In Chinese script Chinese writing , a propername mark Simplified Chinese , zhu nm ngh o Traditional Chinese is an underline used to mark propername s, such as the names of Chinese name people , place name places , Chinese dynasties dynasties , organizations. The related book name mark Simplified Chinese , sh m ngh o Traditional Chinese indicated by a wavy underline is used to mark the titles of publications or texts. The propername mark is rarely used in modern Chinese publications, and the Guillemet is more commonly used to indicate titles. It is occasionally used in Taiwan and Hong Kong in school textbooks. However, in scholarly editions of classical Chinese texts, especially vertically typeset texts where they appear to the left of the text instead of underneath , use of both the propername mark and the book name mark is common, as they help readers avoid misinterpretations of the text. For example ins ins du ins ins du Qu Yuan was exiled, and thus composed the Li Sao . Zuo Qiuming Zuo Qiu or Zuoqiu ref namename footnote It is debated whether the name has surname and given name Zuo Qiuming or surname and given name Zuoqiu Ming . ref lost his sight, hence there is the Guoyu book Guo Yu . Sima Qian , Letter to Ren an Due to technical limitations, the wavy underline book title mark is represented here with double underline. Also, consider the sentence I come from Germany . In Chinese, using the propername mark, it would be rendered as lang zh du Pinyin W l iz D gu . The name of the country, in this case Germany, is underlined. This method of recognizing proper names in text is similar to the English use of a capital letter in proper noun s. Notes reflist See also Interpunct , used to mark divisions in proper names in Chinese Category Chinese characters Category Typography de Eigennamenunterstreichung zh ... more details
A propername is a word that answers the purpose of showing what thing it is that we are talking about writes John Stuart Mill in A System of Logic 1. ii. 5. , but not of telling anything about it . The problem of defining proper names, and of explaining their meaning, is one of the most recalcitrant in modern analytical philosophy . The problem of proper names A propername tells us which thing is in question, without giving us any other information about it. But how does it do this? What exactly is the nature of this information? There are two puzzles in particular The name in some way reveals the identity of the object. An identity statement , such as Hesperus Phosphorus morning star Phosphorus ... semantic function of a name is to tell us which individual a proposition is about, how can it tell us this when there is no such individual? Theories of proper names Many theories have been proposed about proper names, none of them entirely satisfactory. Descriptive theory The descriptive theory of proper names is the view that the meaning of a given use of a propername is a set of properties ... of proper names, and that description, like a definition, picks out the bearer of the name ... a propername has the referent that it actually does . See also Name Opaque context Singular term ..., 82.2 2006 356 82. DEFAULTSORT ProperName Philosophy Category Names Category Philosophy of language ... in what he called the Sense and reference sense Sinn of the name. Certainly, Bertrand Russell seems ... we could use the name to deny the bearer had such a characteristic. The objection is associated ... theory of names The causal theory of names combines the referential view with the idea that the name s referent is fixed by a baptismal act, whereupon the name becomes a rigid designation rigid designator of the referent. Subsequent uses of the name succeed in referring to the referent by being linked ... pr prio ru simple Proper noun sk Vlastn podstatn meno sl Lastno ime uk ... more details
Orphan date February 2010 Systematic name s are the Latin based names given to bird s and other forms ... they are now. CompactTOC8 A Gilbert Edward Archey Archey, Gilbert Edward border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Pachyornis mappini 1941 Mappin s Moa In use B Charles Lucien Bonaparte Bonaparte, Charles Lucien border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Dinornithidae ... Emmanuel border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aepyornis hildebrandti 1893 ... F Empty section date July 2010 G Hans Friedrich Gadow Gadow, Hans Friedrich border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Neornithes 1893 Modern Birds In use tienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, tienne border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aepyornis ... 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Lithornithiformes 1989 Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club ref name Houde Houde, Peter W. 1988 ref In use Lithornithidae 1989 Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club ref name Houde In Use Lithornis celetius 1989 Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club ref name Houde In Use Frederick Wollaston Hutton Hutton, Frederick Wollaston border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Anomalopteryx antiquus 1892 ... Empty section date July 2010 L Richard Lydekker Lydekker, Richard border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Pachyornis 1891 In use Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus, Carl border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aves 1758 Bird Systema Naturae In use Struthio 1758 Ostrich Systema Naturae ref name Gray Gray, George, R. 1840 ref In use M Empty section date July 2010 N Alfred Newton Newton, Alfred border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Aepyornithiformes 1884 Elephant Bird In use O Walter Oliver Oliver, Walter border 1 Name Year Common name Literature ... Richard Owen Owen, Richard border 1 Name Year Common name Literature cited Replaced by Lithornis 1840 ... more details
