Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin c. pterygoideus GraySubject 46 GrayPage 180 Image Gray187.png Caption Base of skull . Inferior surface. Sphenoid is yellow. Image2 Gray146.png Caption2 Sphenoid bone. Anterior and inferior surfaces. Pterygoid c. labeled at center left. Precursor System Artery artery of the pterygoid canal Vein Nerve nerve of pterygoid canal Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 04 DorlandsSuf 12208798 The pterygoid canal also vidian canal is a passage in the Human skull skull leading from just anterior to the foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa . Structure The pterygoid canal runs through the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone to the back wall of the pterygopalatine fossa . Contents It transmits the nerve of pterygoid canal and artery of the pterygoid canal . Additional images gallery Image Gray192.png Medial wall of left orbit. gallery External links SUNYAnatomyFigs 22 4b 08 eMedicineDictionary Pterygoid canal NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig VII musculoskeletal stub Cranium Foramina of skull Category Foramina of the skull ... more details
Nerve of pterygoidcanal Gray s Trigeminal nerve Autonomic Category Nerves neuroanatomy stub fr Nerf du canal pt rygo dien pl Nerw Widiusza ... more details
03 13 format work ref From Internal carotid The artery is a small, inconstant branch which passes into the pterygoidcanal and anastomoses with a branch of the maxillary artery . See also Nerve of pterygoidcanal References reflist External links http www.medcyclopaedia.com library topics volume ii ... and neck es Arteria del canal pterigoideo ja no Arteria canalis pterygoidei pt Art ria do canal ... more details
Pterygoid from the Greek for winglike can refer to Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone The Lateral pterygoid plate by it a muscle such as Lateral pterygoid muscle or Medial pterygoid muscle a branch of the Mandibular nerve Disambig ... more details
Internal pterygoid is the obsolete attribution for medial pterygoid , and refers to Medial pterygoid muscle Medial pterygoid nerve disambig ... more details
Medial pterygoid can refer to Medial pterygoid muscle Medial pterygoid plate disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Pterygoid muscles can refer to Lateral pterygoid muscle Medial pterygoid muscle disambig Excess long comment to prevent listing on Special Shortpages ............................................................ more details
Infobox Bone Name Pterygoid fossa Latin f. pterygoidea ossis sphenoidalis GraySubject 35 GrayPage 151 Image Gray147.png Caption Sphenoid bone . Upper and posterior surfaces. Pterygoid fossa labeled at left. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre f 14 DorlandsSuf 12376565 The pterygoid fossa is an anatomical term for the fossa formed by the divergence of the lateral pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone . Structure The lateral and medial pteryoid plates of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone diverge behind and enclose between them a V shaped fossa, the pterygoid fossa . This fossa faces posteriorly, and contains the medial pterygoid muscle and the tensor veli palatini muscle. See also Pterygoid fovea Scaphoid fossa Pterygoid process Gray s Skull Category Bones of the head and neck musculoskeletal stub sk Kr dlov jama ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Pterygoid fovea Latin fovea pterygoidea GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray177.png Caption Medial side of mandible. Pterygiod fovea not labelled, but indicated as the insertion for the pterygoideus externus on the upper left. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The pterygoid fovea occasionally called pit or depression is a concave surface on the uppermost medial side of the Ramus of the mandible ramus of the human mandible mandible . Located behind the mandibular notch and below of the condyloid process on the head of the mandible, the pterygoid fovea forms the anterior surface of the neck of the mandible and serves for the attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle . Not to be confused with the pterygoid fossa of the sphenoid bone . References reflist cite book title Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy pages 28 29 author Feneis, Heinz Dauber, Wolfgang publisher Thieme year 2000 edition 4th External links cite web url http ect.downstate.edu courseware haonline labs l27 st0215.htm title Pterygoid fovea publisher Suny Downstate Medical Center accessdate 2008 09 26 Facial bones Category Bones of the head and neck musculoskeletal stub ... more details
