About the detection and correction of errors in written work proofreading in DNA replication Proofreading ... 2009 Proofreading also proof reading is the reading activity reading of a Galley proof galley proof ... the last stage of typographic production before publication . Professional Proofreading Traditional ... proofreaders marks . Thus proofreading s defining work model requires working directly with two ... challenge facing proofreaders and their managers. The basic model of proofreading involves one person ... see Proofreading Economics of proofreading Economics of proofreading . Alternative methods Copy ... Resources may even classify proofreading as a clerical skill generic to literacy itself. Where this is the case ... of a proofreading test. Proofreader testing Applicants . Practical job training for proofreaders has ... proofreading courses of varying quality can be found online. There are also available numerous books .... Towards that end, they may be given a list of ten or twenty classically difficult words and a proofreading test, both tightly timed. The proofreading test will often have a maximum number of errors ... available at whatever wage the employer can afford. However, proofreading as opposed to serious copy ... than the latter at finding all of the remaining errors if any on the first try. Finally, proofreading ... the word list conspicuously and making clear that the test is not timed. For the proofreading ... proofreading, and so may take the question as a sign of inexperience. Applicants in this position should consider the test both a copy editing and proofreading one, and keep http dictionary.reference.com .... Employees consider the tests a form of Proofreading Multitasking.2Fcross training multitasking ... performance by a particular reader, but rather to confirm a general assumption that the proofreading ..., mentioned in Proofreading Alternate methods of proofreading Double Reading , to make the first reader ... COLA s. See Proofreading Annual raises and reviews Annual Raises and Reviews . The second approach ... more details
For proofreading in journalism or publishing Proofreading The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication , immune system specificity, enzyme substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity. The proofreading mechanisms of Hopfield and Ninio are non equilibrium active processes that consume ATP to enhance specificity of various biochemical reactions. In bacteria , all three DNA polymerase s I, II, and III have the ability to proofread, using 3 5 exonuclease activity. When an incorrect base pair is recognized, DNA polymerase reverses its direction by one base pair of DNA and excises the mismatched base. Following base excision, the polymerase can re insert the correct base and replication can continue. In eukaryote s only the polymerases that deal with the elongation , and have proofreading ability 3 5 exonuclease activity . Proofreading also occurs in protein synthesis ref name Flavio http pharmamotion.com.ar protein synthesis inhibitors aminoglycosides mechanism of action animation classification of agents Pharmamotion Protein synthesis inhibitors aminoglycosides mechanism of action animation. Classification of agents Posted by Flavio Guzm n on 12 08 08 ref . References Reflist http www.sci.uidaho.edu bionet biol115 t6 cell growth PDF T6L2M2 DNA proofreading and repair transcript.pdf Idaho U. DNA proofreading and repair http en.scientificcommons.org 55710199 DNA polymerase and proofreading suppress discrete mutator and cancer phenotypes in mice http www.plosgenetics.org article info doi 2F10.1371 2Fjournal.pgen.1000060 Proofreading Activity of DNA Polymerase Pol2 Mediates 3 End Processing during Nonhomologous End Joining in Yeast Genetics stub Category Biology Category DNA replication Category Genetics Category Hydrolases ... more details
Conformational proofreading is a general design principle of molecular recognition systems, in which introducing a structural mismatch between a molecular recognizer and its target enhances the recognition specificity. ref cite journal doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0000468 year 2007 author Savir Y & Tlusty T title Conformational proofreading the impact of conformational changes on the specificity of molecular recognition volume 2 issue 5 pages e468 journal PLoS ONE url http www.weizmann.ac.il complex tlusty papers PLoSONE2007.pdf pmid 17520027 pmc 1868595 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1109 JSTSP.2008.923859 year 2008 author Savir Y & Tlusty T title Optimal Design of a Molecular Recognizer Molecular Recognition as a Bayesian Signal Detection Problem volume 2 issue pages 390 399 journal IEEE J Sel Topics Signal Process url http www.weizmann.ac.il complex tlusty papers IEEE2008.pdf ref ref cite journal issue