Multiple issues wikify January 2011 orphan January 2011 cleanup April 2009 Stain blocking primers are used to cover stains such as watermarks, nicotine, markers, smoke, and prevent them bleeding through newly applied layers of paint. They also provide adhesion over problematic surfaces, giving better film leveling, and durability. Commonly used stain blocking paints include acrylic and alkyd. VOCs Low volatile organic compound s VOC formulations partially or completely eliminates odor, making them safer for the environment. Citation needed date January 2011 However, in the United States, solvent based products with high VOC levels still represent approximately 25 of the total market volume for interior stain blocking primers. They continue to maintain this significant market share even though many national, regional or local legislations and initiatives concerning the reduction of VOCs have been recently established. ref 1. Eliokem Tech Note TN PLW 2006 04 0 Plioway Ultra 350 & Plioway Ultra G 20 in Odorless Interior Stain Blocking Primer ref Since their introduction to the US market in 1997, low VOC, odorless stain blocking primers have become known for their unique combination of highly effective stain blocking. These properties are traditionally associated with solvent based ... primers, sealers and undercoats category. As state regulatory agencies continue to introduce ... based stain blocking primers. In order to decrease the VOC of a coating, it is necessary to remove ... indicate that the use of mineral spirits based primers would need 6 to 7 air changes per hour requiring significant ventilation. The use of low odor, isoparaffinic solvent based primers would only need 1 to 2 air changes per hour. Finally, the use of water based primers would need less than 1 air ... blocking primers with low odor, isoparaffinic solvent are considered to have less of a negative impact ... reflist DEFAULTSORT Stain Blocking Primers Category Paints ... more details
The Oxford Chemistry Primers are a series of short texts providing accounts of a range of essential topics in chemistry and chemical engineering written for undergraduate study. The first primer Organic Synthesis The Roles of Boron and Silicon was published by Oxford University Press in 1991 ref http www.oup.com uk catalogue ?ci 9780198556626 OUP website ref . As of 2010 there are 92 ref name titlelist cite web url http ukcatalogue.oup.com nav p category academic series chemistry ocp.do?sortby bookTitleAscend&thumbby crawl 10&thumbby all title A Z list of OCP Titles accessdate 8 August 2010 ref titles in print, written by a wide range of authors. The editors are Stephen G. Davies Steve G. Davies Organic Chemistry , Richard G. Compton Physical Chemistry , John Evans Inorganic Chemistry and L.F. Gladden Chemical Engineering ref http www.oup.co.uk oxfordtextbooks chemistry ocp OUP website ref . References references Category Chemistry books Category Oxford University Press books science book stub ... more details
Tubes and primers are used to ignite the propellant in projectile weapons. In ancient times various devices were adopted to ignition system ignite the Explosive material charge . Small gun s were fired by priming powder poured down the touch hole or vent and ignited by glowing embers or a red hot iron rod. Later the priming powder was ignited by a piece of slow match held in a linstock a stick with a clamp at one end . About 1700, this was effected by means of a port fire. This was a paper case about 16 inch 406 mm long filled with slow burning composition which burnt rather more than one inch 25 mm per minute. Later again the charge was exploded by paper tubes sometimes called Dutch tubes filled with powder and placed in the vent and ignited by a port fire. In comparatively modern times friction tubes have been used, while in the latest patterns percussion or electric tubes are employed. Vent sealing tubes In most breech loading guns it is essential to stop the erosion of the metal of the vent by preventing the escape of gas through it when the gun is fired. For this purpose the charges in such guns are ignited by vent sealing tubes. For muzzle loaded guns and small breech loading guns radially vented, especially those using gunpowder black powder , the amount of erosion in the vent is not so serious. The charge is fired by ordinary friction tubes, which are blown away by the escape of gas through the vent. In all guns axially vented, vent sealing tubes, which are not blown out, must be employed to protect the gunners from injury. The common friction tube is a copper ... States called primers are mostly used, but percussion or friction tubes are preferred on the continent ... medium in England these are called primers. For small guns the case contains a percussion ... loaded by separate operations. See also Commons category Tubes and primers for ammunition Percussion cap Internal ballistics Internal priming Internal priming References 1911 DEFAULTSORT Tubes And Primers ... more details
