Taxobox name Ponginae image Orangutan.jpg image caption Pongo sp. orangutan regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Ponginae subfamilia authority subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision See text Ponginae is a subfamily in the hominidae family. It contains a number of genus genera , all but one extinct Orangutan Pongo orangutans Gigantopithecus ref name ThePrimata The Primata, 2007. http www.theprimata.com taxonomy primata.html Subfamily Ponginae . A Taxonomy of Extinct Primates. Accessed 1 March 2011. ref Sivapithecus ref name ThePrimata Lufengpithecus Ankarapithecus ref name ThePrimata Ouranopithecus Griphopithecus ref name ThePrimata References reflist Category Apes Primate stub el Ponginae es Ponginae eu Ponginae fa fr Ponginae ko he la Ponginae nl Ponginae pl Orangowate zh ... more details
Taxobox name Ankarapithecus meteai fossil range Late Miocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primates familia Hominidae subfamilia Ponginae genus Ankarapithecus species A. meteai binomial Ankarapithecus meteai binomial authority Alpagut et. al., 1996 Ankarapithecus meteai is an extinct primate in the Ankarapithecus genus. It was a 60 pound fruit eating ape , remains of which were found close to Ankara in central Turkey , first in the 1950s. ref New York Times , http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9A01E6DF1739F936A15754C0A960958260 Anthropologists Find Rare Kind of Ape Fossil ref It lived during the Late Miocene . ref Begun, David R. and G le , Erskin . 1998. http www.chass.utoronto.ca anthropology Faculty Begun ankara.pdf Restoration of the Type and Palate of Ankarapithecus meteai Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Implications . American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105 279 314. ref It is the only known member of Ankarapithecus its genus , which has similar properties to Sivapithecus . References reflist Category Prehistoric orangutans Category Fossil taxa described in 1996 paleo primate stub de Ankarapithecus meteai es Ankarapithecus meteai pl Ankarapithecus tr Ankarapithecus meteai zh ... more details
No footnotes date March 2011 Cleanup date March 2011 Taxobox name Lufengpithecus fossil range image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Ponginae genus Lufengpithecus genus authority Wu, 1987 subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text Lufengpithecus is a genus of extinct ape generally placed in the Ponginae subfamily. It contains three species Lufengpithecus lufengensis , Lufengpithecus hudienensis and Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis . Lufengpithecus lufengensis is a fossil ape recovered from lignite soft coal beds at the Shihuiba Locality in Lufeng County , Yunnan , China, dating to the latest Miocene . It was originally thought to represent two distinct species, Sivapithecus yunnanensis , thought to be an ancestor of Pongo orangutan s , and Ramapithecus lufengensis , thought to be an early human ancestor. The recognition in the 1980s that Ramapithecus fossils were females of Sivapithecus led to the creation of the new genus and species Lufengpithecus lufengensis to accommodate the large collection of hominoid fossils recovered at Lufeng in the 1970s. The species was recognized to have a very large degree of sexual dimorphism, comparable to that seen in cercopithecoid monkeys. The fossil remains from Shihuiba included a number of relatively complete but severely crushed crania of both male and female specimens. In the 1980s and 1990s similar fossils were excavated from a number of localities in Yuanmou County , Yunnan, China, generally attributed to a new species L. hudienensis . The specimens include a large number of teeth, mandibular and maxillary fragments and the facial skeleton of a juvenile, comparable in dental age to the famous Taung Child Taung infant australopithecine from South Africa. Previous hominoid material collected in the 1950s at the Keiyuan colliery site in Yunnan and attributed to Drypopithecus keiyuanensis were subsequently assigned to L. keiyuanensis . Like S ... more details
Taxobox name Ouranopithecus macedoniensis fossil range Miocene image Ouranopithecus macedoniensis.jpg image width 250px image caption Ouranopithecus macedoniensis skull, Mus um national d histoire naturelle , Paris regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae genus Ouranopithecus redirects here, but see doi 10.1537 ase.070501 species O. macedoniensis binomial Ouranopithecus macedoniensis binomial authority Bonis & Melentis, 1977 Ouranopithecus macedoniensis , sometimes called Graecopithecus freybergi , is a prehistoric hominid species found in Greece and dated to the late Miocene . ref cite doi 10.1016 j.jhevol.2004.01.006 ref Based on O. macedoniensis s dental and facial anatomy , it is possible that O. macedoniensis was a dryopithecine . However, O. macedoniensis seems to be more closely related to orangutan