Unreferenced date June 2007 main Professional ethics ProfessionalresponsibilityProfessionalresponsibility is the area of legal practice that encompasses the duties of Lawyer attorneys to act in a professional manner, obey the law, avoid conflicts of interest , and put the interests of clients ahead of their own interests. Professionalresponsibility violations in general Common violations include Conflicts of interest. This occurs where the same lawyer or firm is representing both sides in a lawsuit, or previously represented one side. In countries with the adversarial system of justice, a conflict ... professionalresponsibility rules may be subject to Sanctions law sanction s ranging from reprimands to temporary suspension to permanent disbarment. See also Legal malpractice ProfessionalProfessional abuse Professional ethics Professional negligence in English Law Category United States professionalresponsibility case law Category Legal ethics Category Sociological terms de Standesrecht ko ... regulated, to prevent puffery and other misleading assertions regarding potential results. Professionalresponsibility in the United States In U.S. law schools Following the Watergate scandal , which .... This is typically offered as an upper level course, most often taken in the second year. ProfessionalResponsibility courses include matters pertaining to basic legal ethics , as well as Admission ..., ineffective assistance of counsel , and judicial misconduct . Examinations concerning professionalresponsibility Every state in the United States tests prospective attorneys on their knowledge of professionalresponsibility. 47 states and the District of Columbia require bar applicants to pass an exam called the Multistate ProfessionalResponsibility Exam MPRE . The remaining three states test professionalresponsibility on their local bar examination s. Furthermore, the ABA promulgated the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct in 1983 when Maine adopted the Model Rules in August 2009, California ... more details
The Office of ProfessionalResponsibility OPR is part of the United States Department of Justice DOJ responsible for investigating Attorney at law attorneys employed by the DOJ who have been accused of misconduct or crimes in their professional functions. The OPR promulgates independent standards of ethical and criminal conduct for DOJ attorneys, while the DOJ s United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Office of the Inspector General OIG has jurisdiction of non attorney DOJ employees. Since 2009, the OPR has been headed by Mary Patrice Brown . ref http legaltimes.typepad.com blt 2009 04 holder names new opr chief.html Holder Names New OPR Chief , Legal Times The Blog of Legal Times April 8, 2009 . ref The OPR receives reports of allegations of misconduct made against DOJ attorneys from many sources. Nearly half of all such allegations are reported to OPR either by DOJ sources, such as the attorney involved. ref http www.usdoj.gov opr proc hdl.htm USDOJ Office of ProfessionalResponsibility OPR Process Bot generated title ref The remaining complaints come from a variety of sources, including private attorneys, defendants and Civil law common law civil litigants , other List of United States federal agencies federal agencies , U.S. state state or Local government in the United States local government officials, judicial and United States Congress congressional referrals, and media reports. OPR gives expedited attention to judicial findings of misconduct. The OPR reviews each allegation and determines whether further investigation is warranted. The determination is a matter of investigative judgment that weighs many factors, including the nature of the allegation, its apparent credibility, its specificity, its susceptibility to verification, and the source of the allegation. A decision to open a matter does not give rise to a presumption of misconduct ... Office of ProfessionalResponsibility DOJ agencies Category United States Department of Justice agencies ... more details
professionalresponsibility The Multistate ProfessionalResponsibility Examination MPRE is a one hundred twenty five 125 minute, sixty 60 question, multiple choice examination designed to measure the knowledge and understanding of established standards related to a lawyer s professional conduct. It is developed by the National Conference of Bar Examiners and was first administered in 1980. It is a prerequisite or corequisite to the bar examination for admission as an Attorney at law United States attorney at law in 47 of the 50 U.S. state states of the United States , as well as the Washington, D.C. District of Columbia , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the United States Virgin Islands U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Palau Republic of Palau . Of the 56 jurisdictions within the United States, only Maryland , Puerto Rico , Washington U.S. state Washington , and Wisconsin do not use the MPRE however, these jurisdictions still incorporate local ethics rules in their respective bar examinations. Connecticut and New Jersey waive the MPRE requirement for bar candidates who have earned a grade of C or better in a law school course in professional ethics. Structure As of the March 2009 administration, the test consists of 60 substantive questions. Only 50 are scored the other 10 randomly scattered throughout the exam are used for experimental purposes. An additional 10 survey questions at the end of the exam are used to evaluate the conditions of the testing center. The raw score is converted to a scaled score based on the measured difficulty of the version of the test taken the scaled score is used to determine passing scores. Scaled scores range between 50 and 150, with a median ... of professionalresponsibility rules proposed by the American Bar Association &mdash and California ... Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the http www.abanet.org cpr mcjc mcjc home.html ABA Model ... www.abanet.org cpr mrpc mrpc toc.html MRPC ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct http www.abanet.org ... more details