wiktionary proper wiktionary propriety Proper may refer to Proper liturgy , the part of a Christian liturgy that is specific to the date within the Liturgical Year Proper frame , such system of reference in which object is stationary non moving , sometimes also called a co moving frame Tincture heraldry ProperProper , in heraldry, means depicted in natural colors Proper or appropriate conduct Proper often capitalized PROPER , a corrected release in response to a previously released online video or movie that contains transcoding or other playback errors. In mathematics Proper map , in topology , a property of continuous function between topological spaces, if inverse images of compact subsets are compact Proper morphism , in algebraic geometry, an analogue of a proper map for algebraic varieties Proper transfer function , a transfer function in control theory in which the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator Proper equilibrium , in game theory, a refinement of the Nash equilibrium . Proper subset Proper space See also Improper disambiguation disambig fr Propre ... more details
In English usage, a proper adjective is an adjective that takes an initial capital letter . A common adjective is an adjective that is not a proper adjective. The term is used informally only it is not used by grammarians or linguists. Description of proper adjectives In general, an adjective is a proper adjective if its meaning is pertaining to x , where X is some specific person, place, language, or organized group. Citation needed date November 2007 date September 2009 Most proper adjectives are derived from Noun Proper nouns and common nouns proper nouns for example the proper adjective Japanese is derived from the proper noun Japan . Occasionally the reverse is true for example the proper noun Hispanic is derived from the proper adjective Hispanic . Sometimes, a word is written as a proper ... University Press location Toronto year 1997 isbn 0 19 540841 1 page 96 ref A proper adjective can become ... such as chauvinistic . ref name Burchfield cite book first R.W. last Burchfield coauthors H.W. Fowler ... location Oxford year 1996 isbn 0 19 869126 2 page 129 ref In addition, over time, a proper adjective ... reference, such as gargantuan , quixotic , titanic , or roman in the term roman numerals . ref name Burchfield An adjective is not a proper adjective just because it is capitalized as part of a name or title. Citation needed date November 2007 For example, great is not a proper adjective in Great Britain , and lost is not a proper adjective in Raiders of the Lost Ark . Proper adverbs An adverb formed from a proper adjective is written with a capital letter. For example We have regularly received ... with a capital letter, although not generally described as proper verbs . See also Capitalization ... List of eponymous adjectives in English Noun Proper nouns and common nouns References references ... and Copyrights FAQ http www.chanlaw.com tmproperuse.htm Chan Law Group LLP A Guide to Proper Trademark ... between an, ian, ean, and related suffixes DEFAULTSORT Proper Adjective Category Adjectives ... more details
page 227 ref In Sweden this included the fourth estate, the Peasants. Sweden proper is, as opposed to Finland Proper , a geographical reference that has changed over time, whereas the latter is a province in southwestern Finland that gave its name to all of Finland. References reflist See also Svealand Sweden Finland Lands of Sweden Provinces of Sweden DEFAULTSORT Sweden Proper Category History ... more details
date November 2009 author location publisher UN habitat accessdate 20 Jul 2010 ref City proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. ref name wider The other two are urban agglomeration , and the metropolitan area . City proper sometimes takes on different meanings in different parts of the world. ref name capcities Even in the English speaking world, there can be considerable confusion about the term city proper. ref name stjohn2 http www.cityofsaintjohn.com ... proper is the area of the city where the population is the most densely populated ref name ... with when interpreting population data of Chinese cities proper, using the example of Wuhan. ref name ...File Schulenburg city limit.jpg thumb right The City proper starts and ends at the city limits City proper ... proper defined as a locality with legally fixed boundaries and an administratively recognized ... Geoforum isbn pages 349 379 ref Using the prevalent definition, city proper is not limited to a city ... entry for city ref The United Nations sometimes use the definition the city proper is the single political ... proper are drawn very wide, in some very narrow. This can be cause for recurring controversy. In simple terms, city proper is the area within the city limits . It is not limited to the downtown or urban ... proper, but it can be part of one In its strict sense, city proper is used as a technical term in demography ... of all countries of the world. The book defines the population of a city proper as the population ...?id oxOAckK2stYC&pg PA105&lpg PA105&dq 22city proper 22 definition v onepage&q&f true accessdate 2010 07 19 ref The book continues to say that city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include ... 9211413860 page 104 url http books.google.com books?id oxOAckK2stYC&pg PA105&lpg PA105&dq 22city proper ... In demography , city proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. In demography , city proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas ... more details