s in subfamily Ponginae while the most of Dryopithecinae are more closely related to the other great apes in Homininae and a few are considered to be outside of the ape clade altogether. One distinctive trait that Ouranopithecus shares with the humans and other modern African apes is the frontal sinus , a cavity in the forehead. Some investigators consider it possible that O. macedoniensis was the last common ancestor of the great apes and the humans. ref cite doi 10.1038 345712a0 ref Morphology O. macedoniensis had a large, broad face with a prominent supraorbital torus . It also had square shaped orbits. O. macedoniensis may have had a relative large body size. O. macedoniensis s Molar tooth molar Tooth enamel enamel cover was fairly thick and had low cusps. Sexual dimorphism is evident by the teeth . The male O. macedoniensis had large canine teeth with shearing lower premolar s. Diet Based on the heavily pitted surface of the second molar of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis , it is assumed that its diet consisted of harder foods such as nut fruit nuts or tubers . ref cite web l ... more details
Taxobox name Homininae image South Djoum Chimp.jpg image width 250px image caption Common Chimpanzee br in Cameroon s South Province, Cameroon South Province regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s infraordo Simiiformes superfamilia Hominoidea familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae subfamilia authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1825 subdivision ranks Tribe biology Tribes subdivision Gorillini br Hominini br and see text Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae , which includes humans , gorilla s and chimpanzee s, and some extinct human relatives it comprises all those wikt hominid hominids , such as Australopithecus , that arose after the split from the other great ape s. Until 1980, the family Hominidae contained only human s, with the great ape s in the family Pongidae. ref name Goodman cite book author M. Goodman year 1964 chapter Man s place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins editor S. L. Washburn title Classification and human evolution publisher Aldine, Chicago pages 204 234 ref Discoveries led to a revision of classification, with the great apes now Ponginae and humans Homininae united in Hominidae. ref name Goodman1 cite journal journal Annual Review of Anthropology volume 3 pages 203 228 year 1974 doi 10.1146 annurev.an.03.100174.001223 title Biochemical Evidence on Hominid Phylogeny author M. Goodman ref Further discoveries indicated that gorilla s and chimpanzee s are more closely related to humans than they are to orangutans, hence their current placement in Homininae. ref name Goodman2 cite journal journal Journal of Molecular Evolution year 1990 volume 30 pages 260 266 title Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids author M. Goodman, D. A. Tagle, D. H. Fitch, W. Bailey, J. Czelusniak, B. F. Koop, P. Benson, J. L. Slightom doi 10.1007 BF02099995 pmid 2109087 issue 3 ref image Homininae.PNG frame left Hominoid family tree The subfamily Homininae can be further subdivided into t ... more details
Taxobox fossil range Fossil range 12.5 8.5 small Miocene small image Sivapithecus.jpg image width 250px image caption Sivapithecus indicus skull, Mus um national d histoire naturelle , Paris regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primates familia Hominidae subfamilia Ponginae genus Sivapithecus genus authority Pilgrim, 1910 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Sivapithecus indicus br Sivapithecus sivalensis br Sivapithecus parvada Sivapithecus is a genus of extinct primate s. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years old in the Miocene , have been found since the 19th century in the Siwalik Hills in what is now India , Nepal , and Pakistan . Any one of the species in this genus may have been the ancestor to the modern orangutan s. Description Sivapithecus was about convert 1.5 m ft in body length, similar in size to a modern orangutan. In most respects, it would have resembled a chimpanzee , but its face was closer to that of an orangutan. The shape of its wrists and general body proportions suggest that it may have spent a significant amount of its time on the ground, as well as in trees. ref name EoDP harvnb Palmer 1999 pp 292 3 ref It had large canine teeth , and heavy molar tooth molar s, suggesting a diet of relatively tough food, such as seeds and savannah grasses. ref name EoDP Species Currently three species are generally recognized. Sivapithecus indicus fossils date from about 12.5 million to 10.5 million years ago. Sivapithecus sivalensis S. sivalensis lived from 9.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It was found at the Pothowar plateau in Pakistan as well as in parts of India. The animal was about the size of a chimpanzee but had the facial morphology of an orangutan it ate soft fruit detected in the toothwear pattern and was probably mainly arboreal. In 1988 a third, significantly larger species was described and named Sivapithecus parvada S. parvada dated at about 10 million year ... more details
