VotingPostalvoting describes the method of voting in an election whereby ballot papers are distributed ... elections in many democratic nations. On the other hand, concerns about postalvoting have ... 11, 2005 dead link date September 2010 ref Postalvoting can be a way to prevent manipulation ... them home again. All postalvoting All postalvoting is a variant of postalvoting, where all ... in four of the English regions see below for more details . Experience of postalvoting and all postalvoting by country Switzerland Main Voting in Switzerland Swiss federal law allows postalvoting ... of postalvoting in the United States in which a ballot is mailed to the home of a registered voter ..., any elector has been entitled to request a postal vote known as postalvoting on demand without giving ... briefings snpc 03667.pdf ref apart from in Northern Ireland , where postalvoting is only available ... voting statement. Postal ballots are printed on paper of a colour different to that of ballots ... number of the postal ballot paper is also marked on the postalvoting statement sent within ... that postalvoting statement and envelope A containing the ballot paper be placed and sealed inside ... or of the postal ballot paper and postalvoting statement if sent separately , the returning officer ... voting statements and envelopes marked A loose postal ballot papers are separated into two different ... 20 of the postalvoting statements from each postal voters ballot box with the details ... voting statement is rejected. The returning officer makes a mark next to the name of the voter on the postal voters list for each postalvoting statement received, even if it is selected for verification ... numbers of postalvoting statements which were chosen for verification and subsequently rejected ... the same unique identification number as rejected postalvoting statements. The postal ballot box ... papers are counted. Voters can contact the returning officer to check that their postalvoting packs ... more details
wiktionary postalPostal may refer to Mail , the postal service The Postal Service , a band Going postal , the U.S. slang phrase meaning a killing spree Going Postal , a 2004 Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett Postal video game Postal video game , a 1997 series of computer games Postal film Postal film , a 2007 Uwe Boll directed film based on the Postal computer game The Italian name for Burgstall, Italy Paul Postal born 1936 , American linguist disambig fr Postal it Postal disambigua lt Postal ja pl Postal pt Postal ... more details
main Voting in Switzerland Swiss federal law allows postalvoting in all federal elections and referenda ...voting Early voting also known as advance polling or voting is the process by which electors can vote on a single or series of days prior to an election. Early voting can take place remotely, such as by mail, or in person, usually in designated early voting polling station s. The availability and time periods for early voting vary based on jurisdiction and type of election. The goal of early voting ... In Australia , early voting is known as pre poll voting. However, to cast an early vote a voter must already be registered. Canada In Canada , early voting is known as advance polling. It is offered ... to the Bundestag , which also contains a postal vote application form. It is possible to cast ... in the states of Germany are similar. New Zealand main Special vote In New Zealand , early voting is a form of special voting, which allows voters who will be outside their electoral district .... In hospitals and homes for the elderly, there are special voting opportunities. In elections until 1998, Posten Sweden post officies were used for several decades as early voting stations. Swedes ... station on election day or mail it back at any prior time. United States Image Early voting US states.svg thumb left No excuse early voting in U.S. states, as of September 2007. legend 3399ff in person and postal legend cc00cc in person only legend 00c200 postal only legend dddddd none seealso Absentee ballot Postalvoting Early voting is similar to no excuse absentee voting. In many U.S. states the period varies between four and fifty days prior to Election Day. Early voting in person is allowed with no excuse required in 31 U.S. state s, with an excuse in 3, and not at all in 16. Absentee voting by mail is allowed in 28 states, with an excuse in 22. No excuse permanent absentee voting is allowed in 4 states. Contrary to the map at left, Wisconsin allows no excuse early voting. The District ... more details