A cosmetic primer is a cream or lotion applied before another cosmetic to improve coverage and lengthen the amount of time the cosmetic lasts on the face. There are different kinds of cosmetic primers such as foundation primer, eye lid primer, lip primer, and mascara primer. A foundation primer may work like a moisturizer , or it may absorb oil with salicylic acid or aid in creating a less oily, more matte appearance. ref http beauty.about.com od foundationsconcealers f primer.htm What is a Foundation Primer? And Do I Need it? ref It aids in applying the foundation more evenly and smoothly, and increases the longevity of the foundation. Some contain antioxidants such as Vitamin A A , Vitamin C C , and Vitamin E E , or other ingredients such as grape seed extract and green tea extract . There are water based and silicon based foundation primers. Ingredients may include cyclomethicone and dimethicone . Some primers do not contain preservative, oil or fragrance. Some may also have sun protection factor SPF . Some foundation primers are tinted to even out or improve skin tone or color. Others give a pearlized finish to make the complexion more light reflective. There are also foundation primers which are mineral based primers, which contain mica and silica . Eyelid or eye shadow primers are similar, but made specifically for use near the eyes. An eyelid primer may help even the color of the lid and upper eye area, may reduce oiliness, may add shimmer, or inversely may mattify. Eye primers aid in the smooth application of eye shadow, prevent it from accumulating in eye lid creases, and improve its longevity. Mascara primer is usually colorless. It usually thickens and or lengthens the lashes before the application of mascara for a fuller finished look. It may also help keep mascara from smudging or flaking, and some claim to improve the health of the lashes. Lip primers are intended to smooth the lips and help improve the application of lipstick or lip gloss , although E ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Context date October 2009 Second Generation Multiplex is a DNA profiling system used in the United Kingdom to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995. It is manufactured by ABI Applied Biosystems . It contains primers for the following STR Short Tandem Repeat loci. VWA HUMVWF31 A , D8 D8S1179 , D21 D21S11 , D18 D18S51 , THO HUMTHO1 , FGA HUMFIBRA Also contains primers for the Amelogenin sex indicating test. The primers are tagged with the following fluorescent dyes for detection under electrophoresis. Carboxyfluorescein 5 FAM JOE NED Its use in the United kingdom as the DNA profiling system used by The UK National DNA Database was superseded by the Second Generation Multiplex Plus SGM DNA profiling system in 1998 Category Biometrics Category DNA profiling techniques Category Law enforcement in the United Kingdom ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Zerna Addis Sharp August 12, 1889 June 17, 1981 was an United States U.S. author , writer and teacher. She became known for creating the Dick and Jane Basal reader beginning readers , and many other readers for children. Sharp noted the reduced Reading process reading ability of children during her travels and urged a new reading format for Primer textbook primers . She suggested that primers introduce a word at a time to new readers, and the Dick and Jane primers adhered to this format. The names Dick and Jane were chosen because they were easy to Subvocalization sound . The primers were sold from 1927 to 1973. Sharp was born in Hillisburg , Clinton County, Indiana . She died in Frankfort, Indiana at the age of 91. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Sharp, Zerna ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH August 12, 1889 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH June 17, 1981 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Sharp, Zerna Category American children s writers Category 1889 births Category 1981 deaths Category People from Clinton County, Indiana US child writer stub ... more details
Image Nested PCR.png thumb 250px A diagram illustrating the method of nested PCR. Nested polymerase chain reaction is a modification of polymerase chain reaction intended to reduce the contamination in products due to the amplification of unexpected primer binding sites. Polymerase chain reaction itself is the process used to amplify DNA samples, via a temperature mediated DNA polymerase . The products can be used for sequencing or analysis, and this process is a key part of many genetics research laboratories, along with uses in DNA fingerprinting for forensics and other human genetic cases. Conventional PCR requires primer molecular biology primers complementary to the termini of the target DNA. A commonly occurring problem is primers binding to incorrect regions of the DNA, giving unexpected products. Nested polymerase chain reaction involves two sets of primers, used in two successive runs of polymerase chain reaction, the second set intended to amplify a secondary target within the first run product. Processes The target DNA undergoes the first run of polymerase chain reaction with the first set of primers, shown in green. The selection of alternative and similar primer binding sites gives a selection of products, only one containing the intended sequence. The product from the first reaction undergoes a second run with the second set of primers, shown in red. It is very unlikely that any of the unwanted PCR products contain binding sites for both the new primers, ensuring the product from the second PCR has little contamination from unwanted products of primer dimers, hairpins, and alternative primer target sequences. Resources http www.worldcat.org search?qt affiliate&ai TheWikiLibrarian TheWikiLibrarian&q nested polymerase chain reaction Books your local library about nested polymerase chain reacitons br http scholar.google.com scholar?hl en&lr &q 22Nested polymerase chain reaction 22 Scholarly articles on nested polymerase chain reactions PCR Category Molecu ... more details
