that a bottleneck of the human population occurred c. 70,000 years ago, proposing that the human ... not, in itself, indicate a populationbottleneck, because mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome DNA are only ... bottleneck is that of the Northern Elephant Seal s, whose population fell to about 30 in the 1890s ... info10.htm HowStuffWorks The Endangered Cheetah ref thus suggesting an extreme populationbottleneck ... can be inferred from an observed populationbottleneck. Among the Gal pagos Islands Gal pagos tortoise giant tortoises , themselves a prime example of a bottleneck, the comparatively large population ... cultivated went through a severe populationbottleneck. In evolutionary theory See Evolutionary ... May 1, 2005 pmc 1449701 popgen Population DEFAULTSORT PopulationBottleneck Category Population genetics ...Expert subject Genetics documentation date November 2009 Image Population bottleneck.svg thumb right Populationbottleneck followed by recovery or extinction A populationbottleneck or genetic bottleneck is an evolution ary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing. ref http www.bookrags.com research populationbottleneck gen 03 PopulationBottleneck Macmillan Genetics ref In true populationbottleneck, survival odds are purely random. The odds of survival for any member of the population is not influenced by inherited genetic ... info show.asp?bh 73 accessdate March 13, 2011 ref A slightly different sort of genetic bottleneck can occur if a small group becomes reproductively separated from the main population. This is called a founder effect . Population bottlenecks reduce the genetic variation and thereby also the population ... if they had not already genetic drift drifted out of the population. ref Cite web title Evolution ... evosite evo101 IIID3Bottlenecks.shtml accessdate 2 February 2011 ref Population bottlenecks increase genetic drift , as the rate of drift is inversely proportional to the population size. The reduction ... more details
with the Toba catastrophe theory which suggests that a Populationbottleneckbottleneck of the human population occurred c. 70,000 years ago, proposing that the human population was reduced ... expected and does not, in itself, indicate a populationbottleneck, because mitochondrial ... size oscillation The term bottleneck has been used to describe the population structure that created ... and Modern humans ancestors were part of a single population. Evidence against a populationbottleneck ... size followed by an expansion. Evidence for a populationbottleneck Confidence intervals of population size do not require an alternative, populationbottleneck , hypothesis. However, a bottleneck ... www geology.ucdavis.edu GEL134 ambrose.pdf Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic ..., in 2000, a Molecular Biology and Evolution paper suggested a transplanting model or a long bottleneck ... http mbe.oupjournals.org cgi content full 17 1 2 Population Bottlenecks and Pleistocene Human Evolution ... compared to their probability distributions if one assumes that population expanded 75kya from a long standing population of 11,000 effective individuals One early oversight of many early studies is that the fixation ... to fall. Takahata 1993 estimated the effective human population size at 11,000 individuals, and Schaffner ... population. With few exceptions, however, X linked and autosomes appear to coalesce under a common population ... name Ancestors Tale According to Wilder et al. 2004 , the lower TMRCA of Y is due to an effective population ... effective population sizes of human females and males. journal Mol Biol Evol. year 2004 volume 21 issue 11 pages 2047 57 pmid 15317874 postscript . ref Even with a reduced effective population size ..., evidence has grown for an early population size expansion. This expansion probably started prior to 100,000 years ago and greatly increasing after 100,000 years ago see Population size oscillation Population size oscillation . The effective size of the human population should have well exceeded 10 ... more details
is substantially different from a common meaning of a bottleneck . Also note, that this definition does not forbid a single link to be a bottleneck for multiple flows. A data rate allocation is max min fair if and only if a data flow between any two nodes has at least one bottleneck link. Population genetics Image Population bottleneck.svg thumb right Populationbottleneck and recovery or extinction In population genetics , a populationbottleneck occurs when the effective population .... The immediate effect of a populationbottleneck is to decrease genetic diversity, promoting the effects ...Otheruses Bottleneck disambiguation A bottleneck is a phenomenon where the performance or capacity of an entire system is limited by a single or limited number of components or resources. The term bottleneck ... is limited by the width of the conduit of exit that is, bottleneck. By