http peripatus.blogspot.com 2005 07 psychological determinism.html Dr. Daniel Bader discusses two forms of psychologicaldeterminism Orectic psychologicaldeterminism is the view that we must always act upon our greatest drive. This is often called psychological hedonism , and if the drive is specified for self interest psychological egoism . Rational psychologicaldeterminism claims that we must always act according to our strongest or best reason. See also Amoralism Determinism Empathy Free will Moral skepticism External links http www.utilitarianism.com psychohed.htm DEFAULTSORT PsychologicalDeterminism Category Motivational theories psych stub ... more details
of that one factor would allow us to make perfect predictions. Psychologicaldeterminism can mean ...About the general notion of determinism in philosophy Certainty Determinism specifically causal determinism ... states. In physics, this principle is known as cause and effect . Determinism is also the name of a broader ... arguments, the concept of determinism in the domain of human action is often contrasted ... within determinism exists about the scope of determined systems, with some maintaining that the entire ... of determinism exist, most prominently the free will debates involving compatibilism and incompatibilism ... to the origin of the universe. Determinism should not be confused with Self determination philosophy ... specifically factors the possible existence of God into its tenets moreover, determinism explicitly ... epistemological , question. Varieties of determinism Causality Causal or Nomological determinism ref ... further see Determinism Arguments Arguments section below . Such determinism is sometimes illustrated ... theories of determinism frame themselves with the idea that reality follows a sort of predetermined path Logical determinism or Determinateness is the notion that all propositions, whether about ... Determinism along with this Logical Determinism together define what is called Hard Determinism discussed further below . Note that one can support Causal Determinism without necessarily supporting Logical Determinism depending on one s views on the nature of time and vice versa. The problem of free will is especially salient now with Logical Determinism how can choices be free, given that propositions ... Often synonymous with Logical Determinism are the ideas behind Spatio temporal Determinism ... one part of time. Historical determinism is the stance in explaining history, or advocating a political ... by various forces. Historical Determinism is synonymous with Causal Determinism. It is associated ... the distribution of 1000 coin tosses Theological determinism or predestination is the concept that there is a God ... more details
Wiktionary determinism The term determinism has many meanings in different fields. In philosophy Determinism Deterministic system philosophy Economic determinism in philosophy of history Historical determinism Linguistic determinism Logical determinism Retrospective determinism Scientific determinism Theological determinism In computer science Deterministic algorithm Deterministic automaton Deterministic finite state machine In sociology and anthropology Cultural determinism Environmental determinism Social determinism Technological determinism In biology Biological determinism Genetic determinismDeterminism theory of hematopoiesis See also determination In environmental geography Climatic determinism In mathematics Deterministic system mathematics Determinacy in set theory and game theory See also Indeterminacy disambiguation Determiner disambiguation Determinable disambiguation disambig ... more details
Refimprove date February 2010 History of geography sidebar Environmental determinism , also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism , is the view that the physical environment, rather ... climate, influenced the psychological mind set of individuals, which in turn defined the behaviour ... Determinism, Intellectual Damage Control, and Nature Society Science journal Antipode volume ... determinism s origins go back to antiquity, where it is first encountered in a fifth century medical ..., found in the work of the Greek geographer Strabo who wrote that climate influences the psychological disposition of different races. Some in ancient China advanced a form of environmental determinism ... adherent of environmental determinism was the medieval Afro Arab writer al Jahiz , who explained ... Khaldun , was also an adherent of environmental determinism. In his Muqaddimah 1377 , he explained that black ... url http www.jstor.org stable 2708627 accessdate 2010 03 25 doi 10.2307 2708627 ref Environmental determinism ... studying with human geographer Friedrich Ratzel in Germany . The prominence of determinism was influenced ... determinism came under repeated attacks as its claims were found to be severely faulted at best, and often ... explanation for many decades. Later critics charged that determinism served to justify racism and imperialism . The experience of environmental determinism has left a scar on geography, with many ... determinism, the debate was overlaid with hues of gray. Rostlund pointed out in his essay ... determinism was popular among Marxists , employing the dialectical materialism concept of history ... environmental determinism was repudiated around the same time as classic environmental determinism. Subsets Climatic Climatic determinism is an aspect of economic geography , also sometimes called ... the colonial power s aims. Climatic Determinism was intensely studied by Ellsworth Huntington . Urban Environmental determinism has been adopted by the urban design field to describe the effects ... more details