Advert date February 2011 No footnotes date February 2011 Infobox Software name Beacon Designer logo screenshot caption developer Premier Biosoft latest release version 7.9 latest release date 17 June 2010 latest preview version latest preview date operating system Windows, Macintosh platform genre Bioinformatics license commercial website http www.premierbiosoft.com Beacon Designer designs highly specific an efficient primers and probes for real time PCR polymerase chain reaction assays. It is compatible to work on Windows as well as on Mac. The software currently supports the following real time PCR chemistries for efficient primer and probe design. 1. SYBR Green br 2. TaqMan br 3. Molecular beacon br 4. HRMA Primers br 5. Scorpions br 6. FRET br 7. Locked nucleic acid LNA Locked nucleic acid br 8. NASBA molecular biology NASBA br Beacon Designer program has built in support for homology avoidance using the standard web BLAST service or the set up of a desktop BLAST feature for identification of regions that are significantly cross homologous with the target gene sequence. The software designs real time pcr primers and probes for complex differential gene expression and allele discrimination assays. Avoidance of the cross homology renders specificity to the primers in question and they are highly targeted and only amplify the intend sequence and no other targets. Beacon Designer has been used in workshops and conferences related to real time PCR study as a reference software. The author company, Premier Biosoft has also launched a simple version for evaluation of oligos for real time PCR primers and probes support limited to TaqMan and SYBR Green primers by the name Beacon designer free version. External links http www.premierbiosoft.com molecular beacons index.html Beacon Designer Homepage http www.premierbiosoft.com qpcr index.html Beacon Designer Free Edition http www.biocompare.com Articles FeaturedArticle 1167 High Resolution Melt.html High Resolution Melt Ca ... more details
MassTag PCR is a new technology PCR based on Mass spectrometric detector Mass Spectrometric detection of end product. This technology is pioneered by scientist from Center for Infection and Immunity CII of Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University , USA. Principles Like conventional PCR MassTag PCR also use PCR Primer primer pairs . The difference is primers used for MassTag PCR are tagged with molecules of known masses or MassCodes. Instead of single pair of primers this technology uses a number of primers, making it a multiplex system. Unlike, conventional Multiplex PCR system, in MassTag PCR more than 15 primer pairs could be used. If DNA from any of the agent of primer panel is present, it will be amplified. Each amplified product will carry its specific Masscodes. After PCR the PCR product are purified with to remove unbound primers, dNTPs, enzyme and other impurities. Finally, the purified PCR products are subject of Ultra violet UV as the chemical bond with nucleic acid and primers are photolabile. As the Masscodes are liberated from PCR products they are detected with a Mass Spectrometer.Presence of specific MassCode indicates the presence of specific pathogen. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 15752453 Diagnostic system for rapid and sensitive differen... Emerg Infect Dis. 2005& 93 PubMed result Bot generated title ref ref http www.cdc.gov ncidod EID vol11no02 04 0492.htm Differential Detection of Multiple Respiratory Pathogens CDC EID Bot generated title ref Applications This technique has been found to detect a previously uncharacterized clade of rhinovirus . ref http cii.columbia.edu pdf Multiplex MassTag PCR for respiratory pathogens.pdf doi 10.1016 j.jcv.2008.06.007 Bot generated title ref MassTag PCR is a more comprehensive and sensitive diagnostic technique, CII was able to determine the cause of this illness for 26 out of 79 previously unknown cases. MassTag PCR demonstrated its tripartite value as a tool for surveillance, outbreak d ... more details
multiple issues cleanup February 2011 unreferenced February 2011 wikify February 2011 Weld On is a division of IPS Corporation , a manufacturer of solvent cements, primers and cleaners for Polyvinyl chloride PVC , CPVC , and ABS plastic piping systems. Weld On products are commonly used for joining plastic pipes and fittings. Weld On also manufactures specialty products from repair adhesives for leaking pipes, pipe thread sealants joint compounds, to test plugs for pipeline pressure testing. Headquartered in California, Weld On has operations throughout the United States, as well as China, and a worldwide network of sale representatives and distributors. History In 1958, the IPS Corporation began endorsing the solvent welding technique, a type of plastic welding , and patented Weld On solvent cement for use on plastic pipe and fittings. Then in 1978 Weld On developed color match acrylic adhesive for bonding solid surface counter tops. In 1992 Weld On formulated and introduced the first low volatile organic compound VOC emission solvent cement in response to growing air quality concerns. Five years later Weld On 724 was introduced as the first high strength solvent cement for chemical resistant CPVC plastic joints in the market and formulated for use in a variety of harsh chemical applications such as hypochlorites, acids and caustics. In 1999, Weld On began offering environmentally responsible, all Low VOC solvent cements, primers and cleaners, and began phasing out regular Volatile organic compound VOC products. Products Weld On currently manufactures cements and primers, structural adhesives, and assembly adhesives. Cements and Primers Low VOC Solvent Cements Low VOC Primers and Cleaners Low VOC Repair and Fabrication Adhesives Sealants, Compounds, Lubricants & Cutting Oil Applicators & Accessories Pneumatic and mechanical test plugs Structural Adhesives Bondable materials include Fiber reinforced composites Gel coated composites Thermoplastics Coated & bare metal ... more details