increasing the width of the bottleneck one can increase the rate at which the water flows out of the neck at different frequencies. Such limiting components of a system are sometimes referred to as bottleneck points . Project management A bottleneck in project management is one process in a chain of processes, such that its ... the bottleneck element towards the end of the process, inducing the better and faster machines to always ... be heeded as a deleterious and significant overall drawback on the process. Management Bottleneck ... Business Unit Function versus Function Inside versus Outside Partners Engineering In engineering , a bottleneck ... by a single component. Formally, a bottleneck lies on a system s critical path and provides the lowest ... processor , a communication link , a data processing software , etc. Traffic main Traffic bottleneck ... to travel through one lane, causing a bottleneck and a major traffic jam. Image Knelpunt.jpg thumb Bottleneck in traffic caused by a road construction Metaphor ically a bottleneck is a section of a route ..., a bottleneck link for a given data flow is a link that is fully utilized is saturated ... more details
Wiktionarypar bottleneckBottleneck literally refers to the top narrow part of a bottle . Other than the narrow part of a bottle bottleneck may also refer to Bottleneck , a phenomenon where the capacity of an entire system is limited by lowest capacity part of such system Free State Bottleneck , a quasi state that existed in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic Populationbottleneck , an evolutionary event that drastically reduces a population Slide guitar , also known as a Bottleneck guitar The Bottleneck K2 , a mountaineering feature near the top of K2 mountain Von Neumann bottleneck , described within Von Neumann architecture as a limit of throughput between a computer s processor and its memory Bottle neck rifle cartridge , where the cartridge body narrows at the neck, providing a shoulder that may be used for Headspace firearms headspacing disambig de Flaschenhals es Cuello de botella eu Botila lepo argipena fr Goulot d tranglement homonymie ko it Collo di bottiglia nl Bottleneck ru zh ... more details
File K2 above Bottleneck.jpg thumb High on K2 Seracs above the Bottleneck The Bottleneck is a location along the South East Spur, known also as Abruzzi Spur the most used route to the top of K2 , the second highest mountain of the world in the Karakoram on the Pakistan China border. The Bottleneck is a narrow couloir , which is overhung by serac s from the ice field east of the summit. The couloir is located only 400m below the summit, and climbers have to traverse about 100m exposed to the seracs to pass it. Due to the height 8200m and the steepness 50 60 degrees this stretch is the most dangerous part of the route and has claimed at least 11 fatalities ref http www.k2climb.net expguide route.htm K2climb.net, The climb from the Pakistan side ref . Despite all the dangers, the Bottleneck is still technically the easiest and the fastest route to the summit. Most climbers choose to use it to minimize time required to spend above 8,000 meters the death zone . The standard route, the Abruzzi SE Ridge, as well as the Cesen route SSE Ridge, which joins SE Ridge , and the American variety on the NE Ridge traverse across E Face to SE Ridge , all attain the summit via the Bottleneck. The climbers approaching the bottleneck start from a shoulder , an almost level ground just below 8,000 meters, where typically the highest camp is located. The bottom end of the couloir drops to the south face ... to pass the Bottleneck by rock climbing the cliffs on the left. Unfortunately their technical difficulty ... Dawa Lama Sherpa in 1939. Skiing the Bottleneck On August 4, 2009, Dave Watson became the first person in history to ski down the Bottleneck. ref http www.k2tracks.com k2 ski expedition 2009 ... of a line of climbers in the Bottleneck. The picture was taken August 1, 2008 by Nicholas Rice ... 16&id tipologia 43 Bottleneck &ndash The Bottleneck from below. Photo by Renato Sottsass. http classic.mountainzone.com photo viesturs graphics k2 edandscott.html Mountain Zone &ndash Ed Viesturs in the Bottleneck ... more details