pages year 2008 author Alon U title Journal Club volume 453 journal Nature url http www.weizmann.ac.il complex tlusty PR JCNature2008.pdf ref Balancing correct and incorrect binding The molecular recognizer operates in a noisy, crowded biological environment and has to cope with the task of recognizing its target among a variety of similar competitors. If the recognizer and its correct target match perfectly like a Lock and Key Theory lock and a key , then the binding probability will be high since no deformation is required upon binding. At the same time, the recognizer might also bind to a competitor with a similar structure with high probability. Introducing a structural mismatch ... of recognition . Relation to kinetic proofreading In the kinetic proofreading ref cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.71.10.4135 year 1974 author Hopfield JJ title Kinetic proofreading a new mechanism ... of the scheme requires an energy source. The time delay in kinetic proofreading is analogous to the spatial difference in conformational proofreading. However, the conformational proofreading ... more details
Kinetic proofreading or kinetic amplification is a mechanism for error correction in biological processes, proposed independently by John Hopfield 1974 and Jacques Ninio 1975 . Kinetic proofreading allows molecules to discriminate between two possibilities which have nearly the same free energy, with an error less than the naive thermodynamic bound. ref cite journal last1 Hopfield first1 J. J. title Kinetic Proofreading A New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 71 pages 4135 year 1974 doi 10.1073 pnas.71.10.4135 pmid 4530290 pmc 434344 ref ref cite journal last1 Ninio first1 J title Kinetic amplification of enzyme discrimination journal Biochimie volume 57 issue 5 pages 587 95 year 1975 pmid 1182215 doi 10.1016 S0300 9084 75 80139 8 ref Specificity paradox In protein synthesis , the error rate is on the order of 1 in 10,000. This means that when a ribosome is matching anticodon s of tRNA to the codon s of mRNA , it matches complementary sequences correctly nearly all the time. Hopfield noted that an error rate that small is unachievable with a one step comparison. The reason is that the difference between a wrong codon and a right codon can be as small as a difference in a single ... Enhanced selectivity of enzymes by kinetic proofreading. journal American scientist volume 66 issue ... expenditure of free energy is that of Conformational Proofreading conformational proofreading ... for kinetic proofreading in amino acylation of tRNAIle. journal Proceedings of the National Academy ... name PMD7761445 cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.92.11.5042 last1 McKeithan first1 TW title Kinetic proofreading ... proofreading mechanism. DNA damage recognition and repair a certain DNA repair mechanism utilizes kinetic proofreading to discriminate damaged DNA. ref name PMD14712076 cite journal last1 Reardon first1 JT last2 Sancar first2 A title Thermodynamic cooperativity and kinetic proofreading in DNA damage ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article Distributed Proofreaders Description Screenshot of the proofreading interface on Distributed Proofreaders. Source http www.pgdp.net Portion Low resolution Purpose To illustrate the Distributed Proofreaders article Replaceability other information Licensing Non free web screenshot ... more details
Summary Information Description Screenshot of the proofreading interface on Distributed Proofreaders. Source http www.pgdp.net Date created 2007.16.03 Author User Rolanddeschain Chris Gray Permission See licensing below. other versions none. Licensing cc by sa 2.5 ... more details
ISO 5776 , published by the International Organization for Standardization ISO , is a document which specifies symbols for proofreading such as of manuscripts, typescript s and Galley proof printer s proofs . ref name symbols http www.iso.org iso en CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER 11913&showrevision y&scopelist ALL ISO 5776 1983 Graphic technology Symbols for text correction Bot generated title ref The total number of symbols specified is 16, each in English, French and Russian. ref name symbols The standard is partially derived from the British Standard BS 5261. ref http www.bsigroup.com upload Standards 20& 20Publications Membership UpdateStandards October05.pdf BS 5261 Copy preparation and proof correction ref References reflist ISO standards Category ISO standards 05776 Category Proofreading typ stub yo ISO 5776 ... more details