Historical determinism is the stance in explaining history or advocating a political position that events are historically predetermined and or currently constrained by various forces. Since such explanation is the norm, it may be better understood in contrast to its negation, i.e. the rejection of historical determinism. The italicized alternation and or is significant because some political philosophies e.g. Marxism assert a historical materialism form of the one and reject the other. Used as a pejorative, it is normally meant to designate an overdetermination of present possibilities by historical conditions. See also Bad faith existentialism Determinism Economic determinism False Consciousness Free Will Geographic determinism Human nature Marxism Self determination External links http weekly.ahram.org.eg 2005 764 op3.htm Al Ahram Terror and Historical Determinism http www.ismbook.com historicaldeterminism.html Definition at isms.com br Category Theories of history Category Political theories Category Determinism Philosophy stub nl Historisch determinisme ... more details
genetic makeup . An extreme variant of biological determinism might assert that an organism ..., biological determinism implies of course that non biological factors, such as social convention ..., a variant of biological determinism might consider non innate biological factors, such as the biological ... innate biological factors. Biologists sometimes regard a charge of biological determinism as a straw man , as there is currently no support for strict biological determinism in the field of genetics ... of biological determinism. However, individual scientists may disagree as to the role that genetic ... between genes and environment. In terms of the nature versus nurture debate, biological determinism is approximately analogous to the nature argument, and social determinism is similar to the nurture view point. However, the tendency to see biological determinism and social determinism as polar ... and social determinism theories, could be said to be that of randomness i.e. the theory that there are no factors ... and social determinism lies in their appraisal of the extent to which a variety of factors may influence behaviour. A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism ... Eugenics Evolutionary psychology Mudsill theory Nature versus nurture Social determinism Sociobiology Criminal Tribes Act References references Determinism DEFAULTSORT Biological Determinism Category Determinism Category Philosophy of science Category Biology bg de Biologismus ... more details
Expert subject psychology date November 2008 Refimprove date April 2008 Social determinism is the hypothesis that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behavior as opposed to biological or objective factors . Consider certain human behaviors, such as having a particular sexual orientation, committing murder, or writing poetry. A social determinist would look only at social phenomena, such as customs and expectations, education, and interpersonal interactions, to decide whether or not a given person would exhibit any of these behaviors. They would discount biological and other non social factors, such as Genetics genetic makeup, the physical environment, etc. Ideas about nature and biology would be considered to be Social construction socially constructed . Social determinism is most commonly understood in opposition to biological determinism . Within the media studies discipline, however, social determinism is understood as the counterpart of technological determinism. Technological determinism is the notion that technological change and development is inevitable, and that the characteristics of any given technology determine the way it is used by the society in which it is developed. The concept of technological determinism is dependent upon the premise that social changes come about as a result of the new capabilities that new technologies enable. The notion of social determinism opposes this perspective. Social determinism perceives technology as a result of the society in which it is developed. A number of contemporary media theorists have provided persuasive accounts of social determinism, including Leila Green. In her book Technoculture Leila Green examines in detail the workings of a social determinist perspective, and argues social processes ... structures that exist in that society. Harv Green 2001 See also Determinism Environmental determinism Genetic determinism Linguistic determinism Nature versus nurture References cite book last ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Geographic