Image Bottleneck.svg Right thumb Bottleneck caused by construction. A traffic bottleneck is a localized disruption of vehicular traffic on a street, road or highway. As opposed to a traffic jam , a bottleneck is a result of a specific, often temporary, physical condition. Causes Traffic bottlenecks can be caused by a wide variety of things. A construction zone, where one or more existing lanes may become unavailable, is pictured on the right. An accident site can also temporarily close lanes. Even in the absence of construction, a highway permanently narrowing by a lane or more can be a bottleneck because the capacity falls. Bottlenecks are also caused by terrain, such as uphill sections or very sharp curves. A poorly timed traffic signal traffic light is another example. Slow vehicles also disrupt traffic flow upstream. This is known as a Moving bottleneck moving bottleneck . Furthermore, bottlenecks can be psychological in nature. Vehicles safely pulled to the shoulder by a police car, for example, often induce passing drivers to slow down to get a better look at the situation. See rubbernecking . Graphical & theoretical representation Traffic flow theory can be used to model and represent bottlenecks. Stationary bottleneck Image Wikipedia TrafficBottlenecks regular.svg right Consider a stretch of highway with two lanes in one direction. Suppose that the fundamental diagram is modeled ... regular tsd.svg right Using a time space diagram, we may model the bottleneck event. Suppose ... diagram. Downstream of the bottleneck, vehicles transition to state D , where they again travel ... horizontal and vertical measurements within the region of state D. Moving bottleneck Image Tractor OnTheRoad01.jpg thumb A slow tractor creates a moving bottleneck. For this example, consider three ... because fewer vehicles get around the bottleneck. Image Wikipedia TrafficBottlenecks moving1.svg ... Bottleneck Category Road transport Category Road traffic management fr Goulot d tranglement route ... more details
Update date March 2011 The interconnect bottleneck , the point at which integrated circuit s ICs reach their capacity, is expected sometime around 2010. ref http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2006 04 060417124542.htm Quantum Paint on Laser Could Rescue Computer Chip Industry ref Improved performance of computer systems has been achieved, in large part, by downscaling the IC minimum feature size. This allows the basic IC building block, the transistor , to operate at a higher frequency, performing more computations per second. However, downscaling of the minimum feature size also results in tighter packing of the wires on a microprocessor , which increases parasitic capacitance and signal propagation delay. Consequently, the delay due to the communication between the parts of a chip becomes comparable to the computation delay itself. This phenomenon, known as an interconnect bottleneck , is becoming a major problem in high performance computer systems. ref http www.ece.rochester.edu weiss SMW 20papers MH SPIE2004.pdf Dynamically tunable 1D and 2D photonic bandgap structures for optical interconnect applications ref This problem of interconnect bottleneck can be solved by utilizing optical interconnects to replace the long metallic interconnects. ref name iptronics cite news url http www.iptronics.com 36209 Optical 20interconnects.html title Parallel Optical Interconnects last Bek first Jesper date 2008 06 09 publisher IPtronics accessdate 2010 04 09 ref Such hybrid optical electronic interconnects promises better performance even with larger designs. Optics has widespread use in long distance communications still it has not yet been widely used in chip to chip or on chip interconnections because they in centimeter or micrometer range are not yet industry manufacturable owing to costlier technology and lack of fully mature technologies. As optical interconnections move from ... access memory Memory wall References references DEFAULTSORT Interconnect Bottleneck Category Digital ... more details
Infobox Hollywood cartoon cartoon name Baby Bottleneck series Looney Tunes Daffy Duck Porky Pig director Robert Clampett story artist Warren Foster animator Rod Scribner br Manny Gould br Bill Melendez br I. Ellis layout artist Thomas McKimson background artist Dorcy Howard voice actor Mel Blanc br Sara Berner uncredited musician Carl Stalling producer Edward Selzer studio Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. distributor Warner Bros. Warner Bros. Pictures release date March 16, 1946 USA color process Technicolor runtime 7 min. movie language English language English Baby Bottleneck is a 1945 Warner Brothers Looney Tunes reissued as a Merrie Melodies Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodies Blue Ribbon theatrical cartoon short released in 1946 and directed by Robert Clampett and written by Warren Foster . NOTOC Plot The cartoon opens with an overworked stork a clear Jimmy Durante reference getting drunk in the Stork Klub I do all the woik...and the fadders get all the credit . There is an emergency delivery in which inexperienced animals take the babies to their parents. As a result, babies are getting sent to the wrong parents such as a baby Hippopotamus to a Scottish Terrier , a baby alligator to a pig and a baby skunk to a goose . To clear up the confusion, Porky Pig is brought in to manage the factory, with Daffy Duck as his assistant. The babies are seen going through a conveyor belt to the tune of Raymond Scott s famous Powerhouse and getting sent by various animals, while Daffy mans the phones, making quick references to Bing Crosby who had four sons , Eddie Cantor five daughters and no sons , and the Dionne Quintuplets Mr. Dionne, puh leeze , is Daffy s shocked reaction . When a stray egg is found without an address, Porky decides to have Daffy sit on it until it hatches. However, Daffy and Porky, for some reason refuses to sit around on top of an egg. Porky chases Daffy around the factory complete with an imitation of Porky by Daffy , until they wind up trapped on the conveyor belt ... more details