Infobox Vein Name Pterygoid plexus Latin plexus venosus pterygoideus, plexus pterygoideus GraySubject 167 GrayPage 645 Image Gray557.png Caption Veins of the head and neck. Image2 Caption2 DrainsFrom DrainsTo maxillary vein Artery maxillary artery MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands DorlandsID The pterygoid plexus is a venous plexus of considerable size, and is situated between the temporalis muscle and lateral pterygoid muscle , and partly between the two pterygoid muscles. Tributaries received It receives tributaries corresponding with the branches of the maxillary artery . Thus it receives the following veins sphenopalatine middle meningeal deep temporal anterior & posterior pterygoid masseteric buccinator alveolar some palatine veins palatine vein which divides into the greater and lesser palatine v. a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein through the inferior orbital fissure infraorbital vein Relations This plexus communicates freely with the anterior facial vein it also communicates with the cavernous sinus , by branches through the foramen Vesalii , foramen ovale , and foramen lacerum . Due to its communication with the cavernous sinus, infection of the superficial face may spread to the cavernous sinus, causing cavernous sinus syndrome. Complications may include edema of the eyelids, conjunctivae of the eyes, and subsequent paralysis of cranial nerves which course through the cavernous sinus. The pterygoid plexus of veins becomes the maxillary vein. The maxillary vein and the superficial temporal vein later join to become the retromandibular vein. The posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein then form the external jugular vein, which empties into the subclavian vein. References references External links SUNYAnatomyLabs 27 13 01 00 Infratemporal Fossa The Pterygoid Plexus of Veins http jpc.vis.ne.jp anatomy tmj2 Fig4.jpg Pterygoid Plexus Gray s VeinsHeadNeck Category Veins of the head and neck circulatory stub pl Splot skrzyd owy ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Pterygoid hamulus Latin hamulus pterygoideus GraySubject 35 GrayPage 151 Image Gray146.png Caption Sphenoid bone . Anterior and inferior surfaces. Hamulus labeled at bottom left. Image2 Gray194.png Caption2 Sagittal section of skull. Sphenoid is in yellow, and pterygoid hamulus labeled at bottom center. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre h 02 DorlandsSuf 12407644 The medial pterygoid plate of the Sphenoid bone sphenoid curves laterally at its lower extremity into a hook like process, the pterygoid hamulus , around which the tendon of the Tensor veli palatini glides. Additional images gallery Image Gray187.png Base of skull. Inferior surface. Image Gray189.png Left infratemporal fossa. gallery See also hamulus External links SUNYAnatomyFigs 22 4b 05 RocheLexicon 05287.011 1 RocheLexicon 25420.000 1 RocheLexicon 34257.000 1 NormanAnatomy lesson9 NormanAnatomyFig nasalwallbones 12 http www.dentistry.vcu.edu departments opath labcasex textfiles descriptions sitepics siteatlas site28.html Diagram at VCU.edu Gray s Skull Category Bones of the head and neck musculoskeletal stub sk Kr dlovit h ik ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Medial pterygoid plate Latin lamina medialis processus pterygoidei GraySubject 35 GrayPage 151 Image Gray146.png Caption Sphenoid bone . Anterior and inferior surfaces. Medial pterygoid plate labeled at bottom left. Image2 Gray147.png Caption2 Sphenoid bone. Upper and posterior surfaces. Medial pterygoid lamina labeled at center right. Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 02 DorlandsSuf 12476329 The medial pterygoid plate or medial pterygoid lamina of the Sphenoid bone sphenoid is narrower and longer than the lateral pterygoid plate it curves lateralward at its lower extremity into a hook like process, the pterygoid hamulus , around which the tendon of the Tensor veli palatini glides. The lateral surface of this plate forms part of the pterygoid fossa , the medial surface constitutes the lateral boundary of the choana or posterior aperture of the corresponding nasal cavity. Superiorly the medial plate is prolonged on to the under surface of the body as a thin lamina, named the vaginal process, which articulates in front with the sphenoidal process of the palatine and behind this with the Ala anatomy ala of the vomer . The angular prominence between the posterior margin of the vaginal process and the medial border of the scaphoid fossa is named the pterygoid tubercle , and immediately above this is the posterior opening of the pterygoidcanal . On the under surface of the vaginal process is a furrow, which is converted into a canal by the sphenoidal process of the palatine bone , for the transmission of the pharyngeal branch of the internal maxillary artery and the pharyngeal nerve from the sphenopalatine ganglion . The pharyngeal aponeurosis is attached to the entire length of the posterior edge of the medial plate, and the Constrictor pharyngis superior takes origin from its lower third. Projecting backward from near the middle of the posterior edge of this plate is an angular process, the processus tubarius, which ... more details