machines Open Voting Consortium Postalvoting Security seal Vote counting system Voting system References ...Electiontech Voting machines are the total combination of Mechanical engineering mechanical , Electromechanics ... trail information. The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines. A voting system includes the practices and associated documentation ..., instructions, forms, or paper ballots . Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by the mechanism ... the votes. Voting machines have different levels of usability, security, efficiency and accuracy .... Early history The first major proposal for the use of voting machines came from the Chartists in 1838. ref Douglas W. Jones, Early Requirements for Mechanical Voting Systems, http ieeexplore.ieee.org ... for E voting Systems , Aug. 31, 2009, Atlanta. http www.cs.uiowa.edu jones voting ReVote09history.pdf ... and voting by secret ballot . This required major changes in the conduct of elections, and as responsible ... of a voting machine to be used in such a polling place. ref http www.archive.org details peoplescharterwi00workrich ... www.abdn.ac.uk radicalism radicalism collection of the University of Aberdeen . ref The Chartist voting ..., Henry Spratt of Kent received a U.S. patent for a voting machine that presented the ballot as an array of push buttons, one per candidate. ref H. W. Spratt, Improvement in Voting Apparatus, U.S. ... voting machine appropriate for use in a general election in the United States . ref A. C. Beranek, Voting ... behind each row prevented voting for more than one candidate per race, and an interlock with the door of the voting booth reset the machine for the next voter as each voter left the booth. Vote recording Technologies Document based Ballot Voting Systems A document ballot voting system records votes .... A document ballot voting system can allow for Vote counting system Manual counting manual or Vote ... jones voting pictures A Brief Illustrated History of Voting . http www.uiowa.edu THE UNIVERSITY ... more details
that working people can fulfill their duty to cast their vote. Similarly, mobile voting booths may also be taken to old age homes and hospitals to cater for immobilized citizens, and postalvoting ...Refimprove date October 2009 Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in election s or attend a polling place on voting day. With a secret ballot , voters remain free to Spoilt vote spoil their ballot papers or remove them from the polling booth , depending on the voting system ... Voting in Greece a history of concepts in motion , p.4 ref Arguments in favour Compulsory voting ... is designed to prevent interference with the votes actually cast, compulsory voting prevents interference ... voting supporters, this is preferred to not voting at all because it ensures there is no possibility that the person has been intimidated or prevented from voting should they wish. In certain jurisdictions ... process. Compulsory voting may encourage voters to research the candidates political positions more thoroughly. Since they are voting anyway they may take more of an interest into the nature of the politicians .... Under a non compulsory voting system, if fewer people vote then it is easier for smaller sectional ... control the outcome of the political process. The outcome of a election where voting is compulsory ... today? . Political scientist Arend Lijphart writes that compulsory voting has been found to increase voting by 7 16 in national elections, and by even more in local and provincial elections and elections ... for not voting are extremely low. He argues that other civic duties also exist, like paying taxes ... and jury duty . All of these obligatory actives require far more time and effort than voting does, thus compulsory voting can be seen as constituting a much smaller intrusion of freedom than any of the other ... to compulsory voting. First, the increase in voting participation may stimulate stronger participation ... to goad votes to the polls, the role of money in politics decreases. Thirdly, compulsory voting ... more details
Electiontech Electronic voting also known as e voting is a term encompassing several different types of voting , embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic means of counting votes. Electronic voting technology can include punched card s, optical scan voting system s and specialized voting kiosks including self contained Direct recording electronic DRE voting system direct recording electronic voting systems , or DRE . It can also involve transmission of ballot s and votes via telephones, private computer network s, or the Internet . Electronic voting technology can speed the counting ... been contention, especially in the United States , that electronic voting, especially DRE voting, could facilitate electoral fraud . Overview Electronic voting systems for electorates have been in use ... of Voting Machines . About.com . ref when Punch card voting punched card systems debuted. The newer optical scan voting system s allow a computer to count a voter s mark on a ballot. DRE voting machine ... voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government elections and referendums ... Backert Handout.pdf REMOTE VOTING TECHNOLOGY , Chris Backert http www.egovconsult.com e Government ... voting system Sometimes called a Voting machine Document ballot voting system document ballot voting system , paper based voting systems originated as a system where votes are cast and Vote counting ... or sheets could be marked by hand, but counted electronically. These systems included Voting machine Punch card punched card voting , optical scan voting system Marksense systems marksense and later optical scan voting system Digital pen voting systems digital pen voting systems . Most recently ... using an Voting machine With electronic input device electronic input device , usually a touch ... forms of assistive technology . Direct recording electronic DRE voting system further DRE voting machine Image Urna eletr nica.jpeg thumb left 150px Electronic voting machine by Premier Election Solutions ... more details