The Norbert Wiener Award for Social and ProfessionalResponsibility was established in 1987 in honor of Norbert Wiener to recognize contributions by computer professionals to socially responsible use of computers. It is awarded annually by CPSR , Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. Winners 1987 David Parnas 1988 Joseph Weizenbaum 1989 Daniel McCracken 1990 Kristen Nygaard 1991 Severo Ornstein and Laura Gould 1992 Barbara Simons 1993 Institute for Global Communications 1994 Antonia Stone 1995 Tom Grundner 1996 Phil Zimmermann 1997 Peter G. Neumann Peter Neumann 1998 Internet Engineering Task Force 1999 The free software Free Software & open source Open Source Movements 2000 Marc Rotenberg 2001 Nira Schwartz and Theodore Postol 2002 Karl Auerbach 2003 Mitch Kapor 2004 Barry Steinhardt 2005 Douglas Engelbart 2008 Bruce Schneier There is also a Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics awarded by American Mathematical Society and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, and a Norbert Wiener Award granted by the journal Kybernetes. See also Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics List of awards Prizes named after people External links http www.cpsr.org cpsr wiener.html Official website http www.cpsr.org about wiener wiener award List of winners http www.cpsr.org cpsr wiener speech.html Speech introducing the award http www.ilmarefilm.org W E 1.htm Documentary film about Norbert Wiener Award winner, Joseph Weizenbaum Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work. Category Awards established in 1987 Category Computer related awards ja ... more details
The American Bar Association Model Code of ProfessionalResponsibility , created by the American Bar Association ABA in 1969, was a set of professional standards designed to establish the minimum baseline of legal ethics and professionalresponsibility generally required of lawyers in the United States . It was replaced with the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct Model Rules of Professional Conduct in 1983 for a number of reasons, especially the Watergate scandal . The Code was also subject to widespread criticism from bench and bar that it was structurally flawed, difficult to understand, hard to obey, and impossible to enforce. The Code consisted of Canons, Ethical Considerations, and Disciplinary Rules, of which the first two were aspirational and only the third was mandatory. This forced judges and lawyers to sort through a maze of Canons and Ethical Considerations just to understand the Disciplinary Rule that controlled a particular ethical issue. During a key debate in late January 1982 over whether to replace the Model Code with the Model Rules, one delegate referred to the nine canons, 129 ethical considerations and forty three disciplinary rules as a three dimensional chess game that lawyers played at their own peril. ref Center for ProfessionalResponsibility, A Legislative History The Development of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 1982 2005 Chicago American Bar Association, 2006 , xiii xiv. ref The American legal community demanded simple bright line rule s that its members could quickly read, comprehend, and follow. In response ... the ABA s Canons of Professional Ethics 1908 , which in turn were borrowed from the Canons of the Alabama ... press pr2008 7.shtml Press Release New Attorney Rules of Professional Conduct Announced ... Rules verbatim, the advantage of adopting its overall structure is that it simplifies the professionalresponsibility training of New York lawyers, and makes it easier for out of state lawyers to conform ... more details
Responsibility may refer to Collective responsibility Cabinet collective responsibility , a constitutional Convention in Governments using the Westminster System Corporate responsibility Corporate social responsibility Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities , a UNESCO declaration proclaimed in 1998 Diffusion of responsibility Individual responsibility moral responsibility as applied to or by individuals Media responsibility Ministerial responsibility , a constitutional convention guiding Cabinet ministers within Westminster style political systems Moral responsibility a set of concepts in ethics ProfessionalresponsibilityResponsibility assumption in spirituality and personal growth contexts Responsibility song , a song by the Christian punk band MxPx Single responsibility principle Social responsibility Statue of Responsibility , a structure proposed for erection on the western coast of the United States of America See also Accountability Blame Moral hazard Disambig Category Sociological terms fr Responsabilit it Responsabilit sv Ansvar ... more details