There are 5 known Prokaryotic DNA polymerases DNA polymerase I Pol I implicated in DNA repair has 5 3 polymerase activity, and both 3 5 exonuclease activity proofreading and 5 3 exonuclease activity RNA primer removal . DNA polymerase II Pol II involved in repairing damaged DNA has 3 5 exonuclease activity. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme Pol III the main polymerase in bacteria responsible for elongation has 3 5 exonuclease activity proofreading . DNA polymerase IV Pol IV a Y family DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase V Pol V a Y family DNA polymerase participates in bypassing DNA damage. See also DNA polymerase Polymerases DNA replication Category EC 2.7.7 Category DNA replication Category DNA ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Songs for the Singers of Panthers Type EP Artist Oxford Collapse Cover Released October 2004 Recorded Genre Indie rock Length Label Discoloration Records Producer Reviews Last album Melting the Ice Queen remix br 2004 This album Songs for the Singers of Panthers br 2004 Next album A Good Ground br 2005 Songs for the Singers of Panthers was a vinyl only release that included the song Proofreading , that would also appear on their next album, A Good Ground . DEFAULTSORT Songs For The Singers Of Panthers Category 2004 EPs Category Oxford Collapse albums ... more details
Stet is a Latin word meaning let it stand used in proofreading to indicate that a previously marked change is to be ignored. Stet may also refer to Stet novel Stet , the novel by James Chapman Stet software Stet , the public document comment collection software STET text editor STET , the folding editor STET fanzine STET , the science fiction fanzine Securities Turnover Excise Tax STET , the Securities Turnover Excise Tax STET Homeland Security Services STET , of security consultancy firm STET Homeland Security Services disambig ... more details
wiktionary dele Dele may refer to Bison Dele 1969 2002 , American professional basketball player Dele , a proofreading symbol People with the given name Dele Dele Adebola born 1975 , Nigerian footballer Dele Adeleye born 1988 , Nigerian footballer Dele Aiyenugba born 1983 , Nigerian football soccer player Dele Giwa died 1986 , Nigerian journalist Dele Olojede born 1961 , Nigerian Pulitzer Prize winning journalist See also DELE disambig Category Masculine given names Category Nigerian names Category Surnames ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 A Distributed thinking project is similar to Distributed computing except that the human computer user performs the relevant tasks. The tasks usually being unsuitable or extremely difficult for computers but very easy for humans. Examples include Pattern recognition , proofreading , certain types of error checking . Examples of distributed thinking projects include Stardust home Galaxyzoo Distributed Proofreaders Herbaria home See Also Bossa computing Bossa http www.science.sjsu.edu index.php?q node 339 hominids home http herbariaunited.org atHome Herbaria home DEFAULTSORT Distributed Thinking Category Human based computation Category Crowdsourcing Category Citizen science ... more details
otheruses Image Deleatur.png right 96px A dele. A dele or deleatur IPAc en icon d i l i , IPAc en d i l i e t r is a proofreading symbol used to mark something for deletion. Name Dele , the more common term in modern American English language English sometimes used as a verb, e.g. Dele that paragraph graph , coincides with the imperative form of the Latin delere to delete . However, the Oxford English Dictionary notes an earlier use in English of deleatur Latin let it be deleted , and suggests that dele in English may have been an abbreviation for the longer word. Origin The origin of the symbol appears to be an archaic letter d in the S tterlin script, as an abbreviation for dele or deleatur . It is markedly similar if not identical in some cases to the symbol for the Pfennig German penny Image Symbol.Pfennig.png 11px pfennig symbol which is also an archaic d, for denarius . As with most hand written letters and symbols, its appearance is variable. Usage Image Sample proof.png frame right A section of proofread text, with a dele in the left margin indicating the stricken text and other, is to be deleted. The marks in the right margin mean, from left to right and top to bottom replace stricken hyphen with one en dash insert semicolon insert comma and transpose circled text. The dele is used in proofreading and copy editing , where it may be written over the selected text itself such that it often resembles a stretched cursive e , or in the margin alongside the selected text, which is usually struck through with a line. The stricken text or the dele itself may be framed by top and bottom curved brackets, as in this example, to indicate that the space left after deletion is to be closed up. As the need for such closing up can usually be inferred by context, however, the brackets are often omitted. A dele can be undone with a stet . External links http www.espressographics.com text proofreader.html