determinism is the theory that the human habits and characteristics of a particular culture are shaped by geographic conditions. Coined by Ellsworth Huntington , the theory looked at the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 400 500. Much of the fall of the empire had to do with a regional drought which decreased the fertility of the land and agriculture output. The lack of food from this event strained the empire and exacerbated the political situation to the point of collapse. The theory has grown to encompass all environmental and geographic conditions and their impact on the social, political and economic forces of a society. Technology is seen as the only way to mitigate risks associated with geographic determinism. DEFAULTSORT Geographic Determinism Category Sociology Category Historiography geo term stub ... more details
Theological determinism is a form of determinism which states that all events that happen are pre ordained, or predestination predestined to happen, by a monotheism monotheistic God . Theological determinism exists in a number of religions, including Judaism , Christianity and Islam . Hard and soft theological determinism Two forms of theological determinism exist. The first one accepts that humans have free will to choose their actions, holding that God, whilst omniscience knowing their actions before they happen , does not affect the outcome. The other form, known as Hard Theological Determinism , holds that free will does not exist, and God has absolute control over a person s actions. The most prominent theologian espousing this latter view was John Calvin , a late mediaeval French Christianity Christian who formed the doctrine of Calvinism , a form of Protestantism . Opposition from theologians Many other Christians have opposed this view. Saint Thomas Aquinas , the medieval Roman Catholicism Roman Catholic theologian, believed strongly that humanity had free will, saying that man chooses not of necessity but freely . The Jesuits were among the leading opponents of this view, because they held that divine grace was actual, in the sense that grace is among other things participative, and that humans could freely benefit from grace by a mediation between their own imperfect wills and the infinite mercy of God. See also Determinism Calvinism Jansenism Predestination Free will Theological fatalism External links http web.archive.org web 20070708171428 http www.faithnet.org.uk Theology theologicaldeterminism.htm Theological Determinism Category Christian theology Christian theology stub ... more details
Nominative determinism refers to the theory that a person s name is given an influential role in reflecting key attributes of their job, profession, or general life. It was a commonly held philosophy in the ancient world. Synonyms and or related concepts include aptronym , apronym, aptonym, jobonymns, namephreaks, onomastic determinism, perfect fit last names PFLNs , psychonymics, and classically nomen est omen or . ND researchers are comiconomenclaturists . A key related word is aptronym , allegedly coined by United States newspaper columnist Franklin P. Adams , meaning a name ... hoc vs propter hoc , so aptronym versus nominative determinism. Origin and meaning The term Nominative Determinism is a coinage of the Feedback column in the British popular science journal New Scientist ... Scientist later brought to the topic, suggestions of nominative determinism among his fellow psychologists ... determinism is a real phenomenon. We hope so too, young Lover. ref New Scientist, http www.newscientist.com ... Cultural Contexts and Practice Children s Names The naming of babies using nominative determinism ... by the convert himself herself. In either case, the notion of nominative determinism is a strong motivation ... determinism Original research date June 2008 The mere coincidence of a name s meaning Snowman or pronunciation Weedon with a behaviour or circumstance is not sufficient to constitute nominative determinism ... determinism. Examples Igor Judge, Baron Judge Lord Judge , Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales ... Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales Research into nominative determinism cite journal ... L. title Put the Blame on Name journal Psychological Reports Psychol Rep volume 36 issue 2 pages 467 ... Factors Related To Individuals Attitudes Toward Their Names journal Psychological Reports Psychol ... Surname effects in judgments of mock jurors journal Psychological Reports Psychol Rep volume 82 issue ... Esteem journal Psychological Reports Psychol Rep volume 43 issue 3 pages 699 702 year 1978 cite journal ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name A Determinism of Morality Type studio Artist Rosetta band Rosetta Cover Released start date 2010 5 25 Recorded Genre Post metal Length 47 45 Label Translation Loss Producer Reviews Last album The Cleansing Undertones of Wake Lift br 2007 This album A Determinism of Morality br 2010 Next album A Determinism of Morality is the third full length album by post metal band Rosetta band Rosetta . The album was released on May 25, 2010 through Translation Loss Records on CD. Track listing Ayil 4 59 Je n en connais pas la fin 6 49 Blue Day for Croatoa 6 37 Release 5 36 Revolve 6 43 Renew 6 09 A Determinism of Morality 10 51 Personnel Michael Armine sampling music sound manipulation , vocals David Grossman bass guitar Bruce McMurtrie Jr. drum kit drums J. Matthew Weed electric guitar References reflist Rosetta DEFAULTSORT Determinism Of Morality Category Rosetta albums Category 2010 albums ... more details
Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically inherited traits. Yet another way of looking at the concept of cultural determinism is to contrast it with the idea of environmental determinism. The latter is the idea that the physical world with all its constraints and potentially life altering elements is responsible for the make up of each existing culture. Contrast this with the idea that we humans create our own situations through the power of thought, socialization, and all forms of information circulation. It is also used to describe the concept that culture determines Economic system economic and politics political arrangements. It is an idea which has recurred in many cultures over human history, from ancient civilizations through the present. Cultural determinism as a political and economic influence There are a number of theories of social development that describe culture as the factor that determines all of the others. This is distinct from theories of economic determinism such as that of Karl Marx Marx , namely that an individual or class role in the means of production determines outlook and cultural roles although some Marxists reject the label economic determinism as an accurate description of Marx s views . Political movements rooted in cultural determinism usually stand opposed .... The idea of cultural determinism is extremely common numerous societies have believed that their habits ... of economic arrangements. Romanticism had a large element of cultural determinism, drawn .... However, the cultural determinism of Buchanan and like minded conservatives is currently a Neoconservative ... of Sex http www.homestead.com rouncefield files as soc family 30.htm Gender Roles Cultural Determinism ... on politics Category Cultural anthropology Category Classical studies Category Determinism ... more details
File DeterminismXFreeWill.jpg right thumb 160px The dilemma of determinism seems to rule out free will whether ... Metaphysical Libertarianism The dilemma of determinism is the claim that if determinism is true ... is true, our actions are random and we are likewise not free and that as determinism and indeterminism ... determinism and free will Incompatibilism which says one cannot accept determinism and free will, with the resulting positions Hard determinism choosing determinism Libertarianism metaphysics Metaphysical Libertarianism choosing free will Hard Indeterminism rejecting both determinism and free will History ..., 1983 Peter van Inwagen, Essay on Free Will , 1983, p.v ref if determinism is true, we are not free ... it the Dilemma of Determinism. ref John Martin Fischer, Free Will Critical Concepts in Philosophy ... , 1993, p.80 ref blockquote The argument is exceedingly familiar, and runs as follows. Either determinism ... could have acted otherwise, since this would require a possibility determinism rules out. Once the initial ... Russell, Freedom and Moral Sentiment , 1995, p.14 ref blockquote ...the well known dilemma of determinism ... be responsible for them. Whether we affirm or deny necessity and determinism, it is impossible .... But while proponents of such views take determinism to preclude free will, indeterminism is widely ... Will . Oxford, 2003, p. xiii ref blockquote blockquote If the truth of determinism would preclude ... for at least some of our behavior. But how can this be so if determinism is true and all ... that began its flow long, long before we were ever born? The specter of determinism, as it were, devours agents, for if determinism is true, then arguably we never initiate or control our actions ... because even if determinism is false, responsibility seems impossible how can we be morally accountable ... to William James s Dilemma of Determinism, which was actually a dilemma about regret in a deterministic world. Citation needed date May 2010 blockquote Either causal determinism is true, or it is not. If it is true ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Retrospective determinism is the logical fallacy that because something happened, it was therefore bound to happen the term was coined by the French philosopher Henri Bergson . For example When he declared himself dictator of the Roman Republic , Julius Caesar was bound to be assassinated. This argument gives no logical grounds to conclude Caesar s assassination was the only possible outcome, or even the most likely outcome of the circumstances. Simply asserting this is committing the fallacy of retrospective determinism. This type of fallacy is often used as a build up to a hasty generalization because something happened in given circumstances, it was not only bound to happen, but will in fact always happen given those circumstances. For