Other uses File Population density.png thumb 350px Distribution of world population in 1994. A population .... The area that is used to define the population is such that interbreeding inter breeding is possible ... cite book last Hartl first Daniel authorlink title Principles of Population Genetics publisher Sinauer Associates series year 2007 doi isbn 978 0 87893 308 2 page 45 ref In sociology , population refers ... study of human populations. This article refers mainly to human population. Population genetics In population genetics a population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can Breeding ... each other. ref cite book last Hartl first Daniel authorlink title Principles of Population Genetics ... population Main World population As of Date , the world population is estimated by the United States ... States Census Bureau , the world population hit 6.5 billion 6,500,000,000 on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which world population reached 6 billion. This was about 12 years after world population reached 5 billion in 1987, and 6 years after world population reached 5.5 billion in 1993. The population of some countries ... igapo 2005 world city populations Nigeria.html title Cities in Nigeria 2005 Population ... World population growth time between each billion person growth.jpg 350px thumb Time taken for each billion people to be added to the world s population including future estimates . See also http commons.wikimedia.org wiki File World population growth time between each billion person growth MKII.jpg alt. chart Main population growth Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. ref name historic population graphs As graphically illustrated by File Poulation since 10000BC.jpg population since 10,000BC and File Poulation since 1000AD.jpg population since 1000AD ref The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid increase in the Population ... more details
Infobox Single Name Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp Cover Artist Mercury Rev from Album Deserter s Songs B side Released January 25, 1999 Format CD, 12 vinyl Recorded Tarbox Studios, NRS Studios, Six Hours Studios Genre Alternative rock Length 3 06 edit br 3 51 album version Label V2 Records Writer Jimy Chambers, Jonathan Donahue , Sean Grasshopper musician Grasshopper Mackowiak Producer Dave Fridmann , Jonathan Donahue , Aaron Hurwitz Certification Last single Goddess on a Hiway br 1998 This single Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp br 1999 Next single Opus 40 song Opus 40 br 1999 Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp is the second single from Mercury Rev s fourth studio album, Deserter s Songs . The single was released in the UK on January 25, 1999, and peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart . Mercury Rev drummer Jimy Chambers is credited as the lyrics writer for Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp. B sides include live covers of Vampire Blues Neil Young and Isolation John Lennon . Track listing UK CD 1 Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp Edit 3 06 Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp The Chemical Brothers Remix 6 22 Vampire Blues Live 2 50 CD 2 Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp Edit 3 06 Holes I Collect Coins unlisted Live 7 04 Isolation Live 4 10 12 vinyl Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp The Chemical Brothers Remix 6 22 Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp Edit 3 06 Endlessly instrumental 4 25 Australia CD Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp Edit 3 06 Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp The Chemical Brothers Remix 6 22 Vampire Blues Live 2 50 Holes I Collect Coins Live 7 04 Isolation Live 4 10 Category 1999 singles Category Mercury Rev songs ... more details