Infobox Bone Name PAGENAME Latin processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis GraySubject 35 GrayPage 151 Image Gray145.png Caption Sphenoid bone , upper surface. Image2 Gray146.png Caption2 Sphenoid bone , anterior and inferior surfaces. Width 300 MusclesOrigins MusclesInsertions Articulations MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 34 DorlandsSuf 12667598 The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid , one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial pterygoid plate and a lateral pterygoid plate , the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion. The plates are separated below by an angular cleft, the pterygoid fissure or pterygoid notch , the margins of which are rough for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone . The two plates diverge behind and enclose between them a V shaped fossa, the pterygoid fossa, which contains pterygoideus internus and tensor veli palatini . Above this fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the tensor veli palatini . The anterior surface of the pterygoid process is broad and triangular near its root, where it forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and presents the anterior orifice of the pterygoid canal . In many mammals it remains as a separate bone called the pterygoid bone. Its name is Greek for resembling a fin or wing , from its shape. Additional images gallery Image Gray187.png Base of skull. Inferior surface. gallery References references External links RocheLexicon 34257.000 1 Gray s Skull Category Bones of the head and neck sk Kr dlov v be ok klinovej kosti ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Lateral pterygoid plate Latin lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei GraySubject 35 GrayPage 151 Image Gray192.png Caption Medial wall of left orbit. Label pterygoid plate labeled at bottom right. Image2 Gray146.png Caption2 Sphenoid bone , anterior and inferior surfaces. Lateral pterygoid plate visible at bottom left. Width 300 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 02 DorlandsSuf 12476264 The lateral pterygoid plate of the Sphenoid bone sphenoid or lateral lamina of pterygoid process is broad, thin, and everted its lateral surface forms part of the medial wall of the infratemporal fossa, and gives attachment to the lateral pterygoid muscle its medial surface forms part of the pterygoid fossa, and gives attachment to the medial pterygoid muscle . Additional images gallery Image Gray147.png Sphenoid bone. Upper and posterior surfaces. Image Gray187.png Base of skull. Inferior surface. Image Gray189.png Left infratemporal fossa. gallery External links RocheLexicon 34257.000 1 Gray s Skull Category Bones of the head and neck musculoskeletal stub ... more details
Infobox Artery Name PAGENAME Latin rami pterygoidei arteriae maxillaris GraySubject 144 GrayPage 561 Image Gray511.png Caption Plan of branches of internal maxillary artery. Pterygoid labeled at center top. Image2 Gray510.png Caption2 Plan of branches of internal maxillary artery. Visible but not labeled. BranchFrom maxillary artery BranchTo Vein Supplies MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12691840 File Pterygoid branches of maxillary artery.png thumb left 350px Branches of the maxillary artery . The pterygoid branches of the maxillary artery , irregular in their number and origin, supply the lateral pterygoid muscle and medial pterygoid muscle . External links http iris3.med.tufts.edu dentgross labguide IT4.html Overview at tufts.edu Gray s Arteries of head and neck Category Arteries of the head and neck ja ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin n. pterygoideus internus BR n. pterygoideus medialis GraySubject 200 GrayPage 894 Image Nervuspterygoideusmedialis.png Caption Mandibular division of the trigeminus nerve . Internal pterygoid nerve visible but not labeled. Image2 Gray782 updated.png Caption2 Mandibular division of trifacial nerve, seen from the middle line. Nerve to medial pterygoid labeled at bottom. Innervates medial pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid , tensor veli palatini muscle tensor veli palatini , tensor tympani muscle tensor tympani BranchFrom mandibular nerve BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre n 05 DorlandsSuf 12566554 The medial pterygoid nerve or internal pterygoid nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that innervates the medial pterygoid muscle , tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani . Structure The nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle is a slender branch of the mandibular nerve which enters the deep surface of the muscle it gives off one or two filaments to the otic ganglion . The nerve provides physical support for the otic ganglion , but is neurologically distinct. Branches Additionally, the tensor veli palatini is innervated by the nerve to tensor veli palatini , a branch of the nerve to the medial pterygoid. Of the five paired skeletal muscles to the soft palate, tensor veli palati is the only muscle not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus . See also Lateral pterygoid nerve Gray s neuroscience stub Trigeminal nerve Category Nervous system hu Nervus pterygoideus medialis ja sr ... more details
