italic title Taxobox name Prochlorococcus image image width 200px image caption regnum Bacteria phylum Cyanobacteria ordo Synechococcales familia Synechococcaceae genus Prochlorococcus genus authority Sallie W. Chisholm Chisholm et al., 1992 subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. marinus Prochlorococcus ... Ocean revealed by HPLC analysis journal Limnology and Oceanography volume 28 pages 757 766 ref Prochlorococcus ... , and other collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry . The first culture of Prochlorococcus ... strain was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea strain MED . The name Prochlorococcus ref cite journal ..., L. West Johnsrud & E. R. Zettler year 1992 title Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp. an oxyphototrophic ... that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll b containing bacteria, called ... are to date the smallest known Photosynthesis photosynthetic organisms Prochlorococcus is the smallest ... Patterns and implications of gene gain and loss in the evolution of Prochlorococcus . PLoS Genet ... ap060927.html title DGF publisher NASA ref Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40 N and 40 S and dominates ..., W. R. Hess & D. Vaulot year 1999 title Prochlorococcus , a marine photosynthetic prokaryote ... of Prochlorococcus is unique, consisting predominantly of divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a Chl a2 and b Chl b2 and lacking monovinyl chlorophylls. Prochlorococcus occupies two distinct niches ... N. J. West & D. J. Scanlan year 1999 title Niche partitioning of Prochlorococcus in a stratified water ... the genomes of several strains of Prochlorococcus have been sequenced. ref cite journal author ... year 2003 title Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation ... 2003 title Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic ... year 1994 title The importance of Prochlorococcus to community structure in the central North Pacific ... adaptation in a globally significant marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 journal Journal ... more details
as Prochlorococcus marinus . ref name Chisholm 92 Chisholm, S. W. et al. 1992 . Prochlorococcus ... populations on marine samples. Three groups of cells Prochlorococcus , Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes .... et al. 2006 . Niche partitioning among Prochlorococcus ecotypes along ocean scale environmental gradients ... abundant in relatively mesotrophic waters. Cyanobacteria belonging to the genus Prochlorococcus are particularly remarkable. With a typical size of 0.6 m, Prochlorococcus was discovered only ... belt. ref name Partensky 99 Partensky, F. et al. 1999 . Prochlorococcus , a marine photosynthetic ... upwelling or in coastal regions. The Prochlorococcus cyanobacterium replaces it when the waters ... for example in the North Atlantic Ocean , Prochlorococcus is absent because the cold waters prevent ..., the genomes of several types of Prochlorococcus ref name Rocap 03 Rocap, G. et al. 2003 . Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation. Nature 424 1042 7. ref ref name Dufresne 03 Dufresne, A. et al. 2003 . Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus ... that have been sequenced to date Genus Strain Sequencing center Remark Prochlorococcus MED4 Joint Genome .... A. & Vaulot, D. 1994. The importance of Prochlorococcus to community structure in the central North ... more details
but no diagnostic pigment for this organism is known. Zeaxanthin is also found in Prochlorococcus , red ... distribution and ecology of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus in oceanic waters a review editor Charpy ... is usually far outnumbered by Prochlorococcus in all environments, where they co occur ... and spatially. Overall Synechococcus abundance often parallels that of Prochlorococcus in the water ... abundance ref name Par99a ref name Bla92 and an inverse relationship to Prochlorococcus ... and elevated form IA cyanobacterial rbcL mRNA. It should also be noted that Prochlorococcus ... ref name Par99a . Assuming average cellular carbon concentrations it has thus been estimated that Prochlorococcus ... small Copeland small col end See also Photosynthetic picoplankton Prochlorococcus References ... The importance of Prochlorococcus to community structure in the central North Pacific Ocean journal ... Prochlorococcus, a Marine Photosynthetic Prokaryote of Global Significance journal Microbiology ..., W. K. W. Li, O. Ulloa & D. Vaulot year 1993 title Photoacclimation of Prochlorococcus sp. Prochlorophyta ... more details