The Bottleneck traveling salesman problem bottleneck TSP is a problem in discrete optimization discrete or combinatorial optimization . It is stated as follows Find the Hamiltonian path Hamiltonian cycle in a Glossary of graph theory weighted graph which minimizes the weight of the most weighty Glossary of graph theory edge of the cycle. ref name gj cite book author Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson year 1979 title Computers and Intractability A Guide to the Theory of NP Completeness publisher W.H. Freeman isbn 0 7167 1045 5 A2.3 ND24, pg.212. ref The problem is known to be NP hard . The decision problem version of this, for a given length x , is there a Hamiltonian cycle in a graph g with no edge longer than x ? , is NP complete . ref name gj In an asymmetric bottleneck TSP , there are cases where the weight from node A to B is different from the weight from B to A e. g. travel time between two cities with a traffic jam in one direction . Euclidean bottleneck TSP , or planar bottleneck TSP, is the bottleneck TSP with the distance being the ordinary Euclidean distance . The problem still remains NP hard, however many heuristics work better. If the graph is a metric space then there is an efficient approximation algorithm that finds a Hamiltonian cycle with maximum edge weight being no more than twice the optimum. ref cite journal author R. Garey Parker and Ronald L. Rardin year 1984 title Guaranteed performance heuristics for the bottleneck traveling salesman problem publisher Operations Research Letters 2 6 269 272 ref See also Travelling salesman problem References reflist 3. G. Carpaneto, S. Martello and P. Toth 1984 . An algorithm for the bottleneck travelling salesman problem . Operations Research 32 2 380 389. Category Combinatorial optimization Category Graph algorithms ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Coord 39 03 37 N 110 41 15 W type mountain region US UT scale 10000 display title Bottleneck Peak is a natural monolith located on the eastern side of Sids Mountain in the Utah San Rafael Swell wilderness area. DEFAULTSORT Bottleneck Peak And Moon Category Natural monoliths Category Rock formations in Utah Category Emery County, Utah Utah geo stub ... more details
Infobox Former Country native name Freistaat Flaschenhals conventional long name Free State Bottleneck common name Bottleneck continent Europe region Rhineland country Germany era Interwar period status Special status text Unoccupied territory within post WWI Weimar Republic Germany government type Republic year start 1919 year end 1923 event start date start 10 January event end Occupation of the Ruhr Abolished date end 23 February p1 Province of Hesse Nassau flag p1 Flagge Preu en Provinz Hessen Nassau.svg s1 Province of Hesse Nassau flag s1 Flagge Preu en Provinz Hessen Nassau.svg image flag ... footnotes The Free State Bottleneck lang de Freistaat Flaschenhals was a short lived quasi state that existed ... of the Rhineland following World War I . The Bottleneck is now part of the modern German states of Hesse ... nature of the Allied bridgeheads, this enclosed territory took on the shape of a bottleneck ... in the Bottleneck File Flaschenhals briefmarke.jpg 200px thumb right 50 Pfennig postage stamp of the Bottleneck, containing a map showing how the two Allied bridgeheads give the state its bottleneck like ... of this small territory. Pnischeck headed the Bottleneck s administration for the time of its ... connecting the Bottleneck to unoccupied Germany, trains were not permitted to stop there, and air or river ... from neighbouring R desheim Rhein R desheim and taken to the Bottleneck, where the coal was distributed ... Official website of the Free State Bottleneck ref Foreign relations The state issued its own passports ... Bottleneck was abolished on 23 February 1923 following the French Occupation of the Ruhr . The Bottleneck ... of Hesse Nassau Hesse Nassau . The Bottleneck today The territory that formerly comprised the Bottleneck is now part of the Rhine Gorge UNESCO World Heritage Site . The history of the Bottleneck is now ... an der Lahn Limburg , Kaub and Lorch Rheingau Lorch . Bottleneck stamps and currency are now sought ... www.freistaat flaschenhals.de eng index.htm Official website of the Free State Bottleneck States of the Weimar ... more details
The Shifting Bottleneck Heuristic is a procedure intended to minimize the time it takes to do work, or specifically, the makespan in a job shop . The makespan is defined as the amount of time, from start to finish, to complete a set of multi machine jobs where machine order is pre set for each job. Assuming that the jobs are actually competing for the same resources machines then there will always be one or more resources that act as a bottleneck in the processing. This heuristic , or rule of thumb procedure minimises the effect of the bottleneck. The Shifting Bottleneck engineering Bottleneck Heuristic is intended for job shops with a finite number of jobs and a finite number of machines. Uses Image processingTimes.png thumb right Machine Sequence and Processing Times Example The Shifting Bottleneck engineering Bottleneck Heuristic is used in manufacturing and service industries that include ... makespan Determine optimal sequence for bottleneck machine Considering precedence constraints ... Iteration 1 The next step is to determine which resource machine is currently the Bottleneck engineering bottleneck . This is done by considering the production time, denoted p sub ij sub , that each ... for each of the respective machines, the machine with the largest maximum lateness is the bottleneck ... be chosen for the bottleneck. All of this work is considered the first iteration. Once the Bottleneck engineering bottleneck has been determined, the path for the machine needs to be included in the drawing ... determined to be the bottleneck. Second iteration Image Iteration2.png thumb right Iteration 2 ... 2 . This is considered the second iteration. Again, determine which machine is the new Bottleneck engineering bottleneck . The new makespan is the old makespan plus the maximum lateness from the new bottleneck ... see Iteration 3 . At this point the Shifting Bottleneck engineering Bottleneck Heuristic is complete ... External links http www.inderscience.com filter.php?aid 9059 The shifting bottleneck procedure for job ... more details