example Caesar was assassinated when he declared himself dictator. Sic semper tyrannis this goes to show that all dictators will eventually be assassinated. This not only does not follow on logical grounds, but is false a dictator may be murdered by a political rival, killed in a war with a foreign power, or simply die by accident or natural causes. Discounting these possibilities, it still does not follow that any dictator, if they lived long enough, would be assassinated because Caesar was assassinated. While the conclusion is correct, the premise is faulty. Caesar s assassination does not predict the inevitable assassination of all other dictators. See also Historian s fallacy Post hoc ergo propter hoc DEFAULTSORT Retrospective Determinism Category Logical fallacies ... more details
Technological determinism is a reductionism reductionist theory that presumes that a society s technology ... of Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey . William Ogburn was also known for his radical technological determinism ... interpretations of technological determinism share two general ideas that the development of technology ... once it has been introduced. Strict adherents to technological determinism do not believe the influence ... as part of a larger spectrum of human activity, technological determinism sees technology as the basis for all human activity. Technological determinism has been summarized as The belief in technology ... determinism has been defined as an approach that identifies technology, or technological ... determinism as billiard ball approaches, in which technology is seen as an external force introduced ... determinism blockquote the printing press, the computer, and television are not therefore simply ... as a Conserving Activity 1979 , p. 39 ref blockquote Hard and soft determinism In examining determinism Hard determinism can be contrasted with Soft Determinism . A compatibilist says that it is possible for free will and determinism to exist in the world together while a incompatibilist would say that they can not and there must be one or the other. Those who support determinism can be further ... and its meaning. According to this view of determinism we organize ourselves to meet the needs of technology ... to make a choice regarding the outcome. Soft Determinism , as the name suggests, is a more passive view ... variant of soft determinism is the 1922 technology driven theory of social change proposed .... Criticism Scepticism about technological determinism emerged alongside increased pessimism ... of technological determinism in academia. Modern theorists of technology and society no longer consider technological determinism to be a very accurate view of the way in which we interact ... determinism is not a very well founded concept by illustrating that two of the founding theses ... more details
Weasel date March 2009 Economic determinism is the theory which attributes primacy to the economic structure over politics in the development of philosophy of history human history . It is usually associated with the theories of Karl Marx , although many Marxist theory Marxist thinkers have dismissed plain and unilateral economic determinism as a form of vulgar Marxism , or economism , nowhere included in Marx s works. Economic determinism as understood by Marxism is the belief that economical law principle law s determine the course of history. The law of economic determinism attributed to Marx s historical materialism is simple Self preservation self preservation is the supreme instinct in man, and therefore the whole pattern of human conduct must always have been governed by the fundamental laws governing survival, a Dialectics dialectical process between man and nature see co evolution Citation needed date February 2007 . This reasoning leads to the conclusion that all elements of historical consequence result from economic determinism , or man s effort to survive. Relation to Marxist ... was an unicausality unicausal one, and thus believed in economic determinism. This has been criticized ... determinism would have it. Marxist views of the human mind Refimprovesect date December 2009 However ... really unidimensional in regard to economic determinism. They did not agree that economic determinism ... November 2009 claim that Marx and Engels viewed this law of economic determinism as the creative ... also objected that economic determinism is overly generalized, insofar as any serious historical explanation ... one had to specify exactly what the economic determinism precisely consisted of. In addition, a lot of confusion about economic determinism is due to the conflation of the commercial with the economic ... determinism in this view is both economism a narrow focus on how people earn their livelihood and economic ... The Pentagon s New Map. See also Parametric determinism Biocultural evolution Communism Corporate police ... more details