wiktionarypar block vote bloc vote Block voting and Bloc voting may refer to Plurality at large voting , a voting system with multiple winners and a checkbox ballot Preferential block voting , a voting system with multiple winners and a preferential ballot General ticket , a voting system with connected multiple winners The act of multiple voters forming a voting block disambig ... more details
Runoff voting can refer to Two round system , a voting system used to elect a single winner, whereby only two candidates from the first round continue to the second round Instant runoff voting , an electoral system whereby voters rank the candidates in order of preference Contingent vote , a two round system of instant runoff voting. Exhaustive ballot , a reiterative voting system whereby rounds of voting continue with or without elimination until one candidate achieves a majority, also called repeated balloting Disambig ... more details
merge first past the post discuss Talk Alternative voting Merger proposal date November 2010 In jurisdictions that use first past the post voting systems, other systems can be considered alternatives Condorcet method Instant runoff voting Category Electoral systems ... more details
of postalvoting not many Swiss citizens choose to utilise this service. Apparently an advantage ...Politics of Switzerland Voting in Switzerland is the process by which Swiss citizens make decisions about governance and election elect official s. Voting takes place over the weekend, with emphasis being put on the Sunday. At noon on that day Abstimmungssonntag in German , voting ends. Switzerland s voting ... counted. Approximately four times a year, voting occurs over various issues these include both ... the army have seen voter turnouts of about 60 . Voting procedures Image Swiss voting material.jpg 200px thumb The ballots and other voting documents mailed to each citizen of Berne for the elections and referendums of 30 November 2008. br small Click for description small Voting can be done .... Until several years ago, some cantons punished citizens for not voting with a fine equivalent to USD 3 . In the canton of Canton of Schaffhausen Schaffhausen , voting is still compulsory. This is the reason for the turnout which is usually a little higher than in the rest of the country. There are no voting ... directly into the municipality mailbox. Others return it by the postal service witch require a additional a postal stamp to be put on the top of the envelope. Once received at the municipality, the transmission ... results than randomly asking for signatures on a city square. Internet voting Several cantons Canton ... welcome.asp title Official State of Geneva e voting site publisher Geneve.ch date accessdate 2010 ... elections are organised around a proportional multi party voting system and executive elections are organized ... makes up its own voting list, but the voter can either make a list of his or her own or they can make ... elect them in a majority voting. The parliament is elected through two different procedures ... is the plurality voting system Majorzwahl in German . In the canton of Zug and the canton of Appenzell ... simple majority Plurality voting system plurality in the US elections. All Cantons have a single ... more details
, or postalvotingpostal vote , and the extension of the legislative period for the National ...merge from European mandatory age limits and related laws date December 2010 A voting age is a minimum ... majority of countries in the world have established a voting age. Most governments consider that those ... how to cast a vote. The voting age is often of such importance that it is set by means of a constitutional provision. At the present time the voting age across the world is typically 18. When the suffrage right to vote was first accorded in democracy democracies the voting age was generally set at 21 ... the voting age below 18. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age ... to children from birth Demeny voting , initially with the votes being cast by parents to ensure proper ... Lowering the Minimum Voting Age to 85 Years Pro and Con Arguments , Constitutional Revision Study .... ref A large number of countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 during ... acquired the right to vote. However, a few countries maintained voting ages of 20 years or higher ... Hiroko last Nakata title Panel mulls lowering voting age to 18 url http search.japantimes.co.jp cgi ... Image NYRA Berkeley voting age protest.jpg thumb right 200px Protest in favour of lowering the voting ... of the 21st century a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced ... moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some states of States ... for reductions of the voting age to 16 were made in various U.S. states, including California , Florida and Alaska , ref http youthrights.org votestatus.php Worldwide Efforts to Lower the Voting ... of New South Wales , Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Amendment Voting Age Bill 2005 Hansard ... Union , and the first of the world s leading democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Bullet voting is a tactic in which the voter only selects one candidate, despite the option to indicate a preference for other candidates. They might do this either because it is easier