name Finland Proper native name lang fi Varsinais Suomen maakunta br lang sv Egentliga Finlands landskap ... Proper historical province Finland Proper area total km2 10910.05 population footnotes population total 461100 population as of 2009 population density km2 auto blank name sec1 NUTS of Finland NUTS blank info sec1 183 blank name sec2 Regional bird blank info sec2 Jackdaw blank1 name sec2 Regional fish blank1 info sec2 Baltic herring blank2 name sec2 Regional flower blank2 info sec2 Quercus robur Oak website http www.varsinais suomi.fi varsinais suomi.fi footnotes Finland Proper or Southwest Finland ref The regional council of the region uses the name Southwest Finland . Despite this, the Language Planning Department of Finland recommends the name Finland Proper as suggested in the statement ... mapsize 150px map alt map caption Finland Proper on a map of Finland latd ... coordinates display inline,title coordinates footnotes subdivision type Country subdivision name Finland ... region Satakunta , Tavastia Proper , Ahvenanmaa and Uusimaa region Uusimaa . Historical Provinces main Finland Proper historical province Regional Council main Regional Council of Southwest Finland Municipalities main Municipalities of Finland Proper The region of Finland Proper is made up of 28 municipalities ... 500px right thumb Finland Proper Sub regions, towns and municipalities valign top Turku formatnum Infobox ... Tarvasjoki Vehmaa Politics Results of the Finnish parliamentary election, 2011 in Finland Proper National ... province of Finland Proper historical province Finland Proper . Notes reflist External links Commonscat Finland Proper http www.varsinais suomi.fi Regional Council of Southwest Finland Official website coord 60 30 N 22 45 E type adm2nd region FI display title maakunta Category Finland Proper Category Regions of Finland Finland Proper Category Western Finland ar ca Finl ndia ... se Varsinais Suopma sco Finland Proper sk Varsinais Suomi fi Varsinais Suomen maakunta ... more details
Infobox settlement See Template Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions name Tavastia Proper native name lang fi Kanta H meen maakunta br lang sv Egentliga Tavastlands landskap settlement type Regions of Finland Region image skyline imagesize image alt image caption image shield Kanta H me.vaakuna.svg shield size shield alt nickname motto image map Kanta H meen.maakunta.suomi.2008.svg mapsize 150px map alt map caption Tavastia Proper on a map of Finland latd latm lats latNS N longd longm longs longEW E coordinates type region FI type adm2nd source GNS enwiki coordinates display inline,title coordinates footnotes subdivision type Country subdivision name Finland subdivision type1 Historical provinces of Finland Historical province subdivision name1 Tavastia historical province Tavastia area total km2 5706.39 population footnotes population total 172300 population as of 2009 population density km2 auto blank name sec1 NUTS of Finland NUTS blank info sec1 184 blank name sec2 Regional bird blank info sec2 Osprey Pandion haliaetus blank1 name sec2 Regional fish blank1 info sec2 Carp bream Abramis brama blank2 name sec2 Regional flower blank2 info sec2 Pulsatilla patens Pasqueflower Pulsatilla patens website http www.hameenliitto.fi hameenliitto.fi footnotes Tavastia Proper ... lang sv landskap of Finland . It borders to the regions Finland Proper region Finland Proper , Pirkanmaa ... province Municipalities Main article Municipalities of Tavastia Proper There are 11 municipalities in Tavastia Proper. Towns and cities are marked in bold. colbegin Forssa Hattula Hausj rvi Humppila H meenlinna Janakkala Jokioinen Loppi Riihim ki Tammela Yp j colend Heraldry Tavastia Proper uses the arms ... Tavastia . External links Commonscat Tavastia Proper http www.hameenliitto.fi Official Tavastia Proper ... Tavastia Proper Category Regions of Finland Category Southern Finland SouthernFinland geo stub ... ru sco Tavastie Proper sk Kanta H me fi Kanta H meen maakunta sv Egentliga Tavastland ... more details
Infobox Single NameProper Crimbo Artist Bo Selecta Cover ProperCrimbo.png Format Comedy br pop music Pop Length 3 44 Released December 21, 2003 Writer Leigh Francis Producer Bo Selecta Last single This single Proper Crimbo br 2003 Next single I Got You Babe Soda Pop br 2004 Proper Crimbo is a Christmas song from the comedy programme, Bo Selecta , in which Leigh Francis sings as Craig David and Michael Jackson . Crimbo is a slang term for Christmas. The video for the song sees Francis perform as other characters over the track, and includes appearances from real life celebrities including Bob Geldof , Richard Bacon broadcaster Richard Bacon and Holly Valance . Released in December 2003, it peaked at number three and remained in the charts for nine weeks. List of celebrities appearing in the video The celebrities appearing in the footage were The 3AM Girls , Simon Amstell , Ade Adepitan , Richard Bacon broadcaster Richard Bacon , Chris Bisson , Melanie Blatt , Edith Bowman , Melanie Brown , Adam Buxton , Jimmy Carr , Joe Cornish , Terri Dwyer , Jenni Falconer , Kerry Katona , Caroline Flack , Kirsty Gallacher , Bob Geldof , Jade Goody , David Gray musician David Gray , Holly Valance , Christine Hamilton , Harvey , Katy Hill , John Leslie television presenter John Leslie , Chris Moyles , Dermot O Leary , Denise Van Outen , Ozzy Rezat , Craig Phillips , Ben Shephard , David Sneddon , Kate Thornton and Matthew Wright . Track listing CD single Proper CrimBO Single Version 3 36 Mista Moonwalk 4 12 Xmas Time Is Here Again... 3 29 DVD single Proper CrimBO Full Length Video & Making Of 14 57 Proper CrimBO Single Version Audio 3 36 Proper CrimBO Acapella Version Video 3 55 Proper CrimBO Acapella Version Audio 3 45 12 picture disc Proper CrimBO Single Version 3 36 Mista Moonwalk 12 Version 5 43 References reflist Category 2003 singles Category Christmas songs Category Comedy songs ... more details