In combinatorial optimization , a field within mathematics, the linear bottleneck assignment problem LBAP is similar to the linear assignment problem . ref http www.assignmentproblems.com Assignment Problems , by Rainer Burkard , Mauro Dell Amico, Silvano Martello, 2009, Chapter 6.2 http books.google.com books?id nHIzbApLOr0C&pg PA198&dq 22bottleneck assignment problem 22&hl en&ei A7f0S9DjMYH6sQOYt8CIBQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 2&ved 0CDIQ6AEwAQ v onepage&q 22bottleneck 20assignment 20problem 22&f false Linear Bottleneck Assignment Problem p. 172 ref In plain words the problem is stated as follows There are a number of agents and a number of tasks . Any agent can be assigned to perform any task, incurring some cost that may vary depending on the agent task assignment. It is required to perform all tasks by assigning exactly one agent to each task in such a way that the maximum cost among the individual assignments is minimized. The term bottleneck is explained by a common type of application of the problem, where the cost is the duration of the task performed by an agent. In this setting the maximum cost is maximum duration , which is the bottleneck for the schedule of the overall job, to be minimized. Formal definition The formal definition of the bottleneck assignment problem is Given two sets, A and T , together with a weight function C A × T &rarr real number R . Find a bijection f A &rarr T such that the cost function math max a in A C a,f a math is minimized. Usually the weight function is viewed as a square real valued matrix mathematics matrix C , so that the cost function is written down as math max a in A C a,f a math Mathematical programming formulation math min , max i,j c ij x ij math subject to math sum n j 1 x ij 1 i 1,2, dots, n , math math sum n i 1 x ij 1 j 1,2, dots, n , math math x ij in 0,1 i, j 1,2, dots,n math References reflist Category Combinatorial optimization ... more details
In mathematics, the quadratic bottleneck assignment problem QBAP is one of fundamental combinatorial optimization problems in the branch of Optimization mathematics optimization or operations research , from the category of the facilities location problems. ref http www.assignmentproblems.com Assignment Problems , by Rainer Burkard , Mauro Dell Amico, Silvano Martello, 2009 ref It is related to the quadratic assignment problem in the same way as the linear bottleneck assignment problem is related to the linear assignment problem , the sum is replaced with max in the objective function . The problem models the following real life problem There are a set of n facilities and a set of n locations. For each pair of locations, a distance is specified and for each pair of facilities a weight or flow is specified e.g., the amount of supplies transported between the two facilities . The problem is to assign all facilities to different locations with the goal of minimizing the maximum of the distances multiplied by the corresponding flows. Computational complexity The problem is NP hard . Special cases Bottleneck traveling salesman problem Graph bandwidth problem References reflist Category NP hard problems Category combinatorial optimization ... more details
Wikify date June 2010 in particular references The information bottleneck method is a technique introduced by Naftali Tishby et al. 1 for finding the best tradeoff between accuracy and complexity Data compression compression when random variable summarizing e.g. data clustering clustering a random variable X , given a joint probability distribution between X and an observed relevant variable Y . Other applications include distributional clustering, and dimension reduction . In a well defined sense it generalized the classical notion of minimal sufficient statistics from parametric statistics to arbitrary distributions, not necessarily of exponential form. It does so by relaxing the sufficiency condition to capture some fraction of the mutual information with the relevant variable Y . The compressed ... T , math and math T Y , math respectively. Gaussian information bottleneck 2 A relatively simple application of the information bottleneck is to Gaussian variates and this has some semblance to a least ... math where math r i U i T Sigma XX U i. , math Applying the Gaussian information bottleneck on time ... bottleneck This application of the bottleneck method to non Gaussian sampled data is described in 4 ... framework of the bottleneck. Density estimation Main Density estimation Since the bottleneck method ... with the bottleneck method itself. Define an arbitrarily increasing distance metric math f , math ... bottleneck equation. math D KL a b , math is the Kullback Leibler distance between distributions ... labs learning Papers allerton.pdf The Information Bottleneck method . The 37th annual Allerton ... Bottleneck for Gaussian Variables . Journal of Machine Learning Research 6, Jan 2005, pp. 165 ... 