italictitle Incertae sedis Latin for of uncertain placement , abbreviation abbreviated inc. sed. , is a term used to define a taxonomy taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. ref http plants.usda.gov faq.html United States Department of Agriculture ref Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by incertae familiae , incerti subordinis , incerti ordinis and similar terms. ref name Matthews1973 cite journal url http palaeontology.palass pubs.org pdf Vol 2016 Pages 20713 719.pdf author Matthews, S. C. year 1973 title Notes on open nomenclature and synonymy lists journal Palaeontology journal Palaeontology volume 16 pages 713 719 ref wiktionary Examples The taxonomy for human s is usually recognized as follows Kingdom biology Kingdom Animal ia along with all other animals Phylum Chordata along with all other vertebrates and the invertebrate chordates Class biology Class Mammal ia along with all other mammals Order biology Order Primate s along with all other primates Family Hominidae along with all other great apes Genus Homo genus Homo along with Homo erectus and other prehistoric humans Species H. sapiens humans If modern humans were newly discovered or considered to be a taxonomic enigma, they might be given the rank of incertae sedis . For example, if it were uncertain how Homo genus Homo related to other members of the family Hominidae , a list of the great apes would look like this Kingdom Animal ia Phylum Chordate Chordata Class Mammal ia Order Primate s Family Hominidae Genus Homo genus Homo incertae sedis Subfamily Ponginae orangutan Subfamily Homininae gorilla and chimpanzees Likewise, if humans were known to be primates, but no other relationships were clear, a taxonomy of the primates would look like this Kingdom Animal ia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Genus Homo genus Homo incertae sedis Suborder Strepsirrhini non tarsier prosimians Suborder Haplorrhini tarsiers, monkeys and apes The use of ques ... more details
Taxobox name Yuanmou Man fossil range Pleistocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primates familia Hominidae genus Homo genus Homo species Homo erectus H. erectus subspecies H. e. yuanmouensis trinomial Homo erectus yuanmouensis Yuanmou Man zh s t p Yu nm u R n , Homo erectus yuanmouensis , refers to a member of the Homo genus homo genus whose remnants, two incisors , were discovered near Danawu Village in Yuanmou County zh s t p Yu nm u Xi n in Southwest China southwestern province of Yunnan , China . Later, stone artifacts, pieces of animal bone showing signs of human work and wood ash ash from campfires were also dug up from the site. The fossils are on display at the National Museum of China , Beijing . Discovery The remnants of Yuanmou Man were discovered on May 1, 1965, by the geologist Fang Qian, who was working for the Geological Mechanics Research Institute. Based on the palaeomagnetic dating of the rock they were found in, it was initially estimated that the fossils were about 1.7 Megaannum Ma BP and thus represented the earliest fossils of human ancestors found in China and East Asia . ref cite journal last1 Pu first1 L last2 Fang first2 C last3 Hsing Hua first3 M last4 Ching Yu first4 P last5 Li Sheng first5 H last6 Shih Chiang first6 C title Preliminary study on the age of Yuanmou man by palaeomagnetic technique journal Scientia Sinica volume 20 issue 5 pages 645 64 year 1977 pmid 339347 ref It was once thought to be possibly predated by Wushan Man , but that has turned out to be a stem orangutan Ponginae . ref name Ciochon Ciochon RL. 2009 . The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia. Nature. 459 910 911. doi 10.1038 459910a . This piece in Nature is based on a contribution to the forthcoming book Out of Africa I Who, When and Where? eds, Fleagle, J. G. et al. Springer, 2009 ref Dating The dating has been indirectly questioned by Geoffrey Pope who argued that evidence does not support the appearance of hominida ... more details
the Hominidae family now contained the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae . Again, the three way split in Ponginae led scientists to ask which of the three genera is least related to the others ... more details