in right ascension , and sub sub the proper motion in declination . ref name Newcomb cite ...The proper motion of a star is its angular change in position over time as seen from the center of mass center of mass of the solar system . ref name Koupelis cite book title In Quest of the Universe author ... per year, arcsec yr, where 3600 arcseconds equal one Degree angle degree . ref name Green cite ... or away from the viewer, usually measured by Doppler shift of received radiation. The proper motion is not entirely proper that is, intrinsic to the star because it includes a component due to the motion of the solar system itself. ref name Birney cite book title Observational astronomy author D. Scott ... of light, the true velocities of distant stars are not observable, the observed proper motion reflects the motion of a star at the time the light was emitted. File Proper motion.JPG thumb 250px Relation between proper motion and velocity components of an object. At emission, the object was at distance ... 220 km s at a radius of 8 0.65 k Parsec pc from the center, ref name Smith cite book author Horace ... name Combes cite book title Mapping the Galaxy and Nearby Galaxies author M Reid, A Brunthaler, Xu ... itself at this radius. ref name Sofue cite journal arxiv astro ph 0010594 author Y Sofu & V Rubin ... 137 174 doi 10.1146 annurev.astro.39.1.137 bibcode 2001ARA&A..39..137S ref ref name Loeb cite journal title Constraints on the proper motion of the Andromeda galaxy based on the survival of its satellite ... loeb.pdf doi 10.1086 491644 bibcode 2005ApJ...633..894L arxiv astro ph 0506609 ref The proper motion is measured by two quantities the position angle and the proper motion itself. The first quantity indicates the direction of the proper motion on the celestial sphere with 0 degrees meaning the motion ... the motion s magnitude, in minute of arc seconds of arc per year. File Components of proper motion.JPG thumb 200px Components of proper motion on the Celestial sphere . The celestial north pole is CNP ... more details
Infobox single NameProper Education Cover Proper education.jpg Artist Eric Prydz vs. Pink Floyd Album Proper Education Released January 5, 2007 Format CD single br DVD single br gramophone record vinyl ... sortable Chart 2006 07 Peak br position align left Australian ARIA Singles Chart ref name Acharts Proper Education , in various singles charts http acharts.us song 11776 Acharts.us Retrieved January 17, 2009 ref align center 20 align left Austrian Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 20 align left Belgian Flanders Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 2 align left Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart ref name Lescharts Proper Education , in various singles charts http lescharts.com showitem.asp ... singles Last single Woz Not Woz br 2005 This single Proper br Education br 2007 Next single Pjanoo br 2008 Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative cover Type Single Cover proper educationcd2.jpg Lower caption Cd2 Cover Proper Education is a remix by the Sweden Swedish DJ and Record producer ... . Track listings CD single Proper Education Radio Edit 3 22 Proper Education Club Mix 6 08 CD maxi Proper Education Radio Edit 3 20 Proper Education Original Version 6 08 Proper Education S bastien L ger Remix 9 03 Proper Education Sebastian Ingrosso Remix 8 57 Proper Education Video 12 maxi Proper Education Club Mix 6 09 8 57 Proper Education Dub Mix 8 38 Certifications class wikitable sortable ... Danish Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 3 align left Dutch Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 3 align left Finnish Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 1 align left French SNEP Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 10 align left German Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 4 align left Irish Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 9 align left Italian Singles Chart ref name Lescharts align center 11 align left Spanish Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 4 align left Swedish Singles Chart ref name Acharts align center 7 align left Swiss Singles ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians nameProper Dos image caption image size background group or band origin Santa Monica, CA , USA genre Hip hop years active 1992 Present label Rhino Records Rhino associated acts website current members past members Big Bass Brian Br Ernie Gonzalez br Frank Villareal br Stuart Wylen Proper Dos was a Mexican American hip hop group composed of Frank Villareal rapper , Ernie Gonzalez record producer producer , Big Bass Brian mastering , and Stuart Wylen bass guitar , Keyboard instrument keyboards , congas . The group released an album, Mexican Power , in 1992 on Rhino Records . ref cite web url Allmusic class artist id p26874 biography pure url yes title Proper Dos biography last Dillon first Charlotte work Allmusic accessdate 2009 05 13 ref After this came We re at It Again in 1995, Heat in 1998, and Overdose in 1999. The street style group Proper Dos consists of artists like rapper and lyricist Frank Villareal. Proper Dos has also had help on some recordings by special guests, including Big Shady, Lil Rob, Point Blank, Royal T, Knightowl, and others. In 1992, the group finished their potent debut album, Mexican Power, under the Rhino Records label. One Summer Night, Life of a Gangster, No Turning Back, and Hard Time are a few of the hip hop chicano rap mixed numbers on the debut. Proper Dos recorded a number of singles, and then finally, three years later, came a second album, rightly named We re at It Again, released by Skanless Records. Another three years went by before the album Heat hit the store shelves, followed a year later by Overdose. The album Overdose carries numbers like Shake the Ground, We Run This Mutha, and Can You Rock Like This. Many of the tunes have explicit lyrics. In 2000, Proper Dos saw the release of another album, Brown Pride Riders, Vol. 2, which the group completed with Lil Rob and Knightowl. References reflist Category Musical groups established in 1992 Category Musicians from California ... more details