Muscle infobox Name medial pterygoid Latin musculus pterygoideus medialis, musculus pterygoideus internus GraySubject 109 GrayPage 387 Image Musculuspterygoideusmedialis.png Caption The Pterygoidei the zygomatic arch and a portion of the ramus of the Human mandible mandible have been removed. Internus is visible at center bottom. Image2 Gray783.png Caption2 The otic ganglion and its branches. Pterygoideus internus labeled at bottom right. Origin deep head medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind the upper teeth br superficial head pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity Insertion medial angle of the mandible Blood pterygoid branches of maxillary artery Nerve mandibular nerve via nerve to medial pterygoid Action Elevation kinesiology elevates mandible, closes jaw , helps Lateral pterygoid muscle lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side Antagonist MeshName Pterygoid Muscles MeshNumber A02.633.567.600.700 DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12550302 The medial pterygoid or internal pterygoid muscle , is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication . The mandibular branch of the fifth Cranial Nerves cranial nerve , the trigeminal nerve , innervates the medial pterygoid muscle. Origin and insertion It consists of two heads. The bulk of the muscle arises as a deep head from just above the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate . The smaller, superficial head originates from the maxillary tuberosity and the pyramidal process of the palatine bone . Its fibers pass downward, lateral, and posterior, and are inserted, by a strong tendinous lamina ... tendinous sling which allows the medial pterygoid and masseter to be powerful elevators of the jaw. Innervation Like the Lateral pterygoid muscle lateral pterygoid , and all other muscles of mastication apart from buccinator which is innervated by the facial nerve VII the medial pterygoid is innervated ... that the origin is on the medial side of the lateral pterygoid plate and the insertion is from the internal ... more details
nerve , specifically the V3 branch, innervates the lateral pterygoid muscle. Function The primary function of the lateral pterygoid muscle is to pull the Coronoid process of the mandible ... eminence to protrude the mandible. A concerted effort of the lateral pterygoid muscles acts in helping lower the mandible and open the jaw whereas unilateral action of a lateral pterygoid produces contralateral excursion a form of mastication , usually performed in concert with the Medial pterygoid muscle medial pterygoids . Unlike the other three muscles of mastication, the lateral pterygoid ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Lateral pterygoid nerve Latin n. pterygoideus externus BR n. pterygoideus lateralis GraySubject 200 GrayPage 895 Image Nervuspterygoideuslateralis.png Caption Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion . Image2 Caption2 Innervates Pterygoideus externus BranchFrom Mandibular nerve BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre n 05 DorlandsSuf 12566545 External Pterygoid Nerve or lateral pterygoid nerve The nerve to the Pterygoideus externus frequently arises in conjunction with the buccinator nerve , but it may be given off separately from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve . It enters the deep surface of the muscle. See also Internal pterygoid nerve External links cite journal author Kim HJ, Kwak HH, Hu KS, et al. title Topographic anatomy of the mandibular nerve branches distributed on the two heads of the lateral pterygoid journal Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg volume 32 issue 4 pages 408 13 year 2003 pmid 14505626 doi 10.1054 ijom.2002.0382 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0901 5027 02 90382 6 Gray s Trigeminal nerve Category Nervous system neuroscience stub hu Nervus pterygoideus lateralis ja ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 Infobox TV channel name Canal France logofile Canal .svg logocaption Canal ... 4 adsl serv 5 Orange brand Orange TV adsl chan 5 Channel 4 CanalCanal Plus , C meaning Channel ... by the Canal Group , which in turn is owned by Vivendi SA . The channel broadcasts several kinds of programming, mostly encrypted. The un encrypted programmes can be viewed free of charge on Canal and on satellite on Canal Clair Clear . Canal is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV ... channel, Canal started broadcasting on November 4, 1984. In 1986, the channel had one million ... satellite platform CanalSat Canalsatellite on April 27, 1996, Canal received two new sister channels Canal Jaune and Canal Bleu. ref cite web url http www.canalplusgroup.com pid163.htm anch 26 title L historie du Groupe Canal de 1983 nos jours accessdate 2009 04 03 ref A fourth channel, called Canal Vert came along on August 31, 1998. The channels changed their names to Canal D cal , Canal Cin ma and Canal Sport. In September 2005, Canal , Canal Cin ma and Canal Sport started broadcasting in the French digital terrestrial television network. The free to air parts of Canal had already been broadcasting for a few months by then. In August 2008, Canal started broadcasting the encrypted parts of its main channel in high definition in the terrestrial network. Canal plans to turn off the analogue ... Canal plans analogue switch off date April 3, 2009 publisher broadbandtvnews ref An account of the rise of Canal and CanalSatellite, and the establishment of the Canal Group as a major satellite broadcaster ... Canal Les Cha nes Canal ref cite web url http www.vivendi.com vivendi Canal EN title Les Cha nes Canal Programs for all tastes accessdate 2009 06 25 ref is the brand name used for all the Canal branded channels in France. Prior to 2008 it was called Canal Le Bouquet . class toccolours unsortable border ... Terrest. Br SECAM Digital terrestrial television DTT Satellite, Br IPTV Cable Canal Pan and scan P&S ... more details