the truth of Determinism. File Actroid DER 01.jpg thumb right 140px Some Hard Determinists would ... soft determinist in an influential essay titled The Dilemma of Determinism . ref http csunx2.bsc.edu bmyers WJ1.htmWilliam James The Dilemma of Determinism ref He argued against determinism, holding ... determinism leads either to a bleak pessimism or to a degenerate subjectivism in moral judgment. He ... determinism with a model including chance had to mean we had free will . The determinist would ... conceivable that it is a lack of belief in determinism that could lead to such bleak pessimism ... might also be englightened by hard determinism, simply by understanding that while he she s been ... determinists References Reflist Use dmy dates date March 2011 Category Determinism ... more details
citation style date November 2010 Linguistic determinism is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought. Determinism itself refers to the viewpoint that all events are caused by previous events, and linguistic determinism can be used broadly to refer to a number of specific views. For example, those who follow analytic philosophy from Ludwig Wittgenstein onward might accept the proposition that, as Wittgenstein said in the Tractatus Logico Philosophicus , The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. proposition 5.6 , The subject does not belong to the world, but it is a limit of the world. proposition 5.632 and About what one can not speak, one must remain silent. proposition 7 . That is, the words we possess determine the things that we can know. If we have an experience, we are confined not just in our communication of it, but also in our knowledge of it, by the words we possess. From an entirely different starting point, the Sapir ... and Behavior to Language 1956 make arguments based on a version of linguistic determinism Citation needed date January 2010 . A separate angle on linguistic determinism maintains that language is the only .... Role in literary theory Linguistic determinism is a partial assumption behind a number of recent ... of linguistic determinism has been explored by a variety of authors, mostly in science fiction ... done in this area. Criticism Linguistic determinism is far from universally accepted. In August 2004 ... that provides support to the hypothesis of linguistic determinism. The study investigated abilities .... Opponents of linguistic determinism, though, have suggested that Gordon s findings ... an example of a thought or experience that is linguistically inexplicable. See also Determinism Linguistic ... at http www.journals.uchicago.edu CA home.html . Determinism philosophy of language DEFAULTSORT Linguistic Determinism Category Theories of language Category Determinism ... more details
Genetic determinism is the belief that gene s determine physical and behavioral phenotype s. It is usually taken to mean that the genotype completely determines the phenotype, that is, the genes completely determine how an organism turns out ref http www.philosophytalk.org pastShows GeneticDeterminism.htm Philosophy Talk on Genetic Determinism ref or that genes alone determine human traits and behaviours. ref name melo martin cite journal author de Melo Mart n I title Firing up the nature nurture controversy bioethics and genetic determinism journal J Med Ethics volume 31 issue 9 pages 526 30 year 2005 month pmid 16131554 pmc 1734214 doi 10.1136 jme.2004.008417 url ref However, nowadays practically every geneticist has disavowed genetic determinism. ref name melo martin While it is well established that most phenotypic variability is strongly influenced by genes, it is clear that environment biophysical environment also plays an important role and that epigenetics epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance also exist. ref There is a wide class of phenomena, collectively termed as epigenetics epigenetic inheritance , where changes in phenotype are not caused by changes in the genotype . ref Citation needed date June 2010 br The term genetic determinism may also be applied to the mapping of a single gene to a single phenotype. Citation needed date June 2010 Origins The idea that an organism ... of genetic determinism remains the standard view of gene mapping Citation needed date May 2010 that is, the view ... of genetic determinism. According to Nusslein Volhard, who won a Nobel for her research into molecular ..., Uma Thurman and Jude Law See also Biological determinism Council for Responsible Genetics Nature ... Time Genetic Determinism p005461w Genetic Determinism http www.philosophy.umd.edu Faculty PGreenspan Res gen2.html Greenspan, P.S. 1998. Free will and genetic determinism locating the problem s Category Genetics Category Neuropsychology Category Determinism Category Biology theories es Determinismo ... more details