News release date December 2008 Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox musical artist name Mason Proper image Masonproperannarborshow.jpg caption Mason Proper playing live at the Ann Arbor Art Fairs in July 2006. background group or band origin Alpena, Michigan Alpena , Michigan genre Alternative rock br Indie rock years active 2004 Present label Dovecote Records , Secret Tunnel Group, Mang Chung associated acts Absofacto, Bug Lung Baby, Jonathan Visger, Honesty in the Auto Industry website http www.masonproper.com Official website current members Jonathan Visger br Brian Konicek br Zac Fineberg br Garrett Jones past members Matt Thompson br Jesse Parsons br Pat Stafford br Matt Davis br Victor Kahn Mason Proper is an United States American Rock music rock band formed in Alpena, Michigan Alpena , Michigan in 2004. The band consists of singer Jonathan Visger, keyboardist Matt Thompson, bassist Zac Fineberg, guitarist Brian Konicek and drummer Garrett Jones. History Formation and Moth The band formed in Alpena, Michigan in 2004, and recorded extensively throughout the year. The band went through a series of personnel changes in the process of finishing their debut album, recording with drummer Matt Davis, and Ypsilanti bassist Zac Fineberg. Finally, on 17 January 2006, they released ... and the Media Mason Proper has toured extensively throughout the United States, and minimally ... Mason Proper website http www.myspace.com masonproper Mason Proper at Myspace http www.youtube.com MasonProper Mason Proper at YouTube http www.last.fm music Mason Proper Mason Proper at Last.fm http www.lyriki.com Mason Proper Mason Proper s lyrics at Lyriki http www.dovecoterecords.com Dovecote Records http woxy.lala.com music loungeacts index.php?id 67 Mason Proper live on WOXY.com, May 9, 2006 http woxy.lala.com music loungeacts index.php?id 191 Mason Proper live on WOXY.com, March 26, 2007 http woxy.lala.com music loungeacts index.php?id 249 Mason Proper live on WOXY.com, January 16, 2008 ... more details
unreferenced date July 2009 notability companies date July 2009 Infobox Company company nameProper Games Ltd company logo company type Video game developer foundation 2006 location Dundee , Scotland , UK key people Patrick Sinclair CEO, Daniel Parker COO, John Sinclair CTO industry computer and video ... games.com proper games.com Proper Games is a United Kingdom British video game developer based ... 2 coup for dundee s proper games.html title Crackdown 2 coup for Dundee s Proper Games publisher ... Files documents ict and electronic technologies games profiles 032009.ashx ref it is an Proper Games Awards award winning ref nameproper games1 cite web author 06 57 PM url http proper games.com forums showthread.php?t 282 title Flock Wins BAFTA Scotland Award Proper Games Forums publisher Proper ... businesses proper games title Proper Games publisher Interactive Tayside date 2011 03 25 accessdate 2011 05 24 ref Proper Games is an associate member of the UK game industry trade ... date 2009 11 16 accessdate 2011 05 24 ref There are several games industry veterans on staff at Proper Games, including http www.gamesindustry.biz articles a proper job CEO Paddy Sinclair and http uk.linkedin.com ... games and content. History Proper Games was formed in 2006 following the closure of Visual Science ... Proper Games first commercial product Flock was published by Capcom on XBLA , PSN , Steampowered Steam , and PC. In November 2009 Flock was awarded the Best Game award by BAFTA Scotland . ref nameproper games1 Proper Games first emulation title http www.finalfightgame.com Final Fight Double Impact ... 2011 05 24 ref In June 2010 Proper Games announced during E3 that they would be collaborating with another ... . ref cite web url http www.develop online.net news 35166 Proper Games creating Crackdown 2 PDLC title Proper Games creating Crackdown 2 PDLC & 124 Game Development & 124 News by Develop publisher Develop ... FLOCK publisher Proper games.com date accessdate 2011 05 24 ref Final Fight Double Impact PS3 , Xbox ... more details
Infobox equilibrium nameProper equilibrium subsetof Trembling hand perfect equilibrium discoverer Roger B. Myerson Proper equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium due to Roger B. Myerson . Proper equilibrium further refines Reinhard Selten s notion of a trembling hand perfect equilibrium by assuming that more costly trembles are made with significantly smaller probability than less costly ones. Definition Given a normal form game and a parameter math epsilon 0 math , a mixed strategy totally mixed strategy profile math sigma math is defined to be math epsilon math proper if, whenever a player has two pure strategies s and s such that the expected payoff of playing s is smaller than the expected payoff of playing s that is math u s, sigma i u s , sigma i math , then the probability assigned to s is at most math epsilon math times the probability assigned to s . A strategy profile of the game is then said to be a proper equilibrium