Infobox Network network name Canal A name br Canal A logo File Canal A Colombia logo 1992 1998.jpg 150px image network type Terrestrial television Broadcast Television Network branding Canal A airdate country Colombia available Colombia founder slogan es icon Es televisi n br en icon It s Television motto market share license area broadcast area Colombia area erp owner Inravisi n Instituto Nacional de Radio y Televisi n key people foundation launch date March 27, 1972 as Segunda Cadena br January 1, 1992 as Canal A closure date February 2, 2004 replaced by Canal Institucional dissolved past names Segunda Cadena 1973 1979 1979 1983 br Segunda Cadena Color 1979 br Cadena Dos or Cadena 2 1984 1991 digital analog servicename1 service1 servicename2 service2 servicename3 service3 servicename4 service4 callsigns callsign callsign meaning former callsigns affiliates groups affiliation affiliations former affiliations website footnotes Canal A was a Colombia n state owned privately run national television channel. It was launched March 27, 1972 as Segunda Cadena , since it was the second television channel in Colombia, and replacing Tele 9 Coraz n which in turn had replaced privately owned Teletigre , a local channel covering Bogot . Until December 31, 1991 it was known as Cadena Dos Network Two , sometimes spelled Cadena 2 . During its existence, Canal A branded as such in 1992 in order to promote competition with Canal Uno , the other national channel broadcast programmes produced or imported by programadoras programming companies , which bid for time slots with the Colombian state ..., audience measurement ratings for the state owned channels Canal Uno and Canal A steadily dropped ... which remained on Canal A, was moved to Canal Uno. On February 2, Canal A left the airwaves. It was replaced by fully state owned Canal Institucional . See also Canal Institucional Television in Colombia ... stub Colombia tv stub es Canal A ... more details
In anatomy , a canal or canalis in Latin is a tubular passage or channel which connect different regions of the body. Examples include Head Skull Infraorbital canal Alveolar canals Palatovaginal canal Greater palatine canal Incisive canals Mandibular canalPterygoidcanal Semicircular canal Pelvis, abdomen and thigh Adductor canal Femoral canal Inguinal canal Pudendal canal Obturator canal Anal canal Other Spinal canal References Dorland s Illustrated Medical Dictionary , 27th ed. 1988 W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, PA. See also Foramen disambiguation Foramen Fossa disambiguation Fossa Canaliculus Category Anatomy ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Palatovaginal canal Latin c. pharyngeus, c. palatovaginalis GraySubject 46 GrayPage 180 Image Gray187.png Caption Base of skull. Inferior surface. Pharyngeal canal labeled at right, tenth label from the top. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 04 DorlandsSuf 12208776 The palatovaginal canal also pharyngeal canal is a canal between the sphenoid bone and the palatine bone that connects the nasopharynx with the pterygopalatine fossa . Contents It contains the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary nerve and the Pterygoid branches of maxillary artery . Structure The opening to the palatovaginal canal in the nasal cavity is located near the lateral margin of the ala of the vomer , at the roots of the pterygoid process . The other opening to the palatovaginal canal is located inferiorly and posteriorly in the pterygopalatine fossa. External links cite journal author Rumboldt Z, Castillo M, Smith JK title The palatovaginal canal can it be identified on routine CT and MR imaging? journal AJR Am J Roentgenol volume 179 issue 1 pages 267 72 year 2002 pmid 12076948 doi url http www.ajronline.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12076948 Gray s Foramina of skull musculoskeletal stub Category Musculoskeletal system ... more details
annulus tympanicus in the newborn. Size and shape of the canal vary among individuals. The canal ... to consider when fitting earplug s. Disorders The ear canal, because of its relative exposure to the outside ... of the ear canal Otitis externa swimmer s ear , bacteria caused inflammation of the ear canal Contact dermatitis of the ear canal Ear fungus Ear myiasis , an extremely rare infestation of maggots Bone exposure, caused by the wearing away of skin in the canal Granuloma , a scar usually caused by tympanostomy tube s Stenosis , a gradual closing of the canal Foreign body in ear Cholesteatoma Ear mite ... in the ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication ... s. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and or occlude the external auditory canal ... more details
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