Parental responsibility Parental responsibility access and custody , in the European Union, refers to the bundle of rights and privileges that children have with their parents and significant others as the basis of their relationship Parental responsibility criminal , in Canada and the United States, refers to the potential liability that parents may incur for the acts and omissions of their children See also Parent Legal guardian disambig ... more details
Intellectual responsibility , sometimes referred to as epistemic responsibility , is a philosophical concept related to that of epistemic justification . ref Ash, T http www.philosofiles.com epistemology intellectual responsibility the concept responsibility justification and knowledge Responsibility, justification and knowledge , Intellectual Responsibility ref According to Frederick F. Schmitt, the conception of justified belief as epistemically responsible belief has been endorsed by a number of philosophers, including Roderick Chisholm 1977 , Hilary Kornblith 1983 , and Lorraine Code 1983 . ref Schmitt, F Epistemic Perspectivism , in Heil ed. , Rationality, Morality and Self Interest Essays Honoring Mark Carl Overvold Rowman and Littlefield, 1993 ref A separate concept was introduced by the linguist and public intellectual Noam Chomsky in an essay published as a special supplement by The New York Review of Books on 23 February 1967, entitled The Responsibility of Intellectuals . Chomsky argues that intellectuals should make themselves responsible for searching for the truth and exposition of lies. Notes Reflist See also Intellectual rigor Justified true belief External links http www.nybooks.com articles 12172 The Responsibility of Intellectuals Noam Chomsky s essay, referred to above http www.philosofiles.com epistemology intellectual responsibility Intellectual Responsibility a graduate thesis epistemology Category Critical thinking Category Concepts in epistemology Category Ethical principles ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 cleanup date September 2010 A Responsibility center is an organization unit that is headed by a manager who is responsible for its activities and results. ref Anthony, R. The Management Control Function, Boston, HBS, 1988, p.64. ref Description An organization unit can be considered a responsibility center if it has a manager it has its own objectives guiding its activities and the manager has control over the resources needed to pursue the objectives. ref Jordan, H., Neves, J.C., Rodrigues, J.A. O Controlo de Gest o 6 Edi o, Lisbon, reas Editora, 2005, p.300, ISBN 972 8472 88 9. ref Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J., & Kieso, D. Ed. . 2003 . Essentials of accounting Tools for business decision making. University of Phoenix Custom Edition e Text . Hoboken, New Jersey. Retrieved October 28, 2010, from ACC220.Types of responsibility centers RESPONSIBILITY CENTERS A decentralized environment results in highly dispersed decision making. As a result, it is imperative to monitor and judge the effectiveness of each manager. This is easier said than done. Not all departments Centers can be evaluated on the same basis because some do not generate any revenue they only incur costs in support of some necessary function. Other Centers that deliver goods and services have the potential ... under the control of a manager is termed a responsibility center. To aid performance evaluation it is first necessary to consider the specific character of each responsibility center. Some responsibility centers are cost centers and others are profit centers. On a broader scale, some are considered ... nature of the responsibility center. basic devices are essential to a well managed organization. Managers ... of responsibility. The area of responsibility can be a department, product, plant, territory, division, or some other type of unit or segment. Usually, the attribution of responsibility will mirror ... approach to decision making. There are four types of responsibility centers, according ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Media responsibility is a term for the belief that mass media have a basic responsibility to help strengthen and support democratic processes. Although this is a Subjectivity subjective concept, hard to define, arguments have been made for newspapers, television, radio, and perhaps types of Internet communication to act as a government wikt watchdog watchdog , as a gatekeeper and instrument to disseminate necessary information, and more popularly, as a reflection of cultural interests and trends. Because the news media typically amplifies popular backlash against unpopular groups during a moral panic , advocates of media responsibility also call for media outlets to refrain from sensationalizing related incidents. Otherwise, the resulting public outrage might manifest in ill conceived legislation against a folk devil or in popular vigilantism against the persecuted. DEFAULTSORT Media Responsibility Category Journalism ethics Category Mass media ... more details