than evaluating all the candidates, or depending on the voting system in use as a form of tactical voting . If enough voters bullet vote , almost any voting system functions like a plurality voting system . This is generally considered a poor result, as many voting systems are intended as reforms or improvements that avoid or minimize some alleged disadvantages of plurality aka first past the post . However, if voters bullet vote as a conscious strategy to express their meta preference that candidates with strong support are preferable to compromise candidates with broad support, it may not be a problem. This tactic is possible in any voting system that does not require ranking all candidates. In practice, this is the majority of voting systems as actually implemented as opposed to in theory , since to reject ballots that do not rank all candidates risk an excessive number of spoilt vote spoiled ballots . However, it is mainly an issue in voting systems that reward this tactic&mdash primarily approval voting , and to a lesser extent range voting &mdash and in those that do not significantly penalize it&mdash primarily instant runoff voting and a non standard form of Borda count . Candidates may seek to encourage bullet voting in certain situations. One example is where there is a Plurality at large voting Bloc voting election for two seats of the same office, and there are several candidates say A, B, and C . Voters in such a situation typically have two votes. Candidate A encourages his voters to vote only for him and not use their second vote. If the second vote is cast for B or C, it helps A s opponents. The situation is most pronounced where A is of one .... Category Voting systems ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Voting Image 1900 New York polling place.jpg thumb left New York polling place circa 1900, showing voting booths on the left. Image Booths.gif thumb left Voting booths used for L Ordre des Avocats de Paris Paris Bar Association 2007 election. A voting booth or polling booth is a room or cabin in a polling station where voters are able to cast their vote in private to protect the Secret ballot secrecy of the ballot . Commonly the entrance to the voting booth is a retractable curtain. Usually access to the voting booth is restricted to a single person, with exceptions for voters requiring assistance. Commonly voting machine s use either a voting booth or some other form of privacy cover to obscure the voting screen from the view of others. See also Wiktionary Polling station DEFAULTSORT Voting Booth Election stub de Wahlkabine es Cuarto oscuro elecciones fr Isoloir Category Political terms ... more details
citations needed date December 2007 Calculus of voting refers to any mathematical model which predicts voting behaviour by an electorate, including such features as participation rate. A calculus of voting represents an hypothesized decision making process. These models are used in political science in an attempt to capture the relative importance of various factors influencing an elector to vote or not vote in a particular way. Example One such model was proposed by Anthony Downs 1957 and is adapted by William H. Riker and Peter Ordeshook , in A Theory of the Calculus of Voting Riker and Ordeshook 1968 R pB &minus C D where R the reward gained from voting in a given election R, then, is a proxy for the probability that the voter will turn out p probability of vote mattering B utility benefit of voting differential benefit of one candidate winning over the other C costs of voting time effort spent D citizen duty, goodwill feeling, psychological and civic benefit of voting this term is not included in Downs s original model A political science model based on rational choice used to explain why citizens do or do not vote. References Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York Harper & Row. Riker, William and Peter Ordeshook. 1968. A Theory of the Calculus of Voting. American Political Science Review 62 1 25 42. Category Voting theory Category Mathematical modeling ... more details
A voting trust is a trust whereby the stock shares in a company law company of one or more stockholder shareholders and the voting rights attached thereto are legally transferred to a trustee , usually for a specified period of time the trust period . In some voting trusts, the trustee may also be granted additional powers such as to sell or redeem the shares . At the end of the trust period, the shares would ordinarily be re transferred to the beneficiary trust beneficiary ies , although in practice many voting trusts contain provisions for them to re vested on the voting trusts with identical terms. Voting trusts were made popular in Delaware corporate law , but they have since been adopted widely by other states in the U.S.A. They have also been extensively adopted in Offshore Financial Centre offshore jurisdictions . Purposes There are several reasons why shareholders may wish to put a voting trust arrangement in place. Several shareholders may wish to create a unified block of votes, which together gives them more power than the collective sum of their fragmented interests. In many countries, in order to call general meeting s, shareholders need to hold a certain percentage of the issued shares of the company. By aggregating their shares, the shareholders can confer this