Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Primitive , or Premative , is a descriptive term often used in the field of evolution to describe particular species or Trait biology traits that are characteristic of an older evolutionary scale of development relative to more recent developments. For example, prokaryote s such as bacterium bacteria are often described as primitive because they are older in the evolutionary time scale, and are less complex than later organism s such as eukaryote s. This term has fallen out of favor with some Evolutionary biology evolutionary biologists , since it implies that the evolutionary scale is a ladder in which each new addition is superior than organisms in the lower rungs. The argument against this limited interpretation is that far more recent or complex organisms are not always superior to older, simpler organisms. For example, archaea , forms of prokaryotic organisms, are able to survive efficiently in a much broader range of extreme environments than can advanced humans. It is for this reason that many biologists prefer the dichotomy of simple vs. complex, where the evolutionary complexity of organismal functions determines the relationship between sets , rather than levels , of the evolutionary process. In modern biology, phylogeny , the study of evolutionary relationships, takes the form of extending branches. Instead of having the evolutionary system as a division between higher superior and lower inferior organisms, each branch extends outwards to represent temporal and developmental distance. The preferred term for cladism cladists is Basal phylogenetics basal its antonym is derived . DEFAULTSORT PrimitivePhylogenetics Category Evolutionary biology Evolution stub no Utviklingsgrad ... more details
wiktionary primitivePrimitive may refer to Anarcho primitivism , an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization Primitive culture , one that lacks major signs of economic development or modernity Noble savage , uncorrupted by the influences of civilization Primitive communism , a pre agrarian form of communism according to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Primitive Church, another name for early Christianity Primitive Baptist , a religious movement seeking to retain or restore early Christian practices Primitivephylogenetics , also premative, characteristic of an early stage of development or evolution, cf. Basal phylogenetics basal Mathematics Geometric primitive , the simplest kinds of figures Simple extension Primitive element field theory Primitive element finite field Primitive cell crystallography Primitive polynomial , one of two concepts Primitive function or Antiderivative , F &prime f Primitive group Primitive permutation group Computer science Language primitive , the simplest element provided by a programming language Machine code , instructions and data directly understandable by a CPU Primitive data type , a datatype provided by a programming language Geometric primitive , the simplest kinds of figures in computer graphics Cryptographic primitive s, low level cryptographic algorithms frequently used to build computer security systems Art Na ve art , created by untrained artists Neo primitivism , looks to early human history, folk art and non Western ... Primitive , a novel by J. F. Gonzalez Primitive , a novel by Mark Nykanen Music Primitive Cyndi Lauper song , by Cyndi Lauper Primitive The Groupies song , by The Groupies and covered by The Cramps The Primitives , a British indie rock band Primitive album , by Soulfly Primitive Radio Gods , an American alternative rock band Primitive , a song by Annie Lennox, from her album Diva Annie Lennox album ... Primitive ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 In phylogenetics , a basal clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram . A basal group forms an Outgroup cladistics outgroup to the rest of the clade, such as in the following example phylogeny Basal group clade Non basal group Non basal group Non basal group Non basal group The word basal is preferred to the term primitive , which may carry false connotations of inferiority or a lack of complexity. The term basal can only be correctly applied to clades of organisms, not to individual traits possessed by the organisms although it can be misused in this manner in technical literature. While the term basal applies to clades, characters or traits are usually considered derived if they are absent in a basal group, but present in other groups. This assumption only holds true if the basal group is a good analogy for the last common ancestor of the group. As an example, the flowering plant family Amborellaceae is considered the most basal Lineage evolution lineage of extant angiosperm s. clade phylogeny Amborellales Clade Monocot s Magnoliid s Eudicot s In animal family Hominidae , the gorillas are an outgroup to chimpanzees and humans. These three species, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans form a clade, the subfamily Homininae , of which gorillas are the basal member. clade phylogeny Clade Human s Chimpanzee s Gorilla s However, in the family Hominidae, the orangutans form an outgroup to the subfamily Homininae, the clade to which gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans all belong. clade phylogeny Clade Humans Chimpanzees Gorillas Orangutan s References cite journal title A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla first1 Graham E. last1 Budd first2 S ren last2 Jensen journal Biological Reviews publisher Cambridge University Press volume 75 issue 2 year 2000 doi 10.1017 S000632310000548X pages 253 95 pmid 10881389 Category Phylogenetics ca Basal filog nia es Basal fr Base phylog n tique ... more details
File Heterobranchia tree.png thumb Graph of neighbor joining phylogenetic tree shows a clear split support visualised by long parallel edges for Acochlidiacea in red color . The graph is based on datasets by J rger et al. 2010 ref name J rger 2010 J rger K. M., St ger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schr dl M. 2010 . On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia . BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 323. doi 10.1186 1471 2148 10 323 . ref and generated by SplitsTree . A split in phylogenetics is a bipartition of a set of taxon taxa , and the smallest unit of information in unrooted phylogenetic tree s each edge of an unrooted phylogenetic tree represents one split, and the tree can be efficiently reconstructed from its set of splits. Moreover, when given several trees, the splits occurring in more than half of these trees give rise to a consensus tree, and the splits occurring in a smaller fraction of the trees generally give rise to a consensus Phylogenetic network Split Network . See also SplitsTree , a program for inferring phylogenetic split networks. References reflist Category Phylogenetics Category Trees structure ... more details
Molecular phylogenetics IPA en m l kj l r fa l d n t ks pron , also known as molecular systematics a term likely discouraged to avoid confusion with Structure activity relationship molecular biological system structure activity relationship , is the use of the structure of molecule s to gain information on an organism s evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetics phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree . History of molecular phylogenetics See History of molecular evolution The theoretical frameworks for molecular systematics were laid in the 1960s in the works of Emile Zuckerkandl , Emanuel Margoliash , Linus Pauling and Walter M. Fitch . ref Edna Su rez D az & Victor H. Anaya Mu oz 2008 History, objectivity, and the construction of molecular phylogenies. Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 39 451 468 ref Applications of molecular systematics were pioneered by Charles Sibley Charles G. Sibley bird s , Herbert C. Dessauer herpetology , and Morris Goodman primate s , followed by Allan Wilson Allan C. Wilson , Robert K. Selander , and John C. Avise who studied various groups . Work with protein electrophoresis began around 1956. Although the results were not quantitative and did not initially improve on morphological classification, they provided tantalizing hints that long held notions of the classifications of bird s, for example, needed substantial revision. In the period of 1974 1986, DNA DNA hybridization was the dominant technique. ref Ahlquist, Jon E., 1999 Charles G. Sibley A commentary on 30 years of collaboration. The Auk , vol. 116, no. 3 July 1999 . A PDF or DjVu version of this article can be downloaded from the issue s http elibrary.unm.edu sora Auk v116n03 index.php table of contents page . ref Techniques and applications ... molecular evolution computational phylogenetics PhyloCode Microbial phylogenetics References MolPhylEvol48 ... About primer phylo.html NCBI Systematics and Molecular Phylogenetics phylo Category Phylogenetics ... more details
Microbial phylogenetics is the study of the evolution ary relatedness among various groups of microorganism s. The molecular approach to microbial Molecular phylogenetics phylogenetic analysis , pioneered by Carl Woese in the 1970s and leading to the three domain model Archaea , Bacteria , Eucaryota , revolutionized our thinking about evolution in the microbial world. Phylogenetic analysis plays a central role in microbiology and the emerging fields of comparative genomics and phylogenomics require substantial knowledge and understanding of phylogenetic analysis and computational methods. ref name OrenA cite book author Oren, A Papke, RT editor year 2010 title Molecular Phylogeny of Microorganisms publisher Caister Academic Press isbn 978 1 904455 67 7 ref ref name Blum cite book author Blum, P editor year 2010 title Archaea New Models for Prokaryotic Biology publisher Caister Academic Press isbn 978 1 904455 27 1 ref Historical overview When at the end of the 19th century