List of proofreading marks Category Copy editing cs Deleatu ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Advert date April 2009 Gramlee is an online proofreading and grammar check service. The company is based in Portland, Oregon Portland , Oregon , and enables writers to submit any written text for professional copy editing and revision. Gramlee allows anyone with an Internet connection to get access to a professional editor. ref http www.gramlee.com grammarblog 2009 01 07 an interview with the founder Q&A session with the lead Gramlee geek the founder ref Some of the most popular document types that Gramlee edits include business documents, technical documents, writing from Non English speakers, college papers and resumes , ref http www.reuters.com article pressRelease idUS154674 29 Apr 2008 MW20080429 Gramlee Unveils Online Grammar Editing and Proofreading Service ref though Gramlee has even helped edit a woman s break up letter to her boyfriend. ref http www.dailywritingtips.com interview with rushang shai founder of gramlee Interview with Rushang Shah, Founder of Gramlee ref Gramlee s founder, Rushang Shah was formerly a marketing manager for several technology companies including e.Digital Corporation, ManyOne Networks , Systat Software, and CompanionLink Software. He started Gramlee because he believed that many people needed help in creating professional documents for business purposes . ref http jscms.jrn.columbia.edu cns 2008 04 15 bindley emaileditingservices Online editing service aims to make e mails error free. ref He also passionately advocates against the notion that online grammar checker s ref http www.gramlee.com grammarblog 2009 03 02 why software based grammar checkers suck Why software based grammar checkers suck ref can correct grammar as well as a professional editor can. References reflist 3 External links http www.gramlee.com Gramlee Portal Writing Category Proofreading Category Technical communication Category Companies based in Portland, Oregon Category Privately held companies based in Oregon ... more details
The Text Verification Tool TVT is a patented computer based software program for proofreading developed by the Schlafender Hase GmbH, headquartered in Frankfurt , Germany . It was originally designed to meet the needs of the global pharmaceutical industry for consistency and accuracy in product information and documentation. While most effectively used in highly regulated environments, it can be used any proofreading situation where a finalized printed text should be identical with the original text, regardless of file size. ref http tvt.text verification.com index.php?id 10 ref Since launch in 2003, TVT has made numerous updates and currently supports all major languages of the world, whether left to right or right to left, also including Braille, and is capable of comparing multiple files in different file types simultaneously. File types supported include DOC computing DOC , DOCX DOCx , Rich Text Format RTF , Text file TXT , Portable Document Format PDF , xHTML , XML Structured Product Labeling SPL files required by the Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration FDA in the USA and Product information management PIM files used by the European Medicines Agency EMA . ref http www.reuters.com article pressRelease idUS135844 11 May 2009 PRN20090511 ref How it works TVT does not compare the words seen on the monitor but rather the unicode s that generate the words seen. It compares, for example, the original manuscript with the artwork to be printed, or any two or more documents, and indicates all deviations between the compared documents. Deviations are clearly marked and include, among others, deviations in spelling, font, formatting, style, type size, order of words and paragraphs and missing text. The TVT presupposes that the original document has been checked ... as a PDF . A detailed report documents all comments and changes during the proofreading process. Who uses it TVT can be used effectively in any proofreading context. The accuracy of the TVT has ... more details
Projekt Gutenberg DE is a collection of German language literary texts, distributed via the web and on CD ROM. It is run by a small publishing company called Hille Partner , run by Gunter Hille , and its web presence is hosted by the weekly magazine Der Spiegel . The name is based on Project Gutenberg , a project that tries to make as many texts available for as many people as possible for as long as possible. Hille was the second person to ask Michael S. Hart Michael Hart , founder of Project Gutenberg , to use the name and was granted permission. Projekt Gutenberg DE claims copyright s on all its products, although the legal basis for such claims are disputed. Courts in several jurisdictions with similar copyright laws have found that mere