The Statue of Responsibility is a proposed structure to be built on the West Coast of the United States . The prototype, sculpted by project artist Gary Lee Price , consists of a pair of clasped hands oriented vertically, symbolizing the responsibility that comes with liberty. The person who suggested the Statue of Responsibility was scholar Viktor Frankl in his book Man s Search for Meaning . He recommended that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast of the United States East Coast should be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast. His thought was that Freedom, however, is not the last word. Freedom is only part of the story and half of the truth. Freedom is but the negative aspect of the whole phenomenon whose positive aspect is responsibleness. In fact, freedom is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is lived in terms of responsibleness. ref ... http www.heraldextra.com news article 21e93a1f 94db 5533 9e5c 0560fff08972.html Statue of Responsibility ... Statue of Responsibility Foundation. The project has progressed slowly, but in 2010, the Utah state ... the Birthplace of the Statue of Responsibility. ref Justin Moyer, Dream unwillingly deferred Still lack funding to build Statue of Responsibility, Washington Post, 8 April 2010, http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2010 04 07 AR2010040704548.html ref 2010 also saw the Statue of Responsibility ... Club . ref Statue of Responsibility Foundation Newsletter 26, 11 June 2010 ref The statue foundation ... The Foundation intends to incorporate following elements of the Statue of Liberty into the Statue of Responsibility ... www.sorfoundation.org Statue of Responsibility Foundation http sfreporter.com articles publish sfr ... kenneth linges journal 2008 12 27 statue of responsibility gary lee price.html Photography of Statue of Responsibility & Gary Lee Price. Gary working on the 13 ft. clay prototype of the monument ..., July 8, 2009. Fox 13 Report http www.fox13now.com news kstu statue of responsibility unveiled ... more details
Responsibility , in the context of the law , may refer to A measure of mental capacity, used in deciding the extent to which a person can be held accountable for a crime see diminished responsibility . Specific duties imposed upon persons to care or provide for others, such as the parents duty to the child or the guardianship of a ward law ward . A person s role in causing an event to happen. A chain of causation means an individual is responsible for an event. This is part of the law of legal liability and public liability . Disambig ... more details
Original research article date July 2007 Responsibility assumption is a doctrine in the personal growth field holding that each individual has substantial or total Moral responsibilityresponsibility for the events ..., the doctrine of responsibility assumption posits that the individual s mental contribution to his ... responsibility assumption thus has a specialized meaning beyond the general concept of taking responsibility ... such as responsibility exists. Variations in degree of personal responsibility postulated The main variable within various interpretations of the responsibility assumption doctrine is the degree ... partial but substantial to total responsibility. Partial but substantial responsibility In its forms positing less than total responsibility, the doctrine appears in nearly all motivational programs, some ... our attitudes toward them. Total responsibility In its more absolute form, the doctrine becomes ... is the threshold of reversed mental causality causation , where sufficient responsibility is assigned ... of responsibility assumption that would support these propositions and more. ref Espouse total responsibility http www.mrfire.com article archives new articles worlds most unusual therapist.html ...&mid 80&bottom 124&siteObjectID 368 this site states Responsibility, according to The Charter of The Landmark ... roots and usage The Erhard Seminars Training est seminars popularized the doctrine responsibility ... Retributive justice retribution for earlier acts, while responsibility assumption posits more of an immediate ... elements similar to responsibility assumption. Fact date February 2007 The doctrine can be found in the work ... . In popular culture The theme of responsibility assumption appears in several places in popular ... lines of Farewell Andromeda capture the essence of responsibility assumption Welcome to my ... Forbidden Planet featured an analogous concept to responsibility assumption, about a race who, through ... responsibility assumption. Throughout the short seventeen episode series, the eponym ous prisoner ... more details
distinguish Collective guilt For the British Parliamentary discipline Cabinet collective responsibility Unreferenced date September 2009 Collective responsibility is a concept or doctrine, according to which individuals are to be held responsible for other people s actions by tolerating, ignoring, or harboring them, without actively collaborating in these actions. In religion This concept is found in the Old Testament or Tanakh , some examples include the account of the Noah s Ark Flood , the Tower of Babel , Sodom and Gomorrah and in some interpretations, the Book of Joshua s Achan . In those records entire communities were punished on the act of the vast majority of their members, however it is impossible that there weren t any innocent people, or children too young to be responsible for their deeds. The practice of blaming the