PCR , require DNA primers. These primers are usually short, chemically synthesized oligonucleotides ... s. Along the lagging strand s template, primase builds RNA primers in short bursts. DNA polymerases are then able to use the free 3 Hydroxyl OH groups on the RNA primers to synthesize DNA in the 5 ... Uses of synthetic primers about the organic chemistry involved Oligonucleotide synthesis possible methods involving primers Nucleic acid methods DNA sequencing is used to determine the nucleotides in a DNA ... marker for the chain reaction. In polymerase chain reaction PCR , primers are used to determine the DNA fragment to be amplified by the PCR process. The length of primers is usually not more than ... 84593 478 1 page 22 pages 415 chapter 1.6.2. Primers development and virus identification strategies ... of the primers and typically primers between 18 24 nucleotides are suitable for PCR. ref nucleotides ... that primers are not essentially always necessary for DNA synthesis and can in fact be used by viral polymerases, e.g. influenza, for RNA synthesis. PCR primer design Pairs of primers should have similar ... be avoided, as loop formation can occur and contribute to mishybridization. Primers should not easily anneal with other primers in the mixture either other copies of same or the reverse direction .... Primers should also not anneal strongly to themselves, as internal hairpins and loops could hinder ... Degenerate primers main Degenerate bases Sometimes degenerate primers are used. These are actually mixtures of similar, but not identical primers. They may be convenient if the same gene is to be amplified ... use for degenerate primers is when primer design is based on protein sequence . As several different ... primers can greatly reduce the specificity of the PCR amplification. The problem can be partly solved by using touchdown PCR . Degenerate primers are widely used and extremely useful in the field ..., degenerate primers are designed by aligning gene sequencing found in GenBank . Differences among ... more details
is achieved through interchangeable primers for similar cartridges. The expensive individual ... no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete. Centerfire primers Image 45 ... Rifle Association p.65 ref Berdan and Boxer cartridge primers are both considered centerfire and are interchangeable ... primers are named after their American inventor, Hiram Berdan of New York who invented his first ... 29, 1869, in US patent 82587 . Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day. Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the caplock system, being small metal cups with pressure sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into the primer ... received a U.S. patent for his design on June 29, 1869, in US patent 91,818 . Boxer primers are similar to Berdan primers with one major difference, the location of the anvil. In a Boxer primer ... makes little or no difference to the performance of the round, but it makes fired primers ... producing primers by the hundreds of millions has eliminated that as a practical problem and while ... factory rounds. Boxer Primer sizes Early primers were manufactured with various dimensions and performance .... Boxer primers for the United States market come in different sizes, based on the application. The types sizes of primers are Image Primers.jpg thumb right Large top row and small bottom row pistol cartridge Boxer primers. L R fired, unfired, and inside view. The tri lobe object inside the primer is the anvil. 0.175 4.45 mm diameter small pistol primers, and a thicker or stronger metal cup ... 5.31 mm diameter primers for shotgun shell s and modern inline muzzleloader s, using a Boxer type ... primers, and a thinner or softer metal cup large pistol version for use with lower pressure loadings in weapons with light firing pin impact. 0.315 8.00 mm diameter .50 BMG primers, used for the .50 ... used with large cartridges or heavy charges. Rifle, large and magnum primers increase the ignition ... more details
lowercase title DnaG Infobox protein Name DNA primase image width caption Symbol dnaG AltSymbols dnaP CAS number CAS supplemental DrugBank EntrezGene 947570 PDB RefSeq UniProt P0ABS5 ECnumber 2.7.7.7 DnaG is a bacterial primase which synthesizes short RNA oligonucleotides during DNA replication. These RNA oligonucleotides serve as primers for DNA synthesis by bacterial DNA polymerase Pol III. On one of the two parental strands, called the lagging strand, the primase makes a primer every few kilobases. These primers serve a substrates for synthesis of Okazaki fragments. DnaG associates with bacterial replicative helicase DnaB to perform its primase activity. About three DnaG primase proteins associate with each DnaB helicase. External links MeshName dnaG protein, E coli MeshName DnaG Primase enzyme stub DNA replication Category DNA replication ru DnaG ... more details
