility was used for formatting ... Disk Utility to be used to verify the file structure of the current boot drive. However as Apple notes in their public knowledge base ref http docs.info.apple.com article.html?artnum 302672 Using Disk Utility in Mac OS X 10.4.3 or later to verify or repair disks Bot generated title ref doing so can ... of the Mac OS prior to Mac OS X, similar functionality to the verification features of Disk Utility .... See also Logical Disk Manager Palimpsest Disk Utility GNU Parted diskpart fdisk cfdisk References ... Hard disk software it Utility Disco ja ru Disk Utility uk Disk Utility zh Disk Utility ... more details
The term utility station is used to describe fixed radio broadcasters disseminating signals that are not intended for reception by the general public but such members are not actively prohibited from receiving . Utility stations, as the name suggests, do broadcast signals that have an immediate practical use, by means of analog or usually digital modes most often utility transmissions are of a point to point nature, intended for a specific receiving station. Utility stations are most prevalent on shortwave frequencies, though they are not restricted to the shortwave frequencies. Examples of utility station and modes One common use of utility stations is disseminating weather information. Weather information is often broadcast using radioteletype RTTY and sending synoptic code s, or weather chart s are sent using radiofax , which are used by mariners and others. Airports make voice weather broadcasts on High frequency HF , known as VOLMET . Some examples include New York Radio, which broadcasts weather information for locations in the eastern United States, or Shanwick Radio, which does the same for Europe. HF frequencies are still often used for trans oceanic air traffic control. News agencies previously used RTTY for news stories, and, less commonly, radiofax for the images, although is no longer done. Satellite communications and the Internet have replaced HF for this application. Many maritime radio services are often known as utility stations, including as ship to shore and vice versa telephony and error controlled radioteletype such as SITOR . Military use of shortwave ... of Automatic link establishment modes to set up communication links automatically. Some utility stations ... other utility type signals are piggybacked on Subsidiary Communications Authority FM broadcast ... Utility World with various sound samples of utility modes http kb9ukd.com digital KB9UKD Digital Modes with mostly non HF utility modes samples Category Radio stations radio comm stub ... more details
Patent law In United States patent law , utility is a patentability requirement. ref U.S. CONST., art ... to the degree of utility it simply requires that it shall be capable of use.... ref The majority of inventions are usually not challenged as lacking utility, ref Janice M. Mueller, Patent Law 235 3d ... application expresses a specific, credible, and substantial utility. ref See Brenner v. Manson , 383 U.S. 519 1966 USPTO, Utility Exmaination Guidelines, 66 Fed. Reg. 1092, 1098 Jan. 5, 2001 available ..., and credible utility. European patent law does not consider utility as a patentability criterion ... even where they have practical utility headnote III. , thus ruling out the utility of an invention ... Article 57 . ref Utility categories In considering the requirement of utility for patents, there are three ... use of the invention. Operability A requirement of functionality, also known as General Utility Operability concerns whether the invention actually works or accomplishes the utility that the inventor ... a claim invalid as lacking utility. ref name JMMueller247 Janice M. Mueller, Patent Law 247 3d. ed ... X from 20 to 80 weight percent, for which the inventor asserts the utility of shrinking cancer tumors ... that is, the X equals 30 percent species does not possess the utility asserted for the genus. ref name ... ref the utility bar enunciated in this case is low, only requiring that the patented invention ..., Inc. v. Orange Bang, Inc. dealing with a juice dispenser that arguably deceived the public into believing ... of utility is not high An invention is useful under section 101 if it is capable of providing some identifiable benefit. A rejection under 35 U.S.C. 101 for lack of utility should not be based on grounds that the invention is frivolous, fraudulent or against public policy. Manual of Patent Examining Procedure 706.03 a II Practical The last utility category is practical or specific utility. According ..., Patent Law 236 3d. ed. 2009 . ref The utility threshold is relatively easy to satisfy for mechanical ... more details
For archive utility applications in general see file archiver . For the MAC OS Archive Utility service application see Archive Utility . disambiguation ... more details
Utility furniture refers to furniture produced in the United Kingdom during and just after during World War II , under a Government scheme which was designed to cope with shortages of raw materials and rationing of consumption. Introduced in 1942, the Utility Furniture Scheme continued into post war austerity and lasted until 1952. History By 1941 it had become apparent that the combination of a severe lack of timber suitable for furniture making in which Britain was not self sufficient and the increased demand for new furniture due to the losses of housing caused by bombing and to the continuing establishment of new households after marriage, had created a severe furniture shortage. The Utility Furniture Advisory Committee was set up in 1942, drawing on considerable expertise, principally Sydney Gordon Russell Gordon Russell and Ernest Clench , also Herman Lebus and John Gloag , in order to assure that the scarce available resources were used in a sensible way. New furniture was Rationing in the United Kingdom during and after World War II rationed and was restricted to newly weds and people ... in the Utility Furniture Catalogue of 1943. The aim was to ensure the production of strong well ... market utility furniture with added carvings and decoration. The Committee were reconstituted as the Design ... to steer public taste, as soon as the war ended the general public reacted against its austerities ... was announced in 1948, drawing on contemporary Scandinavian design s, the tide of public taste was against it and the Panel was wound down the Scheme was officially closed in 1952. The logo of utility furniture was taken from that developed earlier for the Utility clothing scheme two capital letters ... section on influence, eg., Design Council? Further reading Richard Sword Utility furniture and fashion, 1941 1951 1974 ISBN 0716806282 Jon Mills Utility Furniture The 1943 Utility Furniture Catalogue with an explanation of Britain s Second World War Utility Furniture Scheme 2008 ISBN 9780955272325 External ... more details