Jews for Jesus death is the longest example of collective responsibility. In this case, the blame was cast not only on the Jews of the time but upon successive generations. However, the Second Vatican Council essentially absolved the Jewish people from the charge of deicide in Nostra Aetate , the Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non Christian ... responsibility, in the form of School discipline Group punishment group punishment , is often ... holds responsibility for what other members of their group have done, even if they themselves ... or responsibility independent of any of the group s members. The mass shootings of Nicholas II s family ... decrees . In civil society As the business practices known as Corporate Social Responsibility ..., the termed collective responsibility is beginning to be more widely used. See also Achan Collective punishment Corporate personality Diffusion of responsibility Frith borh Gonin Gumi Reprisal War crime External links sep entry collective responsibility Collective Responsibility DEFAULTSORT Collective Responsibility Category Political theories Category Sociology Category Collective punishment Category ... more details
Other uses Responsibility disambiguation Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Responsibility is a novel by New Zealand author Nigel Cox , published by Victoria University Press in 2005. The novel is set in contemporary Berlin , and tells the story of an expatriate New Zealander who, whilst working as a consultant for Germany German museum s, becomes embroiled in criminal activity out of boredom. The novel is notable for combining Hardboiled noir and detective fiction clich s with comedy , as well as having a serious emotional centre. Much of the book s source material is drawn from Nigel Cox s own experiences living in Berlin, and working at the Jewish Museum Berlin Jewish Museum there, between 2000 and 2005. See also portal Novels Nigel Cox Dirty Work New Zealand novel Victoria University Press DEFAULTSORT Responsibility Novel Category 2005 novels 2000s novel stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2010 Acceptance of responsibility is a provision in the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines providing for a decrease by 2 or 3 levels in offenders offense level for admitting guilt and otherwise demonstrating behavior consistent with acceptance of responsibility, such as ending criminal conduct and associations. It amounts to a sentence reduction of about 35 . ref citation volume 54 publisher Stan. L. Rev. pages 311 date 2001 2002 title Apprendi and the Dynamics of Guilty Pleas author Bibas, Stephanos url http heinonlinebackup.com hol cgi bin get pdf.cgi?handle hein.journals stflr54§ion 17 ref The 3 level reduction is only available to defendants with an offense level of 16 or greater, and it requires a timely guilty plea. Federal plea agreement s usually include a stipulation that the government will support granting the defendant the acceptance of responsibility reduction. The guideline states, in reference to the 2 level reduction ref name guideline citation url http ... of responsibility for his criminal conduct even though he exercises his U.S. Constitution constitutional ..., a determination that a defendant has accepted responsibility will be based primarily upon pre trial ... influence on the sentence reduction for acceptance of responsibility. ref citation url http www.informaworld.com ... for the Fifth Circuit has held that lack of remorse and acceptance of responsibility can be separate ... of Responsibility The Structure, Implementation, and Reform of Section 3E1.1 of the Federal Sentencing ... hein.journals illlr91§ion 51 ref Some courts use the acceptance of responsibility guideline .... ref citation 78 N.Y.U. L. Rev. pages 2103 year 2003 title Remorse, Responsibility, and Regulating ... has accepted responsibility for his crime is a factual determination to which most ... interests. For several reasons, a defendant who clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility ... is appropriately given a lower offense level than a defendant who has not demonstrated acceptance of responsibility ... more details
The laws of state responsibility are the principles governing when and how a Sovereign state state is held Moral responsibility responsible for a breach of an international obligation . Rather than set forth any particular obligations, the rules of state responsibility determine, in general, when an obligation ... rules that address basic issues of responsibility and remedies available for breach of primary ... of the law of state responsibility was not well developed. The position has now changed, with the adoption of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts Draft Articles by the International Law Commission ILC in August 2001. ref Draft Articles on the Responsibility ... Rights , have established their own special rules of responsibility. History Traditionally, the term state responsibility referred only to state responsibility for injuries to Alien law aliens . It included ... of state responsibility reflected the traditional focus on responsibility for injuries to aliens. ref See Y. Matsui, The Transformation of the Law of State Responsibility 1993 20 Thesaurus Acroasium ... and their property. Attempts to codify and develop the rules of state responsibility have continued ... international law of state responsibility concerning matters such as detention and physical ... aliens or nationals. The concept of a general regime of legal responsibility, which the rules of state responsibility have taken on, is an inception of the Civil law legal system civil law system and is largely foreign to the common law tradition. Codification The topic of state responsibility was one ... the topic for codification in 1953, state responsibility was distinguished from a separate topic on the treatment of aliens , reflecting the growing view that state responsibility encompasses the breach ... 