Cleanup date February 2007 Refimprove date August 2007 Expert subject Psychology date November 2008 Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura that a person s behavior both influences and is influenced by Personality psychology personal factors and the social environment . Bandura accepts the possibility of an individual s behavior being Operant conditioning conditioned through the use of consequences. At the same time he asserts that a person s behavior and personal factors, such as cognitive skills or attitudes can impact the environment. ref Bandura 1986 ref These skill sets result in an under or over compensated ego that, for all creative purposes are too strong or too weak to focus on pure outcome. An example of Bandura s reciprocal determinism is when a child is acting out in school. The child doesn t like going to school therefore, he she acts out in class. This results in teachers and administrators of the school disliking having the child around. When confronted by the situation, the child admits he she hates school and other peers don t like him her. This results in the child acting inappropriately, forcing the administrators who dislike having him her around to create a more restrictive environment for children of this stature. Each behavioral and environmental factor coincides with the child and so forth resulting in a continuous battle on all three levels. The basis of reciprocal determinism should transform individual behavior by allowing subjective thought processes transparency when contrasted with cognitive, environmental, and external social stimulus events. Reciprocal determinism is the idea that behavior is controlled or determined by the individual, through cognitive processes, and by the environment, through external social stimulus events. Triadic reciprocal causation Triadic reciprocal causation is a term introduced by Albert Bandura ref http books.google.com books?id rU9MRvYIh5YC&pg PA473&lpg PA473&dq triad ... more details
orphan date November 2007 Architectural determinism also sometimes referred to as environmentalism is a theory employed in urbanism , sociology and environmental psychology which claims the built environment is the chief or even sole determinant of Social behavior social behaviour . A. S. Baum defines the notion thus In its most extreme form, this position argues that the environment causes certain behaviours, denying any interaction between environment and behaviour. Architectural determinism poses the idea that people can adapt to any arrangement of space and that behaviour in a given environment is caused entirely by the characteristics of the environment. ref Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioural Science, article on Environmental Psychology, p. 510 ref The origins of the concept may be traced in Bentham s Panopticon and Enlightenment bienfaisance as expressed in the institutional reform of prisons and hospitals. However the notion only gained generally currency and universal applicability with the rise of Behaviourism , Functionalism architecture Functionalism and the utopian social programme of the Modernist architectural movement. The term was first coined by Maurice Broady in his 1966 paper Social theory in Architectural Design ref Arena The Architectural Association Journal, 81, 1966 p 149 154 ref which also roundly criticised the authoritarian nature of this belief. Few architects have espoused the view that design can control behaviour but it has long been an assumption amongsts urbanists and architects that architecture can limit and channel behaviour in a predictable manner. This weaker, positivist view was articulated by Adolf Behne when he asserted you can kill a man with a building just as easily as with an axe ref quoted in Sources of architectural form,Mark Gelernter, p251. ref The determinist belief was a contributory factor in the numerous slum clearances of the post War industrialised world. Despite being a widely held, if not always ... more details
Primary sources date July 2009 Marxist theory Parametric determinism refers to a Marxist interpretation of the course of history formulated by Prof. Ernest Mandel , and it could be viewed as one variant of Karl Marx s historical materialism or as a philosophy of history . In an article critical of the Analytical Marxism of Jon Elster , Mandel explains the idea as follows Quotation Dialectical determinism as opposed to mechanical, or formal logical determinism, is also parametric determinism it permits the adherent of historical materialism to understand the real place of human action in the way ... ones that is why we use the expression parametric determinism indicating several possibilities within ... determinism, human action is considered either rational, and hence logically explicable, or else arbitrary and random. But in dialectical determinism, human action may be non arbitrary and determinate ... According to the theory of parametric determinism, the human problem in this context is usually ... out what perceptions are realistic. By discovering what the determinism is, we can learn better how ... The concept of parametric determinism has as its corollary the concept of historical latency . It is not just ... believed that his theory of parametric determinism in history is a dialectics dialectical one, insofar as it interprets the dualism of free will versus determinism as a unity of opposites . The unity ... in parametric determinism. Whatever they do, has no effect. But if people believed they were totally free to do whatever they wanted at each moment, they would also reject a parametric determinism, because ... most sense to people who are conscious of both Freedom of will freedom and determinism , and Mandel ... several