Image Cyanophages.png thumb 300px right Electron micrograph of negative stained Prochlorococcus myoviruses A cyanophage is a virus that infects cyanobacteria . The name is constructed from the term phage, for a virus that targets bacteria, and cyanobacteria for the specific type of bacteria this virus uses for replication. Because of the important role of cyanobacteria as primary producer s in the world s oceans , the study of their phage ecology is important toward understanding global carbon cycling . External links http viruses.bluemicrobe.com the Virus Ecology Group VEG http www.phage.org the Bacteriophage Ecology Group BEG http www.eebweb.arizona.edu Faculty mbsulli the Tucson Marine Phage Lab TMPL Further reading cite journal author Clokie MR, Mann NH title Marine cyanophages and light journal Environ Microbiol. volume 8 issue 12 pages 2074 82 year 2006 month Dec pmid 17107549 doi 10.1111 j.1462 2920.2006.01171.x url http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin fulltext 118567331 PDFSTART cite journal author Mann NH title Phages of the marine cyanobacterial picophytoplankton journal FEMS Microbiol Rev. volume 27 issue 1 pages 17 34 year 2003 month Apr pmid 12697340 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0168644503000160 doi 10.1016 S0168 6445 03 00016 0 cite journal author Paul JH, Sullivan MB title Marine phage genomics what have we learned? journal Curr Opin Biotechnol. volume 16 issue 3 pages 299 307 year 2005 month Jun pmid 15961031 doi 10.1016 j.copbio.2005.03.007 Category Bacteriophages Category Microbiology Virus stub cs Cyanof g es Cian fago ta ... more details
Orphan date August 2008 Rfam box acc ATPC secondary structure description ATPC RNA motif abbreviation ATPC avg length 90.70 avg identity 77.00 type Gene se Published PMID 17621584 Weinberg Z ss Published PMID 17621584 Weinberg Z release 9.1 The ATPC RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in certain cyanobacteria . ref cite journal author Weinberg Z, Barrick JE, Yao Z, et al. title Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 35 issue 14 pages 4809 19 year 2007 pmid 17621584 pmc 1950547 doi 10.1093 nar gkm487 url ref It is apparently ubiquitous in Prochlorococcus marinus , and is present in many species in the genus Synechococcus . The RNA is always found within an operon encoding subunits of ATP synthase , and it is always located downstream of the gene encoding the A subunit of ATP synthase, and upstream of the C subunit gene. This location is consistent with a cis regulatory element , but also with a non coding RNA that is transcribed with the ATP synthase genes. Simple RNA structures called stem loop s have been reported in the ATP synthase operons of various cyanobacteria, ref cite journal author Curtis SE title Structure, organization and expression of cyanobacterial ATP synthase genes journal Photosynth. Res. volume 18 pages 223 244 year 1988 doi 10.1007 BF00042986 ref but not structures such as the 3 stem junction that is the main feature of the ATPC RNA motif. References references External links Rfam id RF01067 name ATPC RNA motif DEFAULTSORT Atpc Rna Motif Category Cis regulatory RNA elements Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Bacterioplankton refers to the bacterium bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word lang grc lang grc Latn planktos , meaning wanderer or drifter Thurman, 1997 , and lang la bacterium , a Latin neologism coined in the 19th century by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg . They are found in both seawater and freshwater . Bacterioplankton occupy a range of ecological niche s in aquatic systems. Many are saprotroph ic, and obtain energy by consuming organic material produced by other organisms. This material may be Dissolved Organic Carbon dissolved in the medium and taken directly from there, or bacteria may live and grow in association with particulate material such as marine snow . Many other bacterioplankton species are autotroph ic, and derive energy from either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis . The former are often categorised as phytoplankton picophytoplankton , and include cyanobacteria l groups such as Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus . Bacterioplankton also play roles in ecological pathways such as nitrogen fixation , nitrification , denitrification , remineralisation and methanogen esis. Like other small plankton, the bacterioplankton are predation preyed upon by zooplankton usually protozoa ns , and their numbers are also controlled through infection by bacteriophage s. See also Cyanobacteria Pelagibacter Phytoplankton Plankton Zooplankton References cite book last Thurman first H. V. year 1997 title Introductory Oceanography publisher Prentice Hall College location New Jersey, USA isbn 0 13 262072 3 External links http thalassa.cbl.umces.edu MO2006 Typical Marine bacterioplankton http thalassa.cbl.umces.edu MO2006 marbac.html A list of Seawater Bacteria http halia.hik.se mbd start.jsp Marine Bacterioplankton Database plankton Category Biological oceanography Category Planktology Category Aquatic ecology de Bakterio und Virioplankton et Bakterioplankton fr Bact rioplancton pl Bakteriop ... more details