1041 4 N Tishby, N Slonim Data clustering by Markovian Relaxation and the Information Bottleneck ... Clustering using Word Clusters via the Information Bottleneck Method , SIGIR 2000, pp. 208 ... The Information Bottleneck Revisited or How to Choose a Good Distortion Measure . In proceedings ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In population genetics and population ecology , population size usually denoted N is the number of individual organism s in a population . The effective population size N sub e sub is defined as the number of breeding individuals in an idealized population that would show the same amount of dispersion of allele frequencies under random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration. N sub e sub is usually less than N the absolute population size and this has important applications in conservation genetics . Small population size results in increased genetic drift . Populationbottleneck s are when population size reduces for a short period of time. Overpopulation may indicate any case in which the population of any species of animal may exceed the carrying capacity of its ecological niche . See also Holocene extinction event Population growth rate Overpopulation Carrying capacity Ecology stub modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Population Size Category Ecological metrics Category Population genetics cs Po et obyvatel de Einwohnerzahl is Stofnst r sk Po et obyvate ov fi Populaatiokoko ... more details
Idealized population Optimum populationPopulationbottleneckPopulation genetics Population health ...Image Countries by population density.svg 350px thumb Population density people per km sup 2 sup by country, 2006 Image Population density with key.png thumb right 350px Population density people per km sup 2 sup map of the world in 1994. Population density in agriculture standing stock and standing crop is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living ... od populationgeography a popdensity.htm About.com ref Biological population densities Population density is population divided by total land area. ref name about Low densities may cause an extinction ... who identified it. Examples of the causes in low population densities include ref http www.eoearth.org article Minimum viable population size Minimum viable population size ref Increased problems ... K selection theory R selected species commonly have high population densities, while K selection K ... population density This section is linked from List of countries by population density Image Crowd ... populated country in the world Monaco is currently the most. main List of countries by population density For humans , population density is the number of people per unit of area usually per square kilometer ... , or the Earth entire world . The world s population is 6.8 billion, ref http www.census.gov main ... ref Therefore the worldwide human population density is 6.8 billion 510 million 13.3 per km 34.5 ..., then human population density increases to 45.3 per km 117.2 per sq. mile . This calculation ..., then population density rises to 50 people per km 129.28 per sq. mile . ref name about Considering ... and high mountains, and that population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh water sources, this number by itself does not give any meaningful measurement of human population density ... population publications wpp2008 wpp2008 text tables.pdf title World Population Prospects, Table A.1 ... more details
Population structure may refer to many aspects of population ecology Population stratification Population pyramid Age class structure F statistics Population density Population distribution Population dynamics and population growth Population genetics Population size disambig ... more details