information began to accumulate about the diversity within the bacteria l world, scientists started to include the bacteria in phylogenetic schemes to explain how life on Earth may have developed. Some of the early phylogenetic tree s of the prokaryote world were morphology based others were based on the then current ideas on the presumed conditions on our planet at the time that life first developed. Around 1950 many leading microbiologists had become pessimistic with respect to the possibility of ever reconstructing ... views on microbial phylogeny. ref name OrenA Methods and programs The purpose of Molecular phylogenetics ..., the transfer of an adaptive gene might create a new group of organisms. ref name OrenA See also Phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics Computational phylogenetics History of molecular evolution References reflist External links http www.highveld.com pages microbial phylogenetics.html Microbial phylogenetics Category Phylogenetics ... more details
Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithm s, methods and programs to Phylogenetics ... Sci 113 3353 3354. ref Traditional phylogenetics relies on morphology biology morphological data obtained ... the more recent field of molecular phylogenetics uses nucleotide sequences encoding genes or amino acid sequences encoding protein s as the basis for classification. Many forms of molecular phylogenetics ... phylogenetics can be either rooted or unrooted depending on the input data and the algorithm ... homology Morphological analysis The basic problem in morphological phylogenetics is the assembly of a matrix ... in morphological phylogenetics problems and solutions. Syst Biol 50 5 689 99. ref Because morphological ... applied to phylogenetics in the early 1980s. ref name hendy Hendy MD, Penny D. 1982 . Branch and bound ... implies, it requires as input both a branching rule in the case of phylogenetics, the addition of the next ... a good bound is the most challenging aspect of the algorithm s application to phylogenetics ... distribution is a point of contention among users of Bayesian inference phylogenetics methods ... algorithms, although the choice of move set varies selections used in Bayesian phylogenetics include ... a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Mol Biol Evol 46 409 18. ref The use of Bayesian methods in phylogenetics ... Molecular phylogenetics methods rely on a defined substitution model that encodes a hypothesis ... annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152633 title Model Selection in Phylogenetics year 2005 author Sullivan ... interpretation but penalizes complex models more heavily. ref name Sullivan See also List of phylogenetics software Cladistics PHYLIP Phylogenetic comparative methods Phylogenetic tree Phylogenetics Systematics Microbial phylogenetics Evolutionary dynamics References Reflist Further reading Charles Semple and Mike Steel 2003 , http books.google.co.uk books?id uR8i2qetjSAC Phylogenetics , Oxford ... Computational phylogenetics ca Filogen tica computacional es Filogen tica computacional fa ... more details
Orphan date April 2010 Lead too long date February 2010 Phylogenetics of mimicry Mimicry is well understood and heavily studied within specific mimicry groups, individually referred to as mimicry complexes . However the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships between mimic model or co mimicry pairs are less apparent. The difficulty many researchers face in trying to build phylogenies for mimicry complexes is trying to discriminate between analogous traits, shared characteristics developed through convergent evolution, and homologous traits, shared characteristics that are due to a shared common ancestor. In some instances it is clear whether some traits are analogous or homologous, as in mimicry complexes involving completely unrelated organisms or those of different orders . In other cases involving similar or same species mimics with different phenotypes , the explanation for trait evolution becomes less clear. To build phylogenies for these groups of mimics, scientists would first need to understand which species is the mimic and which is the model, then afterwards determine how evolution will have proceeded to increase the instances of the shared characteristics. ref Ruxton, G. D., T. N. Sherrat, and M. P. Steed. 2004. Avoiding attack the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals, & mimicry. Oxford Biology. ref In M llerian mimicry , defended species have evolved similar appearances as a means to share the cost of predator learning M ller, 1862 . The classic example of M llerian mimicry is the Heliconius butterfly. There are 54 species of this unpalatable butterfly with over 700 names applied to its various phenotypes Brower, 1996 . It functions as a perfect M llerian mimic because all species of the Heliconius are inedible and form symbiotic relationships. Extensive research on Heliconius butterflies has even shown not just phenotypic similarities, but also behavioral commonalities within an overlapping territory. ref Mallet, J. and L. E. Gilbert, Jr ... more details