File Downstream peptide RNA.svg right frame Consensus secondary structure of Downstream peptide RNAs. This figure is adapted from a previous publication. ref name Weinberg2010 The Downstream peptide motif refers to a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics in the cyanobacteria l genus genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and one phage that infects such bacteria . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref It was also detected in marine ocean marine samples of DNA from uncultivated bacteria , which are presumably other species of cyanobacteria. Downstream peptide RNAs are found upstream of short open reading frame s ORFs that are predicted to encode short peptide s usually between 17 and 100 amino acid s . One of the ORFs is apparently down regulated when cells are grown with an insufficient supply of nitrogen sources. ref name Axmann cite journal author Axmann IM, Kensche P, Vogel J, Kohl S, Herzel H, Hess WR title Identification of cyanobacterial non coding RNAs by comparative genome analysis journal Genome Biol. volume 6 issue 9 pages R73 year 2005 pmid 16168080 pmc 1242208 doi 10.1186 gb 2005 6 9 r73 url ref Downstream peptide RNAs overlap a predicted non coding RNA called yfr6 that is over 200 nucleotide s in length, ref name Axmann but it was proposed that only the upstream region corresponding to the Downstream peptide motif functions as an RNA structure. ref name Weinberg2010 A distinct predicted non coding RNA called yfr14 ref cite journal author Steglich C, Futschik ME, Lindell D, Voss B, Chisholm SW, Hess WR editor1 last Matic editor1 first Ivan title The challenge of regulation in a minimal photoautotroph non coding RNAs in Prochlorococcus journal PLoS Genet. volum ... more details
File glnA RNA.svg right frame Consensus secondary structure of glnA RNAs. This figure is adapted from a previous publication. ref name Weinberg2010 The glnA RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was predicted by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 pmc 2864571 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url ref It is present in a variety of lineages of cyanobacteria , as well as some phage s that infect cyanobacteria. It is also found in DNA extracted from uncultivated bacteria living in the ocean that are presumably species of cyanobacteria. glnA RNAs are found in the presumed 5 untranslated region s of gene s encoding multiple classes of protein that are involved in nitrogen metabolism . The most prominent of these protein classes are ammonium membrane transporter protein transporter s, the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase NADPH glutamate synthase and PII protein P sub II sub protein, which itself regulates nitrogen metabolism. Further supporting a possible role as a cis regulatory element in control of nitrogen metabolism, the Prochlorococcus marinus gene designed as PMT1479 was more repressed than another other gene in this organism when it was growth without a sufficient supply of nitrogen . ref name Weinberg2010 ref cite journal author Tolonen AC, Aach J, Lindell D, et al. title Global gene expression of Prochlorococcus ecotypes in response to changes in nitrogen availability journal Mol. Syst. Biol. volume 2 issue pages 53 year 2006 pmid 17016519 pmc 1682016 doi 10.1038 msb4100087 url ref It was demonstrated that glnA RNAs correspond to glutamine binding riboswitch es, ref name ames2011 cite journal author Ames TD, Breaker RR title Bacterial aptamers that selectively bind glutamine journal RNA Biol vo ... more details