if it is a limit point, as math epsilon math approaches 0, of a sequence of math epsilon math proper strategy profiles. Example The game to the right is a variant of Matching Pennies . align right border 1 cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style margin 1em 1em 1em 1em background f9f9f9 border 1px aaa solid border collapse collapse font size 95 align bottom Matching Pennies with a twist Guess heads up Guess tails up Grab penny Hide heads up align center ... be seen that the unique proper equilibrium of this game is the one where Player 1 hides the penny ... proper equilibrium can be motivated intuitively as follows Player 1 fully expects Player 2 ... as in the original Matching Pennies game. Proper equilibria of extensive games One may apply the properness .... This leads to the notions of normal form proper equilibrium and extensive form proper equilibrium of an extensive form game. It was shown by van Damme that a normal form proper equilibrium of an extensive ... games and proper equilibria in normal form games. International Journal of Game Theory 13 1 13, 1984 ... more details
infobox record label image founded 1988 ref name bbc cite web url http www.bbc.co.uk news 10089363 title How to sell music the Proper way last Plummer first Robert date 29 April 2010 publisher BBC News accessdate 12 June 2011 ref founder Malcolm Mills, Paul Riley musician Paul Riley distributor Proper Music Distribution genre Rock music Rock , Americana music Americana , Jazz , Folk music folk , Country music country , blues country London , England url http www.properuk.com Proper Records is a record label founded in 1988 by Malcolm Mills and Paul Riley musician Paul Riley . Commencing with a handful of releases, including The Balham Alligators and Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers , the label grew in stature and renown through its reissue marque, Proper Box , whose 4CD boxsets for reissue products are available at a budget price. Featuring jazz, country, and rock n roll artists, these releases now total nearly 150. ref http www.properdistribution.com distributed labels label details.php?pg 3&id 273 ref ref http rateyourmusic.com label proper records 2 ref These days, the label has become better known for releasing new albums by contemporary artists such as Joan Baez, Richard Thompson, Nick Lowe, Mary Gauthier, Jimmie Vaughan, Dr. John, Angelique Kidjo, Los Lobos, Willie Nelson & Asleep At The Wheel, Texas Tornados, Paul Heaton, Andy Mckee, Tom Russell, Cowboy Junkies, Elizabeth Cook, Art Garfunkel, Don McLean, Dave Rotheray, Jimmy Webb, Paul Brady, Pete Brown, Dennis Locorriere ... estate in the south London suburb of Beckenham . ref name bbc where it also has a fully equipped modern studio named Specific Sound. Proper Music Distribution has twice won the Music Week Distributor ... publisher Music Week accessdate 12 June 2011 ref Artists Proper Records has released albums by the following ... http www.properuk.com Proper Records website http www.facebook.com properrecords Proper Records Facebook page http twitter.com ProperRecords Proper Records Twitter feed http properbox.com Proper Box ... more details
published works http arxiv.org abs physics 0504111 arXiv physics 0504111 ref . Proper velocity addition formula The proper velocity addition formula ref name ung1997 http www.springerlink.com content ... versus proper velocity w c i.e. momentum p mc . Note that w c is tracked by v c at low speeds and by &gamma ..., proper velocity , also known as celerity , is an alternative to velocity for measuring motion. Whereas ... by the observer, proper velocity relative to an observer divides observer measured distance by the time elapsed on the clocks of the traveling object. Proper velocity equals velocity at low speeds. Proper velocity at high speeds, moreover, retains many of the properties that velocity loses in relativity compared with Newtonian theory. For example proper velocity equals momentum per unit mass ... to an object s energy as well. Proper velocity is one of three related derivatives in special relativity coordinate velocity v d x d t , proper velocity w d x d , and Lorentz factor ... 1 frac w c tanh 1 frac v c pm cosh 1 gamma math . Introduction In flat spacetime, proper velocity is the ratio between distance traveled relative to a reference map frame used to define simultaneity and proper ... http ceta.mit.edu pier pier.php?paper 0512151 The relativistic proper velocity transformation group ... perspectives. Proper velocity is sometimes referred to as celerity ref Bernard Jancewicz 1988 ... the more familiar coordinate velocity v , proper velocity is useful for describing both super relativistic .... Proper speed divided by lightspeed c is the hyperbolic sine of rapidity , just as the Lorentz factor ... that proper velocity w d x d v where as usual coordinate velocity v d x dt. Thus finite w ensures ... p , proper velocity also extends the Newtonian form of momentum as mass times velocity to high speeds ... ref name ung2008 http books.google.com books?id p d6MozY3GUC Analytic hyperbolic geometry and Albert ... proper velocity transformation group , Progress in Electromagnetics Research , PIER 60 , pp. 85&ndash ... more details