50, UN Doc. A CN.4 SER.A 1949. ref The ILC s first special rapporteur on state responsibility, F.V. ... confusion and uncertainty. ref F. V. Garc a Amador, First Report on International Responsibility ... more details
no footnotes date February 2010 Social responsibility is an ethics ethical ideology or theory that an entity , be it an organization or individual , has an obligation to act to benefit society at large. This responsibility can be passive, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or active, by performing activities that directly advance social goals. Businesses can use ethical decision making to secure their businesses by making decisions that allow for government agencies to minimize their involvement .... Critics argue that Corporate social responsibility CSR distracts from the fundamental economic ... Normative Status of Social Responsibility Social responsibility as a non binding, or soft law ... social responsibility ISO 26000 Social Responsibility. Due for publication in 2010, this standard will encourage voluntary commitment to social responsibility and will lead to common guidance on concepts ... Social Responsibility Social enterprise Social entrepreneurship Socially responsible investing ... Haynes, T. n.d. . Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Answers.com http www.answers.com topic social responsibility and organizational ethics Carpenter, M ... sr Kaliski, B. Ed. . Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics. 2001 . Encyclopedia of Business ... Social Responsibility edition year 2008 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford ... Responsibility edition year 2007 publisher Wiley location London, England New York, NY isbn 978 ... Roper editor title The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility edition year 2007 publisher Oxford ... editor title The New Corporate Accountability Corporate Social Responsibility and the Law year ... for Others Social Responsibility in the Domains of Family, Work, and Community edition year 2001 ... Social Responsibility Limitations and Opportunities in International Law edition year 2006 ... issues in ethics Category Social responsibility ar es Responsabilidad social fr Responsabilit ... more details
unreferenced date February 2009 Infobox Single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Responsibility Cover Caption Artist MxPx from Album The Ever Passing Moment A side B side Released 2000 Format Vinyl record Vinyl Recorded Genre Pop punk Length 2 40 Label A&M Records A&M Writer Producer Jerry Finn Certification Chart position Last single The Broken Bones br 2000 This single Responsibility br 2000 Next single Everything Sucks When You re Gone br 2004 Misc Responsibility is a song by pop punk band MxPx . It was released in 2000 and appeared on their sixth album The Ever Passing Moment and was a minor radio hit, peaking at 24 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart. The video, which is directed by The Malloys , features Mike, Tom, and Yuri messing around and causing mayhem while caddying at a golf course, and also includes an appearance by Cheers star George Wendt . MxPx Category MxPx songs Category 2000 singles punk song stub ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Rewrite date December 2009 For the Chain of Responsibility Design Pattern Chain of responsibility pattern The chain of responsibility is a policy concept used in Australian transport legislation to place legal obligations on parties in the transport supply chain or across transport industries generally. The concept was initially developed to apply in the heavy vehicle industry in regulated areas such as speeding , fatigue medical fatigue and mass, loading and dimension. It has since spread to other transport sectors, particularly in Victoria Australia Victoria where it has ... of responsibility concept intially developed out of a recognition that unlawful behaviour by truck ... and regulate the actions of other key parties. Chain of responsibility laws therefore seek to provide ... of responsibility has had an important impact in the transport industry by ensuring that all parties ... States a court examined the chain of responsibility and found McDonald s to be Liebeck ... into the Second Lebanon War considered the chain of responsibility in looking at Ministerial Accountability ..., personal responsibility extends to accountability. Accountability, on the other hand, can turn into personal responsibility when failure at lower levels is the result of a lack of proper supervision ... of responsibility and in case of a failure, the responsibility passes from lower echelons to higher ones. Victorian reforms Transport Legislation Review In recent years, the chain of responsibility ... regulation ... T the legislation does not establish a coherent chain of responsibility for the effective ... safety and clearly identifies the roles and the safety chain of responsibility between them. The duties emphasise the responsibility of each participant to take steps as far as reasonably practicable ... at law and sanctions and penalties are allocated according the level of responsibility each party ... which drew heavily on the Victorian work including its adaption of the chain of responsibility concept ... more details