Taxobox virus group i ordo Caudovirales familia Podoviridae subdivision ranks Sub families subdivision Autographivirinae Picovirinae The Podoviridae are a family of bacteriophage s, including the following genera Genus BPP 1 like viruses type species Salmonella phage BPP 1 Species Bordetella phage BPP 1 , Burkholderia phage BcepC6B , Salmonella phage BPP 1 Genus Epsilon15 like viruses type species Salmonella phage epsilon15 Species Escherichia phage PhiV10 , Salmonella phage epsilon15 Genus LUZ24 like viruses type species Pseudomonas phage LUZ24 Species Pseudomonas phage LUZ24 , Pseudomonas phage PaP3 Genus N4 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage N4 Genus P22 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage P22 Species Enterobacteria phage P22 , Salmonella phage HK620 , Salmonella phage ST64T , Shigella phage Sf6 Genus Phieco32 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage Phieco32 Genus Unassigned Species Endosymbiont phage APSE 1 , Lactococcus phage KSY1 , Phormidium phage Pf WMP3 , Phormidium phage Pf WMP4 , Pseudomonas phage 119X , Pseudomonas phage F116 , Roseobacter phage SIO1 , Vibrio phage VpV262 Subfamilies Podoviridae includes the following subfamilies Subfamily Autographivirinae Genus PhiKMV like viruses type species Pseudomonas phage phiKMV Species Pseudomonas phage LKA1 , Pseudomonas phage phiKMV Genus SP6 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage SP6 Species Enterobacteria phage K1 5 , Enterobacteria phage K1E , Enterobacteria phage K5 , Enterobacteria phage SP6 , Enterobacteria phage Era103 Genus T7 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage T7 Species Enterobacteria phage T7 , Kluyvera phage Kvp1 , Pseudomonad phage gh 1 Genus Unassigned Species Prochlorococcus phage P SSP7 , Synechococcus phage P60 , Synechococcus phage syn5 br Subfamily Picovirinae Genus AHJD like viruses type species Staphylococcus phage AHJD Species 44AHJD , Staphylococcus phage AHJD , Streptococcus phage C1 Genus Phi29 like viruses type species Bacillus phage p ... more details
File WcaG RNA.svg right frame Consensus secondary structure of wcaG RNAs. This figure is adapted from a previous publication. ref name Weinberg2010 The wcaG RNA motif is an RNA structure conserved in some bacteria that was detected by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref wcaG RNAs are found in certain phage s that infect cyanobacteria . Most known wcaG RNAs were found in sequences of DNA extracted from uncultivated marine ocean marine bacteria. wcaG RNAs might function as cis regulatory element s, in view of their consistent location in the possible 5 untranslated region s of gene s. It was suggested the wcaG RNAs might further function as riboswitch es. The genes hypothesized to be regulated by wcaG RNAs function in the synthesis of exopolysaccharide s, or are induced by high amounts of light . These latter genes presumably related to cyanobacterial photosynthesis . The detected wcaG RNAs in purified phages are upstream of high lighted induced genes. Although these genes are not thought of as typical of phages, it has previously been observed that phages infecting cyanobacteria commonly incorporate such genes. ref cite journal author Sullivan MB, Coleman ML, Weigele P, Rohwer F, Chisholm SW title Three Prochlorococcus cyanophage genomes signature features and ecological interpretations journal PLoS Biol. volume 3 issue 5 pages e144 year 2005 month May pmid 15828858 pmc 1079782 doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030144 url ref ref cite journal author Rohwer F, Thurber RV title Viruses manipulate the marine environment journal Nature volume 459 issue 7244 pages 207 12 year 2009 month May pmid 19444207 doi 10.1038 nature08060 url ref ref cite journal author Lindell D, Jaffe JD, Co ... more details
can be divided into two subgroups, one found in Marine ocean marine cyanobacteria e.g. the Prochlorococcus ... rplL Gene Product 28s 29 rplL in almost all marine cyanobacteria studied. ref name prime In the Prochlorococcus ... RNAs in Prochlorococcus journal PLoS Genet. volume 4 issue 8 pages e1000173 year 2008 month August ... more details
cycle . The tiny marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 and accounts ... and have chlorophyll b instead Prochloron , Prochlorococcus , Prochlorothrix . These were ... 75 1 Clade 2 Clade 2 Clade 2 all other cyanobacteria 1 plastid s 1 Clade 1 Prochlorococcus 2 Synechococcus ... and Prochlorotrichaceae The genera Halospirulina , Planktothricoides , Prochlorococcus , Prochloron ... have been found in Prochlorococcus spp. 1.7 Mb ref cite journal author G. Rocap, et al. year 2003 title Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation journal ... Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome. journal Proc. Natl Acad. Sci ... more details