power on themselves collectively where they might not have it individually. Locking shares up in voting trusts can in some countries help deter a hostile takeover . Voting trusts are also sometimes used to resolve conflict of interest conflicts of interest . By putting the shares in a trustee who can vote ... all blind trusts are necessarily voting trusts, not all voting trusts are blind trusts . Shares are sometimes aggregated into a voting trust to facilitate a corporate reorganisation. Promoters of companies sometimes aggregate their shares in a voting trust to safeguard control of the company. Sample http contracts.onecle.com talk aol.vote.1997.02.22.shtml Sample Voting trust agreement Category Business ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 A voting bloc is a group of voting voters that are so motivated by a specific concern or group of concerns that it helps determine how they vote in election s. The divisions between voting blocs are known as Cleavage politics cleavage . A voting bloc can be longstanding and institutionalized, such as support for business or trade union labor , or it can be created from scratch as the result of the saliency of a new public issue, such as a war or the potential resumption of a military draft . Ethnic group s are sometimes considered to be voting blocs, but it is unwise to simply assume that a majority of a given ethnic group will vote in one particular way, as economic status and religious belief s also play an important role. Voting blocs grow and wane according to the development of issues and personalities. These blocs can often disappear and reappear with time and are not necessarily motivated by one single issue politics single issue . Voting blocs have been observed in the Eurovision Song Contest , with particular countries Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest Regional block votingvoting for their neighbors . Voting as a block The term block voting is also used to refer to the concept of voting as a block , a system of winner take all decision making whereby the vote of an entire electoral unit is cast in line with the majority decision of that unit, discounting any contrary votes. The most prominent example of this is in United States presidential election s, in which 48 of the 50 U.S. state states cast all their Electoral College United States Electoral College votes to the candidate winning a plurality. This leads to a triage strategy ... avoiding campaigning in ones with a more certain outcome. This system of block voting is also used ... of mandatory voting blocks was also used within several states in the United States, especially ... at large voting system. Poli stub Category Voting Category Sociology Category Demographics Category ... more details
Voting basis refers to what number or percentage of votes are required for a proposal to be adopted, or for a candidate to be elected. Two elements make up a voting basis the proportion that must agree majority, two thirds, three quarters, etc. and the set of members to which the proportion applies e.g. the members present and voting the members present the entire membership of the organization the entire electorate etc. ref cite parl title RONR pages 389 ref Voting bases include Plurality voting system simple majority or first past the post the largest number of votes, even if less than fifty percent , absolute majority over fifty percent , and supermajority the proportion required is greater than fifty percent, e.g. two thirds . References reflist Category Parliamentary procedure ... more details
A voting plan or voting rights plan is one of five main types of poison pill s that a target company law firm can issue against hostile takeover attempts. These plans are implemented when a company charters preferred stock with superior voting rights to common shareholders. If an unfriendly bidder acquired a substantial quantity of the target firm s voting common stock, it would not be able to exercise control over its purchase. For example, ASARCO established a voting plan in which 99 of the company s common stock would only harness 16.5 of the total voting power. ref Paul H. Malatesta University of Washington and Ralph A. Walking Ohio State University , Poison Pill Securities Stockholder Wealth, Profitability, and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 20, January March 1988, p. 355. ref See also Economics Industrial organization Japan Mergers and acquisitions Microeconomics Takeover Notes reflist References http www.lens library.com power chapter2.html fnref39 Asarco voting rights plan Category Mergers and acquisitions ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 Disapproval voting is any voting system that allows many voters to express formal disapproval simultaneously, in a system where they all share some power. Unlike most voting .... If used to select candidates for an office, or for continuation to a next round of voting or play ... voting. However, usually only one measure or candidate is presented to be disapproved of. True disapproval voting would require more than two choices or representatives, and would ask voters to disavow one or more. Voting against It is usually functionally equivalent to a simple inverted form of another kind of voting rather than voting for one votes against a list of candidates usually one as in first past the post