Freedom Moral responsibility usually refers to the idea that a person has moral obligation s in certain ... what justifies punishment, if anything, is a principle concern of Ethics . People who have moral responsibility ... that action. Society generally holds people Social responsibility responsible for their actions, and will say that they deserve praise or blame for what they do. However, many believe that moral responsibility .... Another concept important to the responsibility of an agent is the Fallacy of the single cause , which points out that a person can never be wholly responsible for an outcome. Moreover, moral responsibility is not necessarily the same as legal responsibility . A person is legally responsible for an event ... on moral responsibility. Metaphysical libertarianism File DeterminismXFreeWill.jpg thumb left 220px ... Paul Sartre suggested that people sometimes avoid incrimination and responsibility by hiding behind ..., G. 1987 Background Responsibility and Excuse, Yale Law Journal , 96, pp. 1680 81 ref ref Cummins ... or its corollary, diminished responsibility a sort of appeal to the Fallacy of the single cause ... Goldstein, A. M., Morse, S. J. & Shapiro, D. L. 2003 Evaluation of criminal responsibility . In Forensic ... luck is a criticism against the Libertarian conception of moral responsibility. It suggests that any ... s argue that determinism is a prerequisite for moral responsibility, and that society cannot ... addresses the question of moral responsibility as follows Hath not the potter power over the clay ... , argue, on the basis of such cases, that our current notion of moral responsibility is founded on libertarian ..., diminished responsibility, and the juvenile death penalty . American Psychologist 58, 1009 1018 ... , 27 33 44. ref In each case, the guilty party can, they argue, be said to have less responsibility ... and well known, jurors interpretations of free will and moral responsibility will move away from ... anyone would care about whether someone had the property of responsibility and speculates that the idea ... more details
The responsibility to protect RtoP or R2P is a norm or set of principles based on the idea that sovereignty is not a privilege, but a responsibility. RtoP focuses on preventing and halting four crimes ... on the Prevention of Genocide, http www.un.org preventgenocide adviser mandate.shtml ref The responsibility to protect can be thought of as having three parts. A State has a responsibility to protect ... has a responsibility to assist the state by building its capacity. This can mean building early warning ... the responsibility to intervene at first diplomatically, then more coercively, and as a last resort ... in September 2000. In December 2001, the ICISS released its report, The Responsibility to Protect. Building on the idea that sovereignty is a responsibility, the report outlined that the international community has the responsibility to prevent mass atrocities with economic, political, and social ... Responsibility to Protect, International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty ref The African Union pioneered the concept that the international community has a responsibility to intervene ... i.e. it applies to the four crimes only and to whom the responsibility actually falls i.e. nations .... Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. This responsibility entails the prevention of such crimes, including their incitement, through appropriate and necessary means. We accept that responsibility ... and help States to exercise this responsibility and support the United Nations in establishing an early ... the responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means, in accordance ... stress the need for the General Assembly to continue consideration of the responsibility to protect ... moon released a report called Implementing the Responsibility to Protect . This report argued for the implementation ... have the primary responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic ... more details