Infobox journal title Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution cover File Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.gif editor D.E. Wildman discipline Phylogeny , evolutionary biology formernames abbreviation Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. publisher Academic Press country United States frequency 12 year history 1992&ndash present openaccess license impact 3.871 impact year 2008 website http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 10557903 link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1055 7903 eISSN Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer review ed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics . The journal is edited by D.E. Wildman . Indexing The journal is indexed in EMBiology Journal Citation Reports Scopus Web of Science External links Official http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 622921 description description Category Elsevier academic journals Category Evolutionary biology journals Category Phylogenetics Category Molecular biology Category Publications established in 1992 ... more details
Non free use rationale Article Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Description a cover of the journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Source http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 10557903 Portion all Low resolution yes Purpose To illustrate the article on the journal. Replaceability no other information publisher Elsevier Category Academic journal covers Licensing Non free magazine cover ... more details
This list of phylogenetics software is a compilation of computational phylogenetics software used to produce phylogenetic tree s. Such tools are commonly used in comparative genomics , cladistics , and bioinformatics . Methods for estimating phylogenies include neighbor joining , maximum parsimony also simply referred to as parsimony , UPGMA , Bayesian inference in phylogeny Bayesian phylogenetic inference , maximum likelihood and Distance matrices in phylogeny distance matrix methods . class wikitable Name Description Methods Link Author BATWING Bayesian Analysis of Trees With Internal Node Generation Bayesian inference, demographic history, population splits http www.mas.ncl.ac.uk nijw download I. J. Wilson, Weale, D.Balding BayesPhylogenies Bayesian inference of trees using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods Bayesian inference, multiple models, mixture model auto partitioning http www.evolution.rdg.ac.uk BayesPhy.html download M. Pagel, A. Meade BayesTraits Analyses trait evolution among groups of species for which a phylogeny or sample of phylogenies is available Trait analysis http www.evolution.rdg.ac.uk BayesTraits.html download M. Pagel, A. Meade BEAST Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees Bayesian inference, relaxed molecular clock, demographic history http beast.bio.ed.ac.uk download or http code.google.com p beast mcmc development & download A. J. Drummond, A. Rambaut Bosque Integrated graphical software to perform phylogenetic analyses, from the importing of sequences to the plotting and graphical edition of trees and alignments Distance and maximum likelihood ... page W. P. Maddison and D. R. Maddison MOLPHY Molecular phylogenetics protein or nucleotide Maximum ... uk.html Institut Pasteur phylogeny webservers http www.expasy.org tools phylo ExPASy List of phylogenetics ... software DEFAULTSORT List Of Phylogenetics Software Category Bioinformatics Category Computational phylogenetics Category Lists of software Phylogenetics Category Bioinformatics software ... more details
analysis, and that more characters are more valuable than more taxa in phylogenetics. This has ... tree, as is the case for comparative phylogenetics , these methods cannot solve the problem. However ... more commonly employed in phylogenetics as elsewhere both methods involve an arbitrary but large ... for phylogenetics, but it is a reasonable estimator of accuracy. Citation needed date ... this result in phylogenetics, too, some particular phylogenetic problems for example, long branch ... data is the most likely tree. Maximum likelihood, as implemented in phylogenetics, uses a stochastic ... inference in phylogeny Bayesian phylogenetics uses the likelihood function, and is normally implemented .... surname2 Thornton given2 J. W. year 2004 title Performance of maximum parsimony and likelihood phylogenetics ... Category Phylogenetics Category Computational phylogenetics ca M xima parsim nia de Maximale Sparsamkeit ... more details
Future Primitive may refer to Future Primitive band , from Southern California Future Primitive and Other Essays , a collection of essays by anarchist John Zerzan Future Primitive The New Ecotopias , a short story collection edited by Kim Stanley Robinson disambig ... more details