voting , but if one can disapprove of as many as one chose, or rank them in order of desirability for exclusion, disapproval voting becomes functionally identical to approval voting and some preferential voting systems respectively. However, the psychology of veto vetoing , protesting ... game , is often portrayed in fiction as having a disapproval voting form, with the poor individual who is most disapproved tossed overboard. General purpose methods of disapproval voting, e.g. for use ... voting systems in the reality game show , as noted below. Most people are familiar with the concept only from these shows. Disapproval expression in other voting systems Russia and several other ... ballots are tallied separately from spoiled ballots and no shows. Any voting system permits some ... , made explicit the fact that they were voting for Gore but supported not the platform of the United ..., which they called on Gore to implement. This is an example of disapproval voting on an informal level ... law and diplomacy diplomatic relations , some fail to see voting as a positive and voluntary ... voting argue that they simply wish to extend to the citizen the powers that are already ... inherent in any scheme of disapproval. Advocating disapproval or approval voting may be seen ... more details
Primary sources date November 2007 Electoral systems Range voting also called ratings summation , average voting , cardinal ratings , score voting , 0 99 voting , the score system , or the point system is a voting system for one seat elections under which voters score each candidate, the scores are added up, and the candidate with the highest score wins. A form of range voting ref James S. Fishkin ... http rangevoting.org BPSparta.html title Ancient Sparta used range voting... sort of ref was apparently ... processes of some athletic competitions. Approval voting can be considered to be range voting with only ... 1 , neutral 0 , and disapproved 1 . Voting system Range voting uses a ratings ballot that is, each ... candidates should be rated, unlike cumulative voting where voters are not permitted to provide scores ..., range voting with truncated means is used in figure skating competitions to avoid the results of the third ... In conventional range voting, these ties would be extremely rare. Another consequence of using medians .... Range voting in which only two different votes may be submitted 0 and 1, for example is equivalent to approval voting . As with approval voting, range voters must weigh the adverse impact on their favorite candidate of ranking other candidates highly. Alternative use The range voting concept has ... tactical voting . Range voting is common for things where there is no single winner for instance ... idea in order to recognize which ideas have the most collective agreement. Range voting has been ... books to read. Citation needed date February 2011 Example Tenn voting example Suppose that voters ... to reflect their true preferences, and is considered to be an instance of tactical voting. Properties Range voting allows voters to express preferences of varying strengths. Range voting satisfies ... of winning. Also, in range voting, casting a sincere vote can never result in a worse election winner from your point of view than if you had simply abstained from voting. Range voting passes ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 In economics , dollar voting is an analogy used to explain how the purchasing choices of consumer s affect which good accounting products will continue to be produced and supplied to the market . Every dollar paid for a particular product may be considered a dollar vote for that product, such that the products with the largest number of dollar votes generate the most Profit economics profit and will therefore continue to be produced. A boycott would be a vote against a product. The reference to dollar is just an example the principle holds for any currency . The expressions vote with your wallet and vote with your dollar refer to dollar voting. Dollar voting is similar in theory to Foot voting . Criticism Some economists, like Amartya Sen , have argued that dollar voting requires near perfect knowledge about any product that one wishes to buy. It is sometimes impossible to know whether a product was made by child labour, for example. microeconomics stub Category Voting theory Category Economics terminology Category Microeconomics vi T n nhi m s n ph m ... more details
Merge to Tiebout model date February 2010 In demographics , foot voting describes the tendency of people to vote with their feet , that is to migrate when they perceive situations to be more beneficial elsewhere. It is also used as an analogy to describe shifting political or commercial allegiances. It is similar in nature to Dollar voting . Just as dollar voting requires a degree of economic freedom to be effective, foot voting is effective only if people have the freedom to emigration migrate . The concept is frequently associated with Charles Tiebout . ref http faculty.washington.edu krumme VIP Tiebout.html Charles Tiebout Bot generated title ref The term was also popularized by Ronald Reagan . ref http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,954976 2,00.html The White House Sensitivity Gap TIME Bot generated title ref Lenin is also said to have created the term in 1918 during World War I when he said that Russian soldiers had voted in favour of peace with Germany with their feet, since they were deserting in large numbers from the front line. See also Jurisdiction shopping Tiebout model References references DEFAULTSORT Foot Voting Category Voting theory election stub ru ... more details