Summary This gel was created and imaged by me. Expression of a specific gene in three separate tissues was tested by two primers. As the gel shows, Tissue 1 lacks that gene, whereas Tissue 2 and 3 possess it. A positive control was used to determine that the PCR conditions were adequate and a 1kb ladder was used to determine the size of the bands. Licensing PD self date October 2006 Category Polymerase chain reaction Category PCR images ... more details
A hexamer is a thing composed out of six sub unit s. In microbiology, a hexamer is one of the proteins composing the polyhedral protein shell that encloses the bacterial micro compartments known as carboxysome carboxysomes . A random hexamer or random hexonucleotides are primers used for various PCR applications such as rolling circle amplification to prime the DNA synthetis. See also commonscat Hexamers wiktionary Hexamer Hexameron Hexa , a prefix mer , an affix chemistry stub Category Oligomers ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Orphan date February 2009 A ribonucleotide tri phosphate rNTP is a ribonucleotide with 3 phosphate groups. rNTPs are the building blocks of RNA Synthesis RNA synthesis as well as the synthesis of primers in DNA replication . They also serve as stores of chemical energy, chiefly Adenosine triphosphate ATP . Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Rntp Category RNA Biochem stub ... more details
wikify date March 2009 Refimprove date March 2009 Clone Manager is a commercial bioinformatics software work suite of Sci Ed, that supports molecular biologists with data management and allows to perform certain in silico preanalyis. features Cloning Operations Work with enzymes Simulate cloning Draw graphic maps, Enhanced views Sequence analysis functions Primer Design, Analysis Design primers, create amplified products Analyze primers, analyze mixes Find primers that bind to your molecule Organize, use primers in collections Alignment Operations Align multiple sequences Compare two sequences Scan for similarities, BLAST searches Assemble sequences, locate subclones External links Description of software http www.scied.com Sci Ed homepage Similar software in this field Gene Designer Gene Designer A free gene design software suite with a range of design and cloning tools http www.biology.utah.edu jorgensen wayned ape ApE A Powerful Multipurpose DNA Engineering Software, Donationware Freeware http www.serialbasics.com Serial Cloner.html Serial Cloner A DNA editing and manipulating software for MacOS and Windows http www.crimsonbase.com QuickGene Actively developed, intuitive DNA analysis software with extensive restriction enzyme information. Particularly useful for cloning. Mac OSX and Windows with a Beta version for Linux coming http www.acaclone.com pDRAW32 http gentle.magnusmanske.de GENtle http www.csc.fi english research sciences bioscience programs ds Discovery Studio http www.clcbio.com main CLC Main Workbench Geneious UGENE MacVector Vector NTI Category Bioinformatics Category Bioinformatics software Category Free science software ... more details
The Lawrence Pellet Primer System was a development of the Sharps rifle , which was discontinued in 1863. The System was designed to mechanically place the explosive primer which ignites the black powder of the rifle. This feature was to be used when a high rate of fire was needed, or when the weather was to cold to manually place individual primers on the firearm. External links Image at http www.berdansharpshooters.com sharps.html BerdanSharpshooters.com Category Firearm terminology ... more details
practice with new construction because it seals the wall and aids in preventing mold . Primers can also ... over existing dark colors. Primers can usually be tinted to a close match with the color of the finishing ... of finishing paint that are necessary for good uniformity across the painted surface. Primers ... 11 ref Quality primers are often comparable in price to finish paints, their cost influenced by the quality of binders that they use. Some specialty primers are in fact quite costly. Primers are not necessary ... sanding to achieve smooth finishes. Primers for metal Some metals, such as untreated aluminium, require ... will simply rust . Metal primers might contain additional materials to protect against corrosion ... clean the metal, but when this is not a viable option, special kinds of primers can be used that chemically ... chromate primer paint zinc chromate primers and chromating to add the necessary adhesion properties. Primers for plastic Using a primer on surfaces made of plastic is only necessary when making a drastic ... and primers designed to be used for painting plastics are not water based, an important point for choosing ... more details
to analyse the genetic diversity of an individual by using random primers. How It Works Unlike ... organism the identical 10 mer primers will or will not amplify a segment of DNA, depending on positions that are complementary to the primers sequence. For example, no fragment is produced if primers annealed too far apart or 3 ends of the primers are not facing each other. Therefore, if a mutation ... and sequenced. New longer and specific primers are designed for the DNA sequence, which is called ... more details