The Responsibility of Intellectuals ref cite journal last Chomsky first Noam title The Responsibility of Intellectuals journal The New York Review of Books volume 8 issue 3 pages date 1967 02 23 url http www.nybooks.com articles 12172 accessdate 2009 09 03 ref ref Cite web last Chomsky first Noam title The Responsibility of Intellectuals publisher The New York Review of Books date February 23, 1967 url http www.chomsky.info articles 19670223.htm fn21 accessdate 13 December 2009 ref is an essay by the US academic Noam Chomsky which was published as a special supplement by The New York Review of Books on the 23 February 1967. The article is an attack on the intellectual culture in the United States which Chomsky argues is largely subservient to power. He is particularly critical of social scientists and technocrats who he believed were providing a pseudo scientific justification for the crimes of the state in particular those relating to the Vietnam War . He notes that those who opposed the war on moral rather than technical grounds are often psychologists, mathematicians, chemists, or philosophers...rather than people with Washington D.C. Washington contacts, who, of course, realize that had they a new, good idea about Vietnam, they would get a prompt and respectful hearing in Washington. The topic was inspired by articles of Dwight Macdonald published after the Second World War who asks the question To what extent were the German or Japanese people responsible for the atrocities committed by their governments? And, quite properly...turns the question back to us To what extent ... to Dwight Macdonald and the responsibility of intellectuals. Macdonald quotes an interview with a death ... that will be used to justify the next defense of freedom. Chomsky, The Responsibility of Intellectuals 1967 See also Intellectual responsibility the more general concept found in philosophy ... Chomsky DEFAULTSORT Responsibility of Intellectuals, The Category Works by Noam Chomsky Category 1967 ... more details
citations missing date December 2007 Criminal defenses In criminal law , diminished responsibility or diminished capacity is a potential defense legal defense by excuse by which defendant s argue that although they broke the law , they should not be held fully crime criminally Legal liability liable for doing so, as their mental functions were diminished or impaired. The defense s acceptance in American ..., in the Columbia Law Review 1977 p. 830 , stated, the defense of diminished responsibility ...was first ... not have been criminally responsible see s50 Children and Young Persons Act 1933 , and his mental responsibility ... capacity is hereby abolished ... there shall be no defense of diminished capacity, diminished responsibility ... page, see diminished responsibility in English law Scottish law During the course of the 20th century the courts began to limit the mental conditions falling within diminished responsibility. In HM Advocate ... that responsibility is diminished from full responsibility to partial responsibility. In other words .... This statement became the authoritative version of the test for diminished responsibility and the various .... Instead the court ruled that diminished responsibility required the existence of an abnormality ... reported in 2004 proposing changes to the law on insanity and diminished responsibility ref ... Responsibility, 2004 ref Australia and India At present, Diminished Responsibility exists as a statutory ... Responsibility as a Defence in Irish Law , 1995 5 Irish Criminal Law Journal 193. Boland, F, Diminished Responsibility as a Defence in Irish Law Past English Mistakes and Future Irish Directions ... Offenders London HMSO Cmnd 6244. Dell, S, Diminished Responsibility Reconsidered , 1982 CLR 809 ..., E, The Future of Diminished Responsibility , 1988 CLR 75. Scottish Law Commission. Discussion Paper on Insanity and Diminished Responsibility. Discussion Paper No 122. 2003 http www.scotlawcom.gov.uk downloads dp122 insanity.pdf DEFAULTSORT Diminished Responsibility Category Criminal defenses Category ... more details
Psychology sidebar Unreferenced date July 2010 Diffusion of responsibility is a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned. This phenomenon rarely ever occurs in small groups. In tests, when in groups of three or fewer, everyone in the group took action. This is as opposed to when in groups of over ten, where in almost every test no one took action. This mindset can be seen in the phrase No one raindrop thinks it caused the flood . Diffusion of responsibility can manifest itself in a group of people who, through action or inaction, allow events to occur which they would never allow if they were alone. Examples include groupthink and the bystander effect . in a group of people working on a task that loses motivation because people feel less responsible and hide their lack of effort in the group social loafing . in hierarchical organization s, such as when underlings claim that they were just following orders and supervisors claim that they were just issuing directives and not doing the deeds. Examples Kitty Genovese , a New York woman, was stabbed to death near her apartment. The initial reports of inaction by witnesses prompted research into possible reasons for that, which helped develop the concepts of diffusion of responsibility and bystander effect . In a firing squad , one or more of the shooters may be randomly issued a weapon containing a blank cartridge rather than a bullet. This allows each of the members of the firing squad to believe that he did not fire a fatal shot. In some electric chair s there are many switches, only one of which is connected. The executioners may then choose to believe that they pulled a non functional switch. Legal uses The third definition of diffusion of responsibility was famously used as a legal defense by many of the Nazi Party Nazis being tried at Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg and later the perpetrators of the My Lai massacre . It has also ... more details
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