sweat of the brow does not generate a copyright. See for instance Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. , which in turn seems to have built on Feist v. Rural . Furthermore, the project only makes its etexts available gratis in a form in which readers have to browse the text page by page. This seems to fall short of Project Gutenberg s lofty bar of accessibility. In 2004, the German project was at the center of a controversy, because it had started running a proofreading website based on the Distributed Proofreaders software, without mentioning that the resulting books would not be as Public domain free as those of the American project. People started proofreading in good faith, only to find out later that the fruits of their labour would receive a copyright claim and be sold, without remuneration going to the volunteers. External links http gutenberg.spiegel.de Website of Projekt Gutenberg DE http www.heise.de newsticker meldung 54404 Heise News article in German, with the 2004 controversy discussed in the forums http www.gutenberg.org browse languages de German etexts in the US based Project Gutenberg http www.digbib.org DigBib.Org, a free archive of German literature http nemesis.marxists.org Nemesis Archive of free German soci ... more details
John Joseph Hopfield born July 15, 1933 is an United States American scientist most widely known for his invention of an associative neural network in 1982. It is now more commonly known as the Hopfield net Hopfield Network . John Hopfield received his BA from Swarthmore College , and a Ph.D in physics from Cornell University in 1958. He spent two years in the theory group at Bell Laboratories , and subsequently was a faculty member at University of California, Berkeley physics , Princeton University physics , California Institute of Technology Chemistry and Biology and now again at Princeton, where he is the Howard A. Prior Professor of Molecular Biology. For 35 years, he also continued a strong connection with Bell Laboratories. He was awarded the Dirac Medal of the ICTP in 2002 for his interdisciplinary contributions to understanding biology as a physical process, including the proofreading process in biomolecular synthesis and a description of collective dynamics and computing with attractors in neural networks, and the Oliver Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society for work on the interactions between light and solids. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was the President of the American Physical Society in 2006. His most influential papers have been The Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals 1958 , describing the polariton Electron transfer between biological molecules by thermally activated tunneling 1974 , describing the quantum mechanics of long range electron transfers Kinetic proofreading Kinetic Proofreading a New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity 1974 Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities 1982 known as the Hopfield Network and, with D. W. Tank, Neural computation of decisions in optimization problems 1985 . His current ... more details
Letter NumberCombination WV WX VW XW The letters WW may refer to Bmibaby , IATA airline code Waterworks disambiguation Watson Wyatt Worldwide , NYSE identifier Weather watch William H. Webster , a director of the FBI and CIA, referred to in the Kryptos sculpture as WW Weight Watchers White widow Abbreviation for whitewater in the International Scale of River Difficulty Woodrow Wilson , 28th President of the United States of America Winchester and Western Railroad , reporting mark Woodwind instrument World war , term for a military conflict affecting the majority of the world Writers Workshop in Calcutta, India Wrong word in proofreading WW , the code for County Wicklow Wicklow , Ireland In entertainment Washington Wizards , an NBA basketball team Wayne s World The West Wing , a television series Wonder Woman World Wrestling Entertainment , whose logo appears as WW The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss , a television series WW Gehenna album WW Gehenna album , a 2005 album by the Norwegian metal group Gehenna In video games Animal Crossing Wild World The Legend of Zelda The Wind Waker Prince of Persia Warrior Within WarioWare series WarioWare series Wario World disambig de WW fa WW fr WW ko WW it WW sw WW nl WW ja WW pt WW fi WW ... more details