In mathematics , a primitive root may mean either a primitive root modulo n in modular arithmetic , or a primitive nth root of unity amongst the solutions of x sup n sup 1 in a field mathematics field . See also primitive element . mathdab ... more details
In mathematics, the term primitive element can mean Primitive root modulo n Primitive root modulo n , in number theory Primitive element field theory , an element that generates a given field extension Primitive element finite field , an element that generates the multiplicative group of a finite field in a Hopf algebra , an element X on which the comultiplication has the value X X 1 1 X in a free group , an element of a free generating set See also primitive root . mathdab ... more details
The Burning Primitive is a hard rock band from Denmark . The band was formed in 1993 by to lifelong friends Chris Oliver and Michael Grausen. At the end of the 90ties and the beginning of the new millennium, The Burning Primitive from Aarhus acquired renown as Denmark s most promising powerrock act with an international reach. The Burning Primitive was on heavy rotation on MTV with the single Under the water and playing shows across the country and in USA, Germany and the Baltic s. In 2007 The Burning Primitive and Melanies join forces in a reconfigurated, Copenhagen version of The Burning Primitive and released in 2007 the album The Burning Primitive Members Chris Oliver Vocals Bass Michael Grausen Guitar Steffen Blauenfeldt Otkj r Guitar Peter Bruun Drums br Former members br Allan Vindum Pedersen Drums on ..another dead discodancer 1998 br Morten Falck Eriksen Drums on ..Do you think it is safe 2000 and Drums on The Burning Primitive 2007 br Jacob Emil Lundgaard Jensen Guitar on ..another dead discodancer 1998 , ..Do you think it is safe 2000 and The Burning Primitive 2007 br File Discography ...another dead discodancer 1998 Martian Records Do You Think It s Safe? 2000 Martian Records The Burning Primitive 2007 Burn That Records Category Danish rock music groups http www.burning.dk The Burning Primitive webpage ... more details
Distinguish primary ideal In mathematics , a left primitive ideal in ring theory is the Annihilator ring theory annihilator of a simple module simple left module mathematics module . A right primitive ideal is defined similarly. Note that despite the name left and right primitive ideals are always two sided ideals. The quotient of a ring by a left primitive ideal is a left primitive ring . References Citation last1 Isaacs first1 I. Martin title Algebra publisher Brooks Cole Publishing Company isbn 0 534 19002 2 year 1994 Category Ideals Category Module theory algebra stub ... more details
In ring theory , a left primitive ring is a Ring mathematics ring which has a faithful simple left module ... Artinian ring s. Definition A ring mathematics ring R is said to be a left primitive ring if and only ... . A right primitive ring is defined similarly with right R modules. By the Jacobson density theorem , a ring is left primitive if and only if it is isomorphic to a dense ring of endomorphisms of a right vector space over a division ring. A commutative ring is left primitive if and only if it is a field mathematics field . A left artinian ring is left primitive if and only if it is simple ring simple if and only if it is prime ring prime . A ring is left primitive if and only if it is prime ring ... rings are primitive, including non commutative polynomial ring s, and characteristic zero Weyl algebra s. how about positive char? Properties Every simple ring R is both left and right primitive. However, a simple non unital ring, may not be primitive. To construct a faithful simple left R module for a given ... Density Theorem , every primitive ring is a dense subring of the ring of linear transformations of a vector space over a division ring . For left primitive rings, these linear transformations act on the left, and for right primitive rings, they act on the right. Conversely, it is easy to see that every dense subring of the ring of linear transformations of a vector space over a division ring is primitive. Thus, the theorem completely characterizes primitive rings. A ring theoretic characterization of left primitive rings is as follows a ring is left primitive if and only if there is a maximal left ideal whose right core ring theory core is zero. The dual definition is valid for right primitive rings. There are primitive rings which are not simple. In particular, the ring of all linear transformations of an infinite dimensional vector space over a division ring is primitive, but is not simple as the set of finite rank linear transformations is a two sided ideal. There are rings which are primitive ... more details