Infobox journal title Voting matters discipline Political science editor Nicholaus Tideman publisher McDougall Trust country United Kingdom open access Yes history 1994 present website http www.votingmatters.org.uk link1 http www.votingmatters.org.uk MAIN.HTM link1 name Online archive ISSN 1745 6231 OCLC 498736040 Voting matters is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal whose purpose is To advance the understanding of preferential voting systems . Originally published by the Electoral Reform Society 1994 2003 , Voting matters is now a publication of the McDougall Trust. The journal s founding editor in chief 1994 2010 was British mathematician and computer scientist Brian Wichmann its current editor is Nicolaus Tideman . The majority of Voting matters papers deal with the Single Transferable Vote STV preferential voting system. The journal has also republished several seminal papers on STV by Thomas Hare political scientist Thomas Hare , Henry Richmond Droop , and Brian Meek . External links Official http www.votingmatters.org.uk http www.mcdougall.org.uk McDougall Trust Category Single Transferable Vote Category Open access journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1994 Category Political science journals academic journal stub ... more details
Electoral systems Approval voting is a Voting system Single winner methods single winner voting ..., Peter 1983 . Approval Voting , Boston Birkh user, p. 3 ref The system was described in 1976 by Guy Ottewell ref cite web url http www.universalworkshop.com ARVOfull.htm title Arithmetic of Voting ... , who coined the term approval voting. It was more fully published in 1978 by political scientist Steven ... and Fishburn, Peter year 1978 title Approval Voting jstor 1955105 journal American Political Science Review volume 72 issue 3 pages 831 847 ref Theory Approval voting can be considered a form of range voting , with the range restricted to two values, 0 and 1. Approval voting can also be compared to plurality voting system plurality voting , without the rule that discards ballots which vote for more ... voting has been adopted by the Mathematical Association of America 1986 , ref cite web url http www.maa.org ... that approval voting was abandoned in 2002 because few of our members were using it and it was felt that it was no longer needed. Approval voting was implemented by the IEEE board and rescinded by the board ... title Going from Theory to Practice The Mixed Success of Approval Voting format PDF date accessdate 2010 05 08 ref Approval voting also was used for several contested Dartmouth Alumni Association elections ... voting methods which incorporate aspects of approval voting have been used span Approving voting ... in repeated rounds of voting until one candidate was listed on at least two thirds of ballots. ref ... and voting which allowed approval of multiple candidates and required a supermajority. ref Cite journal doi 10.1007 BF00135090 author Lines, Marji year 1986 title Approval Voting and Strategy Analysis ... voting was used in 19th century England . ref cite web url http www.nyu.edu gsas dept politics ... for Secretary General ref Effect on elections Approval voting advocates Steven Brams and Dudley R. Herschbach predict that approval voting should increase voter participation, prevent minor ... more details
Refimprove date April 2009 Voting interest or voting power in business and accounting means the total number of votes entitled to be cast on the issue at the time the determination of voting power is made, excluding a vote which is contingent upon the happening of a condition or event which has not occurred at the time. ref https www.oregonlaws.org glossary definition voting power Voting Power ref This notion is different from economic interest that refers to a percentage of all the Ownership equity equity issued, including preferred stock , Warrant finance warrants , and so on. Ownership of more than 50 of voting shares gives the right of Control in Management control and Consolidation business consolidation . In special cases, control is possible without having to own more than 50 of voting stock. For example, if agreed, shareholders may pass control to a chosen one owning much fewer shares for example in the case of the two petroleum companies, MOL Group and INA Industrija nafte . Example Company ABC has 1,000,000 ordinary shares and 500,000 preferred shares outstanding . br Company XYZ buys 700,000 voting shares and 100,000 preferred ones. br Therefore, its voting interest is 700,000 1,000,000 70.00 , and its economic interest is 700,000 100,000 1,000,000 500,000 53.33 . References Reflist External links http www.allbusiness.com business planning business structures corporations stock 3779142 1.html Common Stock vs. Preferred Stock http free.thebankaccounts.com 2008 07 stock.html Stock stock market Category Corporate finance Category Equity securities Category Stock market Category Mergers and acquisitions econ stub ... more details
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