Image Cyanophages.png thumb 300px right Electron micrograph of negative stained Prochlorococcus myoviruses Marine bacteriophages or marine phages are virus es that live as Obligate parasite obligate parasitism parasitic agents in Marine ocean marine bacteria such as cyanobacteria . ref name Mann cite journal last Mann first NH title The third age of phage journal PloS Biol volume 3 issue 5 pages 753 755 publisher Public Library of Science location United States date 2005 05 17 url 7885 3 5 pdf 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030182 S.pdf doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030182 accessdate 2008 03 31 pmid 15884981 pmc 1110918 ref Their existence was discovered through Transmission electron microscopy electron microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy of ecological water samples, and later through Metagenomics metagenomic sampling of uncultured viral samples. ref name Mann ref name Wommack1996 cite journal last Wommack first K. Eric coauthors Russell T. Hill, Terri A. Muller, and Rita R. Colwell title Effects of sunlight on bacteriophage viability and structure journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology volume 62 issue 4 pages 1336 1341 publisher American Society for Microbiology location United States of America date April 1996 accessdate pmid 8919794 pmc 167899 ref The Caudovirales tailed bacteriophages appear to dominate marine ecosystems in number and diversity of organisms. ref name Mann Bacteriophages, viruses that are parasitic on bacteria, were first discovered in the early twentieth century. Scientists today consider that their importance in ecosystems , particularly marine ecosystems , has been underestimated, leading to these infectious agents being poorly investigated and their numbers and species biodiversity being greatly under reported. ref name Kellogg1995 cite journal last Kellogg first CA coauthors JB Rose, SC Jiang, and JM Thurmond, and JH Paul title Genetic diversity of related vibriophages isolated from marine environments around Florida and Hawaii, USA journal ... more details
is available. 15 of these cyanobacteria come from the marine environment. These are six Prochlorococcus ..., there are many more genome projects currently in progress, amongst those there are further Prochlorococcus ... more details
organisms the smallest of all, Prochlorococcus , is just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across. ref cite ... of Gene Gain and Loss in the Evolution of Prochlorococcus url http www.plosgenetics.org article info ... journal.pgen.0030231 volume 3 issue 12 year 2007 month December pages e231 ref Prochlorococcus is possibly .... ref cite web url http antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov apod ap060927.html title DGF publisher NASA ref Prochlorococcus ... of the oceans. ref cite journal author F. Partensky, W. R. Hess & D. Vaulot year 1999 title Prochlorococcus ... more details
Image Oxygen Cycle.jpg thumb 350px right The oxygen cycle. The Oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within its three main reservoirs the Earth s atmosphere atmosphere air , the total content of biological matter within the biosphere the global sum of all ecosystems , and the lithosphere Earth s crust . Failures in the oxygen cycle within the hydrosphere the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet can result in the development of hypoxic zone s. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis , which is responsible for the modern Earth s atmosphere and life. Reservoirs By far the largest reservoir of Earth s oxygen is within the silicate and oxide mineral s of the Crust geology crust and Mantle geology mantle 99.5 . Only a small portion has been released as free oxygen to the biosphere 0.01 and atmosphere 0.36 . The main source of atmospheric oxygen is photosynthesis, which produces sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water 6CO sub 2 sub 6H sub 2 sub O energy C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6O sub 2 sub Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas as well as the phytoplankton of the oceans. The tiny marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 and accounts for more than half of the photosynthesis of the open ocean. ref Steve Nadis, The Cells That Rule the Seas , Scientific American, Nov. 2003 http sciam.com article.cfm?chanID sa022&articleID 0005BE47 0078 1FA8 807883414B7F0000 ref An additional source of atmospheric oxygen comes from photolysis , whereby high energy ultraviolet radiation breaks down atmospheric water and nitrous oxide into component atoms. The free H and N atoms escape into space leaving O sub 2 sub in the atmosphere 2H sub 2 sub O energy 4H O sub 2 sub 2N sub 2 sub O energy 4N O sub 2 sub The main way oxygen is lost from the atmosphere is via Respiration physiology respiration and Decomposition decay , mechanism ... more details
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