In mathematics , logic , and formal system s, a primitive notion is an undefined concept. In particular, a primitive notion is not defined in terms of previously defined concepts, but is only motivated informally, usually by an appeal to Intuition knowledge intuition and everyday experience. In an axiomatic theory or other formal system , the role of a primitive notion is analogous to that of axiom . In axiomatic theories, the primitive notions are sometimes said to be defined by one or more axioms, but this can be misleading. Formal theories cannot dispense with primitive notions, under pain of infinite regress . Alfred Tarski explained the role of primitive notions as follows When we set out to construct a given discipline, we distinguish, first of all, a certain small group of expressions of this discipline that seem to us to be immediately understandable the expressions in this group we call PRIMITIVE TERMS or UNDEFINED TERMS, and we employ them without explaining their meanings. At the same time we adopt the principle not to employ any of the other expression of the discipline under consideration, unless its meaning has first been determined with the help of primitive terms and of such expressions ... the fundamental concept is an example of a primitive notion. As Mary Tiles wrote The definition of set ... of a primitive, undefined, term. As evidence, she quotes Felix Hausdorff A set is formed by the grouping ... system begins with its axiom s, the primitive notions may be forgotten. Susan Haak 1978 wrote, A set of axioms is sometimes said to give an implicit definition of its primitive terms. Examples . In Naive set theory , the empty set is a primitive notion. To assert that it exists would be an implicit axiom . Peano arithmetic , the successor function and the number zero are primitive notions. Euclidean geometry , the primitive notions were discussed by Alessandro Padoa at the International ... Primitive Notion Category Mathematical logic Category Set theory de Grundbegriff es Noci n primitiva ... more details
Primitive skills is a term used by naturist s and back to the land ers that refers to prehistoric handicrafts and pre industrial technology. Primitive skills are those skills that relate to living off the land, often using handcrafted tools made from naturally gathered materials. Examples of primitive skills include Hunter gatherer gathering and foraging native plants and animals for food, skinning and preparing game, basketry and pottery pot making, constructing shelters, fire making , and useful Field guide plant identification . Interest in primitive skills has coincided with a resurgence in interest in natural and self sufficient living techniques. In North America, primitive skills enthusiasts often emulate Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native American traditional crafts. In Europe, primitive skills enthusiasts often practice traditional Bronze Age Bronze and Iron Age art forms. ref Cite web title Society of Primitive Technology About url http www.primitive.org About SPT.htm date 2009 accessdate 19 September 2009 ref See also List of plants with edible leaves Flintknapper Survivalism Self sufficiency References references External links http www.primitiveskills.org Earthskills Rendezvous Non profit organization that hosts several primitive skills events gatherings. http www.woodlandsurvival.com Pine Home Primitive Skills, Outdoor Safety and Wilderness Survival Instructional site with pics,skills instructions, knife reviews, forum discussing primitive skills, outdoor events and gatherings. http www.mapsgroup.org Midatlantic Primitive Skills Group Non profit organization that hosts several primitive skills events gatherings as well as classes in the lithic arts, trapping, tracking and more. Culture stub Category Survival skills ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray14.png Caption Surface view of embryo of Hylobates concolor. The amnion has been opened to expose the embryonic disk. Primitive pit not labeled, but region is visible. Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage Days Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The primitive pit is a depression in the center of the primitive node , connecting to the notochord . It consists of part of the primitive streak . External links http www.embryology.ch anglais hdisqueembry triderm01.html http isc.temple.edu marino embryology EMBII97 img020.GIF http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?primitive pit http embryology.med.unsw.edu.au Medicine BGDlab3 11.htm http www.ana.ed.ac.uk database humat notes embryo ectoderm primstr.htm Gray s Anatomy stub Embryology Category Developmental biology ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2010 In field theory mathematics field theory , a branch of mathematics , a primitive polynomial is the minimal polynomial field theory minimal polynomial of a primitive element finite field primitive element of the finite field finite extension field GF p sup m sup . In other words, a polynomial math F X math with coefficients in GF p Z p Z is a primitive polynomial if it has ... having math alpha math as root. In ring theory , the term primitive polynomial is used for a different ... minimal polynomials are irreducible polynomial irreducible , all primitive polynomials are also irreducible. A primitive polynomial must have a non zero constant term, for otherwise it will be divisible by x . Over the field of two elements, x 1 is a primitive polynomial and all other primitive polynomials ... by x 1 . An irreducible polynomial of degree m , F x over GF p for prime p , is a primitive polynomial ... 