Dittography is the accidental, erroneous act of repeating a letter, word, phrase or combination of letters by a scribe or copyist. ref Paul D. Wegner, http books.google.pl books?id SIMsY6b2n2gC&pg PA48&lpg PA48&dq v onepage&q&f false A student s guide to textual criticism of the Bible its history, methods, and results , InterVarsity Press, 2006, p. 48. ref Example Papyrus 98 math mathfrak P math sup 98 sup in Rev 1 13 has instead of doubled . Codex Vaticanus in John 13 14 word is repeated twice. In Codex Vaticanus in Acts of the Apostles Acts , a book of the Bible , verse 19 34, the phrase Great is Artemis of the Ephesians appears twice while it only appears once in other manuscripts. ref http www.earlham.edu seidti iam dittography.html Dittography earlham.edu seidti ref References Reflist See also Textual criticism Haplology category Proofreading category Textual criticism ling stub de Dittographie pl Dittografia ... more details
otheruses Stet is a Latin word meaning let it stand used by proofreading proofreaders and copy editing editors to instruct the typesetting typesetter or writer to disregard a change the editor or proofreader had previously marked. ref name dictionary http dictionary.reference.com browse stet stet. Dictionary.com Unabridged v 1.1 . Random House, Inc. 01 Oct. 2007. ref This convention is usually marked by writing and circling the word stet above or beside the unwanted edit and underscoring the selection with dashes or dots. ref name dictionary Alternatively, a circled tick check mark may be used in the margin. ref name BS5261 British Standards Institution. Copy preparation and proof correction. Specification for typographic requirements, marks for copy preparation and proof correction, proofing procedure. BS 5261 2 2005. ref In connection with this usage, stet is also sometimes used as a verb, e.g., Stet that colon. ref name dictionary See also Sic Notes reflist literature stub Category Copy editing ... more details
Jiaoshi Yilin zh c pinyin Ji osh Y l n l Forest of Changes by Jiao is a Chinese language Chinese book of I Ching divination divination composed during the Western Han Dynasty . Modeled on the I Ching , the work was attributed to Jiao Yanshou , though not much is known about the author. The work was one of the few surviving books of divination produced in that period of Chinese history. It contains 64 x 64 4096 Hexagram I Ching hexagram s I Ching contains 64 each of the hexagram is commented by a short poem 3 8 lines each line comprises, in most cases, 4 Chinese character character s . Besides its historical value, the work has also been treasured for its literary merit. External links http www.chineseclassic.com 13jing yi giau index.htm Original Chinese text , which, however, requires proofreading and revision. Category Chinese books of divination fi Jiaoshi yilin ... more details
tRNA entry, Proofreading biology proofreading , peptidyl transfer , and ribosomal translocation and termination ... tRNA s. Proofreading Aminoglycosides , among other potential mechanisms of action, interfere with the Proofreading biology proofreading process, causing increased rate of error in synthesis with premature ... more details
For Plaque Forming Unit, see Plaque forming unit Pfu DNA polymerase is an enzyme found in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus , where it functions in vivo to replicate the organism s DNA . In vitro , Pfu is used to quickly amplify DNA in polymerase chain reaction PCR processes, where the enzyme serves the central function of copying a new strand of DNA during each extension step. Proofreading ability of Pfu polymerase The main difference between Pfu and alternative enzymes is Pfu s superior thermostability and proofreading properties compared to other thermostable polymerases. Unlike Taq DNA polymerase , Pfu DNA polymerase possesses 3 to 5 exonuclease proofreading activity, meaning that it works its way along the DNA from the 5 end to the 3 end and corrects nucleotide misincorporation errors. This means that Pfu DNA polymerase generated PCR fragments will have fewer errors than Taq generated PCR inserts. As a result, Pfu is more commonly used for molecular cloning of PCR fragments than the historically popular Taq. Commercially available Pfu typically results in an error rate of 1 in 1.3 million base pairs and can yield 2.6 mutated products when amplifying 1 kb fragments using PCR. However, Pfu is slower and typically requires 1&ndash 2 minutes per cycle to amplify 1kb of DNA at 72 C. Using Pfu DNA polymerase in PCR reactions also results in blunt ended PCR products. Pfu DNA polymerase is hence superior for techniques that require high fidelity DNA synthesis, but can also be used in conjunction with Taq polymerase to obtain the fidelity of Pfu with the speed of Taq polymerase activity. History Scientists associated with the biotech company Stratagene, based in La Jolla, California , discovered the enzyme on the floor of the company s headquarters, and found subsequently the superiority of Pfu over Taq in 1991, since they flamed it and it still retained its tertiary structure. They published their work as Lundberg et al., A High Fidelity Thermostable D ... more details
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