Touchdown polymerase chain reaction or touchdown style polymerase chain reaction is a method of polymerase chain reaction by which primer molecular biology primers will avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences. The Annealing biology annealing temperature during a polymerase chain reaction determines the specificity of primer annealing. The Denaturation biochemistry melting point of the primer sets the upper limit on annealing temperature. At temperatures just below this point, only very specific base pairing between the primer and the template will occur. At lower temperatures, the primers bind less specifically. Nonspecific primer binding obscures polymerase chain reaction results, as the nonspecific sequences to which primers anneal in early steps of amplification will swamp out any specific sequences because of the exponential growth exponential nature of polymerase amplification. The earliest steps of a touchdown polymerase chain reaction cycle have high annealing temperatures. The annealing temperature is decreased in increments for every subsequent set of cycles the number of individual cycles and increments of temperature decrease is chosen by the experimenter . The primer will anneal at the highest temperature which is least permissive of nonspecific binding that it is able to tolerate. Thus, the first sequence amplified is the one between the regions of greatest primer specificity it is most likely that this is the sequence of interest. These fragments will be further amplified during subsequent rounds at lower temperatures, and will out compete the nonspecific sequences to which the primers may bind at those lower temperatures. If the primer initially during the higher temperature phases binds to the sequence of interest, subsequent rounds of polymerase chain reaction can be performed upon the product to further amplify those fragments. References cite journal author Don R, Cox P, Wainwright B, Baker K, Mattick J title Touchdown PCR to circumvent spurious pr ... more details
dablink For other uses, see Thief series . Hammerite is a brand name from Hammerite Products Limited , a subsidiary of Imperial Chemical Industries PLC . Hammerite products includes rust prevention and restoration paint , and are based on zinc phosphate as the active ingredient. Products made include interior and exterior paints as well as special metal primers for metals such as aluminum , galvanized steel galvanized and stainless steel , chrome plating chrome , brass and copper . External links http www.hammerite.com uk UK Hammerite website http www.icipaints.co.uk index.jsp?brand hammerite ICI website on Hammerite Product stub Category Brands Category Paint manufacturers ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Inverse PCR.png thumb right 250px Summary of the inverse PCR process. Inverse polymerase chain reaction Inverse PCR is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction that is used to amplify DNA with only one known sequence. One limitation of conventional PCR is that it requires primer molecular biology primers complementary to both termini of the target DNA, but this method allows PCR to be carried out even if only one sequence is available from which primers may be designed. Inverse PCR is especially useful for the determination of Insert molecular biology insert locations. For example, various retrovirus es and transposon s randomly integrate into genomic DNA . To identify the sites where they have entered, the known, internal viral or transposon sequences can be used to design primers that will amplify a small portion of the flanking, external genomic DNA. The amplified product can then be sequenced and BLAST compared with DNA databases to locate the sequence which has been disrupted. The inverse PCR method involves a series of restriction digest s and DNA ligase ligation , resulting in a looped fragment that can be primed for PCR from a single section of known sequence. Then, like other polymerase chain reaction processes, the DNA is amplified by the temperature sensitive DNA polymerase A target region with an internal section of known sequence and unknown flanking regions is identified Genomic DNA is digested into fragments of a few kilobase s by a usually low moderate frequency 6 8 base cutting restriction enzyme . Under low DNA concentrations, self ligation is induced to give a circular DNA product. PCR is carried out as usual, with primers complementary to sections of the known internal sequence. Finally the sequence is compared with the sequence available in the data base. Note although the figure suggests that the circularized ligation product is digested prior to PCR, this is not the case. PCR does not require linear prod ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PRIMOU is an enhancement of the PRIMO software program developed at the Genome Center at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas to choose primer molecular biology primers and to calculate their annealing temperature according to the base stacking method. It has been modified by the University of Oklahoma to fix memory leak s and handle multi megabase projects. It is currently maintained by Bruce Roe, and Steve Kenton at the University of Oklahoma . External links http www.genome.ou.edu informatics primou.html Home Page ftp ftp.genome.ou.edu pub programs primou src.tar Download Category Laboratory software ... more details
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