1. Over GF p sup m sup there are exactly p sup m sup &minus 1 m primitive polynomials of degree m , where is Euler s totient function . The roots of a primitive polynomial all have order p sup m sup &minus 1. Usage Field element representation Primitive polynomials are used in the representation of elements of a finite field . If in GF p sup m sup is a root of a primitive polynomial F x ... , a primitive polynomials f is a polynomial such that x is a generator of the multiplicative group in GF p x f x Pseudo Random bit generation Primitive polynomials define a recurrence relation that can ... shift register with maximum cycle that is 2 sup lfsr length sup 1 is related with primitive polynomial. For example, given the primitive polynomial x sup 10 sup x sup 3 sup 1, we start with a user ... can be repeated to generate 2 sup 10 sup &minus 1 1023 pseudo random bits. In general, for a primitive ... 2 and dividing it by a fixed generator polynomial also over GF 2 see Mathematics of CRC . Primitive ... n sup 1 for a degree n primitive polynomial. Primitive trinomials The most useful kind of primitive ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Primitive World Type Album Artist Littl ans Cover Littlans Primitive World.JPG Released July 2, 2008 Recorded July 2007 Genre Indie music Indie , Rock music Rock Length Label Revtone USA br Vital UK br Vinyl Junkie Japan Producer Reviews Last album This album Primitive World br 2008 Next album Misc Singles Name Primitive World Type studio Single 1 Is It Wrong? Single 1 date May 9, 2008 Primitive World is the debut album by indie rock band Littl ans . The album was recorded in July 2007 and mastered at Sterling Sound in New York . The album was released in Japan on 2 July 2008 and in the UK on 1 December 2008. Track listing Don t Call It Love Is It Wrong? Everytime Primitive World Did You Hide from Saturday Night? End Dead Chelsea Our Way While on Your Way Back to Me Here Comes the Night Japanese Bonus Tracks Aftermath Stay Alive Aweful All The Day Category Littl ans albums Category Debut albums Category 2008 albums ... more details
The primitive mantle is in geochemistry a hypothetical reservoir geochemistry reservoir with the composition of the Earth s Earth s crust crust and Earth s mantle mantle taken together. The currently accepted scientific hypothesis is that the Earth formed by accretion of material with a chondrite chondritic composition. Still during the accretionary phase planetary differentiation started, giving rise to the Earth s core , where heavy metallic siderophile elements accumulated. Around it was a in this stage undifferentiated mantle, the primitive mantle. Further differentiation would take place later, creating the different chemical reservoirs of crust and mantle, with incompatible element s accumulating in the crust. Today differentiation still continues in the upper mantle . Reservoirs depleted in lithophile elements are called depleted , fresh undifferentiated parts of the mantle are called enriched or primitive . The last name is confusing but derives from the fact that such reservoirs are comparible in composition to the primitive mantle. Volcanic rock s from hotspot geology hotspot areas often have a primitive composition. Because the magma at hotspots is supposed to have been taken to the surface from the deepest regions of the mantle by mantle plume s, geochemists assume there must be a relatively closed reservoir of very primitive composition somewhere in the lower mantle. One of the hypotheses is this is the so called D D layer at the core mantle boundary. See also planetary differentiation late veneer hypothesis giant impact hypothesis Category Geochemistry nl Primitieve mantel ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Essai sur l Architecture Frontispiece.jpg thumb Frontispiece of Marc Antoine Laugier Essai sur l architecture 2nd ed. 1755 by Charles Eisen 1720 1778 . Allegorical engraving of the Vitruvian primitive hut. The primitive hut had been standard in architectural theory since Vitruvius . Marc Antoine Abbe Laugier brought the idea to life with an image of the hut as the Book frontispiece frontispiece for the second edition of Laugier s Essay on Architecture 1755 . It was sought to be the ideal principle for architecture or any structure at the time. Laugier believed it was the standard form which all architecture embodied. DEFAULTSORT Primitive Hut Category Huts Architecture stub de Urh tte ... more details
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