and Middle Ages A dramatic populationbottleneck is theorized for the period around 70,000 BC see Toba ...Image World Population 1800 2100.png thumb 400px World population from 1800 to 2100, based on http www.un.org esa population publications longrange2 WorldPop2300final.pdf UN 2004 projections red, orange ... population is the total population of human s on the planet Earth , currently estimated to be Formatnum ... ref The world population has experienced population growth continuous growth since the end of the Bubonic Plague around the years 1348 1350. ref World population estimates ref The highest rates of growth ... year by 2040. Current projections show a continued increase of population but a steady decline in the population growth rate with the population world population estimates expected to reach between ... population title World Population Clock Worldometers publisher Worldometers.info date accessdate ... Data Base IDB World Population publisher Census.gov date 2010 06 28 accessdate 2010 08 01 ref ref name UN Population by region File World Population by Continent and 10 Most Populated Countries.png thumb 345px right Population statistics for 6 continents and 10 countries Asia accounts for over 60 of the world population with more than 4 billion people. People s Republic of China China and India together have about 37 percent of the world s population. Africa follows with 1 billion people, 15 of the world s population. Europe s 733 million people make up 11 of the world s population. Latin America ... Australasia to 35 million less than 1 . ref cite web url http esa.un.org unpp title World Population Prospects The 2008 Revision Population Database publisher Esa.un.org date 2009 03 11 accessdate 2010 ... margin left 8px margin right 0 World population estimates milestones Population br small in billions ... It is estimated that the population of the world reached one billion in 1804, two billion in 1927, three ... s population is currently projected to reach around nine billion, with alternative scenarios ... more details
Mutational meltdown Neutral theory of molecular evolution Populationbottleneck Quantitative genetics ...Template Evolutionary biology Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change ... , mutation and gene flow . It also takes into account the factors of recombination , population subdivision and population structure . It attempts to explain such phenomena as Adaptation biology adaptation and speciation . Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergence of the modern evolutionary ... Population genetics is the study of the frequency and interaction of alleles and genes in populations ..., Rinehart and Winston pages 317 ref A population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members ... and live near each other. ref cite book last Hartl first Daniel authorlink title Principles of Population ... For example, all of the moths of the same species living in an isolated forest are a population. A gene in this population may have several alternate forms, which account for variations between the phenotype ... s black and white. A gene pool is the complete set of alleles for a gene in a single population the allele ... there are changes in the frequencies of alleles within a population for example, the allele for black color in a population of moths becoming more common. Image Hardy Weinberg.svg thumb 320px Hardy Weinberg ... that cause a population to evolve, it is useful to consider what conditions are required for a population ... in a gene in a sufficiently large population will remain constant if the only forces acting on that population ... Department, Palomar College ref Such a population is said to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium as it is not evolving ... against. Allele frequencies in a population remain static across generations, provided the following ... no exchange of alleles between populations , infinitely large population size, and no selective ... A p freq a q p q 1. If the population is in equilibrium, then we will have freq AA p sup 2 sup for the AA homozygote s in the population, freq ... more details
Wiktionary Population may refer to Population human populations List of countries by populationPopulation biology , the biological study of animal populations Statistical population Metallicity , star populations Population album , an album by The Most Serene Republic Population control See also People disambiguation disambig an Poblaci n de Population es Poblaci n desambiguaci n eu Populazio argipena hr Populacija lv Popul cija nl Populatie pl Populacja ro Popula ie dezambiguizare sk Popul cia sv Population olika betydelser ... more details
main article effective population size In population genetics an idealised population , also sometimes called a Fisher Wright population after Ronald Fisher R.A. Fisher and Sewall Wright , is a population whose members can Sexual intercourse mate and reproduce with any other member of the other gender, has a sex ratio of 1 and no overlapping generations. As such, each individual has the same chance to contribute its own genetic material to the next generation no selection . Deviation from the idealised population results in the effective population size being smaller than the total population size. evolution stub statistics stub Category Population genetics Category Statistical genetics ... more details
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