between proper acceleration and coordinate acceleration ref name MisnerThorneWheeler cf ...In relativity theory, proper acceleration ref Edwin F. Taylor & John Archibald Wheeler 1966 1st ed. only ... of special relativity, for unidirectional motion, proper acceleration is the rate of change of proper velocity with respect to coordinate time. The proper acceleration 3 vector, combined with a null time component, yields the object s four acceleration , which makes proper acceleration s magnitude ... in a rocket standing at the gantry, the proper acceleration is the acceleration felt by the occupants, and which is described as g force see that article for more discussion of proper acceleration ... contribute to proper accelerations, and thus the proper acceleration felt by observers standing ... and the observer allowed to fall, the observer will experience coordinate acceleration, but no proper ... in orbit neglecting tidal forces experience no proper acceleration. This state is also known as zero gravity, or free fall, and it produces a feeling of weightlessness . Proper acceleration reduces ... , provided the magnitude of the object s proper velocity ref Francis W. Sears & Robert W. Brehme ... in such situations is coordinate acceleration entirely felt as a g force i.e., a proper acceleration ... , then g forces and corresponding proper accelerations felt by observers in these coordinate systems ... mechanical force which is calculated to induce the proper acceleration on a mass at rest in a coordinate system that has a proper acceleration, via Newton s law F m a , is called the proper force . As seen above, the proper force is equal to the opposing reaction force that is measured as an object ..., in the object s coordinate system . Thus, the proper force on an object is always equal and opposite ... angular velocity you experience a radially inward centripetal acceleration centripetal proper acceleration ... when you let go, causing you to fly off along a zero proper acceleration geodesic path. Unaccelerated ... more details
Description of the Chinese Empire China Proper 1. Origin of its Name, 2. Extent, Boundaries, &c. ref However, to introduce China proper, Winterbotham still used the outdated 15 province system of the Ming ...China proper also Inner China or Eighteen Provinces ref cite web url http lcweb2.loc.gov frd cs china ... of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic ... Dynasty . Origin of the concept It is not clear when the concept of China proper in the Western ... under the Qing Dynasty , Winterbotham divided it into three parts China proper, Chinese Tartary ... of Jean Baptiste Du Halde Du Halde and Jean Baptiste Grosier Grosier and suspected that the name of China ... divisions, Winterbotham uses the name of Kiang nan , Ji ngn n province, which had been called Nan ... by the 18 province system between 1662 to 1667. Using the 15 province system and the name of Kiang nan Province indicates that the concept of China proper probably had appeared between 1645 and 1662 ... Dynasty after the Fall of the Ming Dynasty Manchu conquest of Ming . The concept of China proper also ... Books . ref In the nineteenth century, the term China proper was sometimes used by Chinese officials ... Today, China proper is a controversial concept in China itself, since the current official paradigm ... always have been. The concept of China proper is avoided since it may be used to justify separatism ... the concept of China proper , a culturally based nation, and the People s Republic of China , a political entity. In this view, China proper is regarded as China , and other regions are regarded as Imperial ... 1580.jpg thumb 250px The approximate extent of China proper during the late Ming Dynasty , the last Han Chinese dynasty. Image China Proper.jpg thumb right 250px The Eighteen Provinces of China proper ... extent for China proper, as it is used to express the contrast between the core and frontier .... Historical perspective One way of thinking about China proper is to refer to ancient Han Chinese ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Oman proper Lang ar Unicode Um n al Wus refers a historical area within the present day Sultanate of Oman . It lay inland from Muscat, Oman Muscat beyond the Jebel Akhdar Oman Jebel Akhdar Green Mountains and was centered on the city of Nizwa in the area of the current Subdivisions of Oman region of Ad Dakhiliyah Region Ad Dakhiliyah . Along with Muscat and Dhofar , it was a constituent part of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman but with the 1970 palace coup d tat coup , the term Oman alone was applied to the entire country. History Oman proper was ruled by Ibadi te imam s who exercised spiritual and often temporal authority over the region. There were often tensions between these imams and the sultan s of Muscat, Oman Muscat and in 1913, the election of Salim ibn Rashid al Kharusi as imam led to the proclamation of the Imamate of Oman Arabic Unicode Im mat Um n with its capital at Nizwa. In 1954, a new imam, Imam Ghalib Bin Ali Ghalib bin Ali , attempted to gain further Omani independence from Muscat, an effort that took Sultan Said Bin Taimur of Muscat and his British suzerains five years to suppress. In 1957, Nizwa was taken, the imam was overthrown and exiled, and his position was abolished. In 1959, the last forces of the Imamate were defeated and the name of the whole of Muscat and Oman was changed to the Sultanate of Oman in 1970. Citation needed date January 2010 Image State of Oman stamp.JPG thumb right 150px State of Oman postage stamp with the capital of Nizwa shown as Nazwa In current usage, Oman proper can also refer to the whole of the present day sultanate minus the exclave s of Musandam and Madha . Postal history Following its overthrow, the Imamate of Oman issued postage stamp s of dubious postal value under the name of the State of Oman Arabic Unicode Dawlat Um n . See also History ... title DEFAULTSORT Oman Proper Category Geography of Oman Category History of Oman Oman geo stub nl ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2011 orphan August 2010 advert May 2009 Southern Proper , a preppy brand of clothing, was launched in 2005 by Reagan Hardy and Emmie Henderson. The inspiration for their clothing is based on the two founders southern roots. After several years of dressing men with a southern style, the pair came up with the idea of launching a men s clothing label, combining elements of southern heritage and classic haberdashery which includes a southern inspired line of clothing, neckties, bowties and accessories for men and a recently expanded southern inspired line of clothing and accessories for women. Their mascot and logo is a Black Lab named Beau. Heritage Southern Proper s founders grew up in the traditional South Reagan Hardy was born in Kinston, North Carolina and spent most of her life on the Carolina Coast Emmie Henderson was born and raised on a farm in the Tennessee ... Traditions.html ref Southern Proper hosts trunk shoes at different universities throughout the south .... 