questions whether the theory of parametric determinism in history is faulty whether ... also Determinism causality Bounded rationality Economic determinism Historical materialism Philosophy ... Category Theories of history Category Determinism ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Psychological hedonism is the theory that all human choice is motivated by a desire for pleasure or an aversion to pain . This theory of human motivation cannot rule out altruism without being contradicted by evidence. Rather, it claims that when sane people choose to help others, it is because of the pleasure they themselves obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so . Psychological hedonism is a special case of psychological egoism , in which the concept of self interest is equated with pleasure. All the arguments and counter arguments presented in the article on psychological egoism also apply to psychological hedonism. See also Hedonism Psych stub DEFAULTSORT Psychological Hedonism Category Motivational theories Category Hedonism ... more details
expert subject Psychology date August 2009 Psychological torture is a type of torture that relies primarily on psychological effects, and only secondarily on any physical harm inflicted. Although not all psychological torture involves the use of physical violence, there is a continuum between psychological ... psychological effects, and many forms of psychological torture involving some form of pain or coercion. Many forms of psychological torture methods attempt to destroy the subject s normal self image ... , psychological regression and depersonalization . Other techniques include enforced nudity ... real pain induces vicarious suffering in the targeted psychological victim, who is thus loaded with guilt but spared physical harm that might endanger his ability to comply. While psychological torture ... psychological rather than physical torture it can result in similar levels of permanent mental damage to its victims. ref cite web url http www.newscientist.com article dn11313 psychological torture as bad as physical torture.html title Psychological torture as bad as physical torture author Roxanne Khamsi publisher New Scientist date 5 March 2007 ref It has been alleged that some psychological ... web url http www.mindhacks.com blog 2008 02 psychological tortur.html title Psychological torture ... extensive use of psychological torture techniques at Guantanamo Bay and other sites subsequent ... title The US psychological torture system is finally on trial author Naomi Klein publisher ... mccoy title The CIA s secret history of psychological torture publisher Salon.com author Alfred W. McCoy date June 11, 2009 ref Many other countries have been accused of using psychological torture ... government guilty of using psychological torture on IRA political detainees in Northern Ireland. See also White torture Psychology of torture KUBARK References reflist DEFAULTSORT Psychological Torture Category Torture Category Psychological abuse ... more details
Infobox Journal title Psychological Review cover File Psychological Review.gif editors Keith Rayner discipline Psychology abbreviation Psychol. Rev. publisher American Psychological Association country United States frequency Quarterly history 1894 present openaccess impact 9.082 impact year 2009 website http www.apa.org journals rev RSS http content.apa.org journals rev.rss JSTOR OCLC 1318836 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0033 295X eISSN Psychological Review is a scientific journal that publishes articles on psychology psychological theory . It was founded by Princeton psychologist James Mark Baldwin and Columbia psychologist James McKeen Cattell in 1894 as a publication vehicle for psychologists not connected with the Clark University Clark laboratory of G. Stanley Hall who often published in Hall s American Journal of Psychology . Psychological Review soon became the most prominent and influential psychology journal in North America, publishing important articles by William James , John Dewey , James Rowland Angell , and many others. In the early years of the 20th century, Baldwin purchased Cattell s interest in the journal, but was forced to sell the journal to Howard Warren in 1908 when scandal forced him out of his professorship at Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins where he had moved in 1903 . Editorship of the journal fell to Baldwin s newly hired young colleague John B. Watson , who used the journal to advance his school of behaviorism . Psychological Review was eventually sold by Warren to the American Psychological Association who has owned it ever since. Psychological Review .... With the rise of a wide variety of other psychology journals, it gradually came to focus on psychological theory. According to its website, blockquote Psychological Review publishes articles that make ... Psychological Review Full texts available online List of free Psychological Review articles available ... English language journals Category Quarterly journals Category American Psychological Association ... more details
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