publicutility such as electricity , water , natural gas , or telephone network . This model has the advantage ... someday be organized as a publicutility just as the telephone system is a publicutility... The computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry. author John McCarthy computer ...Refimprove date September 2007 Utility Computing is the packaging of Computational resource computing ... were early leaders in the new field of Utility Computing with their business units and researchers .... Google, Amazon and others started to take the lead in 2008, as they established their own utility services for computing, storage and applications. Utility Computing can support grid computing which ... a large number of computers. Utility computing has usually envisioned some form of Platform virtualization ... distributed or cross administrative domain s. To provide utility computing services, a company can bundle the resources of members of the public for sale, who might be paid with a portion of the revenue ... Computational resource computing resources as needed or as they go idle. The definition of utility computing is sometimes extended to specialized tasks, such as web service s. History Utility computing ... of processor, data centers became filled with thousands of servers. In the late 90 s utility computing ... services in 1997 using HP equipment. In 1998, HP set up the Utility Computing Division in Mountain ... marketed. HP introduced the Utility Data Center in 2001. Sun announced the Sun Cloud service to consumers ... building tool for which the underlying power is utility computing. Alexa charges users for storage ... niche applications powered by utility computing. For example, http www.polyserve.com index.php ... highly available utility computing environments for mission critical applications including ... processing, and content serving. The Database Utility and File Serving Utility enable IT organizations ... general purpose business applications. Utility computing merely means Pay and Use , with regards to computing ... more details
An electric utility is a company often a publicutility that engages in the Electricity generation generation , Electricity distribution transmission , and Electricity retailing distribution of electricity for sale generally in a regulated market . The electrical utility industry is a major provider of energy in most countries. It is indispensable to factories, commercial establishments, homes, and even most recreational facilities. Lack of electricity causes not only inconvenience, but also economic loss due to reduced industrial production. Electric utilities include Investor owned utility investor owned , Public ownership publicly owned , cooperatives , and nationalized entities. They may be engaged in all or only some aspects of the industry. Electricity market s are also considered electric utilities these entities buy and sell electricity, acting as brokers, but usually do not own or operate generation, transmission, or distribution facilities. Utilities are regulated by local and national ... power Category Public utilities Category Electric utility Category Electric utilities de Energieversorgungsunternehmen ... Utility Industry Survey ref name two Company survey results. http www.bv.com energysurvey Insight1 2009 2010 Electric Utility Industry Survey Results . February 22, 2010. ref for 2009 2010 from Black & Veatch . Based on input from 329 utility industry participants, maintaining reliable service ... Protection Online. http eponline.com articles 2010 02 22 u.s. electric utility survey reflects impact of uncertainty.aspx U.S. Electric Utility Survey Reflects Impact of Uncertainty . February ... needs . February 22, 2010. ref Organization Utility service territories are typically geographically ... of consumers is determined by each utility and is based on various criteria such as demand levels ... consumers varying consumption levels and patterns and the associated impact on the utility s costs ... that are not connected. See also Consumer Advocate for Customers of Public Utilities Distributed ... more details
Utility location is the process of identifying and labeling publicutility mains which are underground. These mains may include lines for telephones, electricity electricity distribution , natural gas , cable television , optical fibers fiber optics , traffic lights , street light s, storm drain s, water supply network water mains , and wastewater pipes. In some locations, major pipeline transport oil and gas pipelines , national defense communication lines, public transport mass transit , rail and road tunnels also compete for space underground. http www.nal.usda.gov ttic utilfnl.htm Because of the many different types of materials that go into manufacturing each of these different types of underground lines, different detection and location methods must be used. For metal Pipe material pipe ... them from damage during excavation. Publicutility systems are often run underground some by the very ..., or may be missing entirely. Call before you dig , Digger s Hotline , One call , Miss Utility , or Underground Service Alert are services that allow construction workers to contact utility companies ... if such negligence causes a major utility power outage outage or serious accident, or an evacuation ... paint indicating below street gas utility line. New York city , 2007. Utility color code s are used ... s often require that the underground systems locations be denoted and approved, if it is to be in the public ... the location and denote the type of underground utility. A special type of spray paint, which works ... often identifies the company or municipal utility which the lines belong to, or an advertisement for a company .... The American Public Works Association APWA Uniform Color Codes for temporary marking ... Technology Transfer Information Center. http www.nal.usda.gov ttic utilfnl.htm Statement of Need Utility ... http www.apwa.net American Public Works Association http www.apwa.net Documents About PET One ... PDF Category Color codes Category Public utilities Category Subterranea geography ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