2008 2009 was Southern Proper s 2nd year doing their Belles for Beaus campus ambassador program. The company ... entails dressing Beaus , or gentlemen, in a southern style. Southern Proper uses an application ... class wikitable border 1 College Name Number of Belles University of Alabama 3 Appalachian State ... 2 Vanderbilt 1 Virginia Tech 3 Wellesely College 1 Wofford College 1 Products Southern Proper ... are Gents pocket squares are Proper Pockets and business ties are dubbed Field & Fancy . Neckwear ... balls. Along with knit shirts, Southern proper has a Sweet Tee line of t shirts after the drink popular ... Proper events, and is the logo of the company. Recently, the company acquired two other labs a black ... line names. Locations Southern Proper does not have retail stores. Instead, they operate via internet ... and universities. States that sell Southern Proper Products are Arkansas 1 store , Alabama 16 , California ... 1 , South Carolina 21 , Tennessee 8 , Texas 6 , and Virginia 8 . Press Southern Proper has ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A proper frame , or comoving frame , is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which is useful for many types of calculations. For example, a freely falling elevator is a proper frame for a Free fall free falling object in the elevator, while the surface of the Earth is not. Proper frames can be Inertial reference frame inertial as well as Non inertial reference frame non inertial as in the example above. See also Comoving distance DEFAULTSORT Proper Frame Category Frames of reference Relativity stub ... more details
For the cosmological notion of proper distance Comoving distance In relativistic physics, proper length is an invariant physics invariant measure of the distance between two spacelike separated Spacetime Basic concepts event s, or of the length of a spacelike Path topology path within a spacetime . The measurement of lengths is more complicated in the theory of relativity than in classical mechanics . In classical mechanics, lengths are measured based on the assumption that the locations of all points ... of simultaneity simultaneity is dependent on the observer. Proper lengths provide an invariant measure, whose value is the same for all observers. Proper length is analogous to proper time . The difference is that proper length is the invariant spacetime interval interval of a spacelike path or pair of spacelike separated events, while proper time is the invariant interval of a timelike path or pair of timelike separated events. Proper length between two events In special relativity , the proper ... at opposite ends of an object, the proper length of the object is the length of the object as measured by an observer which is at rest relative to the object. In any inertial frame of reference, the proper ... are spacelike separated if and only if the above formula gives a real, non zero value for L . Proper length of a path The above formula for the proper length between two events assumes that the spacetime ... relativity , in which curved spacetimes are considered. It is, however, possible to define the proper length of a Path topology path in any spacetime, curved or flat. In a flat spacetime, the proper length between two events is the proper length of a straight path between the two events. In a curved ... two events, so the proper length of a straight path between two events would not uniquely define the proper length between the two events. Along an arbitrary spacelike path P , the proper length ... unit system geometrized units . See also Invariant interval Proper time Comoving distance Special ... more details
PDF 114.pdf maps until World War I . Lithuania proper sometimes is also called Lithuania Major lang ... the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Historians designate Lithuania Proper or Duchy of Lithuania Land of Lithuania ... Proper was in nucleus of future Trakai Voivodeship between rivers Nemunas , Neris and Merkys . Tomas ... 3 18 ref that Lithuania Proper was around Ashmyany area, then ethnic Lithuanians Lithuanian lands ... Lithuanian Commonwealth on present day national borders. Scholars often use term Lithuania proper ... during the Grand Duchy times, Lithuania Proper was a term designated to land where Lithuanians ... regions Samogitia , Lithuania Proper and White Ruthenia . ref Authentic map showing Lithuania Proper and adjustant White or Lithuanian Ruthenia br cite web url http www.nlib.ee html digi maps ... year 1700 accessdate 2007 08 17 ref Only the northern border of Lithuania proper can be determined ... name Sav cite journal title Etnokonfesiniai Santykiai Pietry i Lietuvoje Istorin s Antropologijos ... of Lithuania Proper was acknowledged by Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Soviets as part ... more details
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