Taxobox name Sumatran orangutan ref name msw3 MSW3 Groves id 12100804 ref status CR status ref ref name iucn IUCN2008 assessors Singleton, I., Wich, S. A. & Griffiths, M. year 2008 id 39780 title Pongo abelii downloaded 4 January 2009 ref trend unknown status system iucn3.1 image Man of the woods.JPG image width 220px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primates familia Hominidae subfamilia Ponginae genus Orangutan Pongo species P. abelii binomial Pongo abelii binomial authority Ren Primev re Lesson Lesson , 1827 range map Mapa distribuicao pongo abelii.png range map width 225px range map alt range map caption Distribution in Indonesia The Sumatran orangutan Pongo abelii is one of the two species of orangutan s. Found only on the island of Sumatra , in Indonesia , it is rarer and smaller than the Bornean orangutan . The Sumatran orangutan grows to about convert 1.4 m ft tall and convert 90 kg lb in males. Sexual dimorphism Females are smaller , averaging convert 90 cm ft and convert 45 kg lb . Behaviour Image Orang utan bukit lawang 2006.jpg thumb left Sumatran Orangutan at Bukit Lawang Compared with the Bornean orangutan, the Sumatran orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous . ref name wich2004 Preferred fruits include ficus fig s and jackfruit s. It will also eat bird egg s and small vertebrate s. ref cite web url http www.bbc.co.uk nature wildfacts factfiles 360.shtml title Science & Nature Wildfacts Sumatran orangutan publisher BBC date accessdate 2009 07 03 ref Sumatran orangutans spend far less time feeding on the inner bark of trees. Wild Sumatran orangutans in the Suaq Balimbing swamp have been observed Tool use by animals using tools . ref Carl Zimmer Zimmer, Carl . Tooling through the trees tool use by wild orangutans Discover Magazine , Nowrap November 1995 . ref An orangutan will break off a tree branch that is about a foot long, snap off the twigs and fray one end. It then will use the stick to dig in tree ... more details
Taxobox name Bornean orangutan ref name MSW3 MSW3 Groves pages 183 184 id 12100805 ref status EN status ref ref name IUCN IUCN2008 assessors Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. year 2008 title Pongo pygmaeus id 17975 downloaded 2009 01 04 ref trend unknown status system iucn3.1 image OrangutanP1.jpg image width 225px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Great ape Hominidae subfamilia Ponginae genus Orangutan Pongo species P. pygmaeus binomial Pongo pygmaeus binomial authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1760 range map Mapa distribuicao pongo pygmaeus.png range map width 225px range map alt range map caption Distribution in Indonesia The Bornean orangutan , Pongo pygmaeus , is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo . Together with the slightly smaller Sumatran orangutan , it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. The Bornean orangutan has a life span of up to 35 years in the wild in Captivity animal captivity it can live to be 60. ref name NationalZoo cite web url http nationalzoo.si.edu Animals Primates Facts FactSheets Orangutans default.cfm title Primates Orangutans publisher Smithsonian National Zoological Park accessdate 2011 01 27 ref A survey of wild orangutans found that males weigh on average Convert 75 kg lb , ranging from Convert 50 100 kg lb , and Convert 1.2 1.4 m ft long females average Convert 38.5 kg lb , ranging from Convert 30 50 kg lb , and Convert 1 1.2 m ft long. ref name Wood1977 cite book author Wood, G. title The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats publisher Sterling Pub. Co. location New York year 1977 isbn 978 0 85112 235 9 ref ref cite web last1 Ciszek first1 D. last2 Schommer first2 M.K. url http animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu site accounts information Pongo pygmaeus.html title ADW Pongo pygmaeus Information publisher Animal Diversity Web date 2009 06 28 accessdate 2009 07 03 ref Taxonomy There is eviden ... more details
The creation evolution controversy also termed the creation vs. evolution debate or the origins debate is a recurring culture wars cultural , political, and theology theological dispute about the origins of Age of the Earth the Earth , human evolution humanity , origin of life life , and Big Bang the universe . ref See harvnb Hovind 2006 , for example. ref The dispute is between those who support a creationism creationist view based upon their religious belief s, versus those who accept evolution , as supported by scientific consensus . The dispute particularly involves the field of evolutionary biology , but also the fields of geology , palaeontology , thermodynamics , nuclear physics and cosmology . ref http www.talkorigins.org indexcc index.html An Index to Creationist Claims , Mark Isaak, Talkorigins Archive ,Copyright 2006. ref Though also present in Europe and elsewhere, ref name Science Feb09 cite journal last Curry first Andrew date 27 February 2009 title Creationist Beliefs Persist in Europe journal Science journal Science volume 323 issue 5918 pages 1159 quote News coverage of the creationism versus evolution debate tends to focus on the United States But in the past 5 years, political clashes over the issue have also occurred in countries all across Europe. This isn t just an American problem, says Dittmar Graf of the Technical University of Dortmund, who organized the meeting doi 10.1126 science.323.5918.1159 pmid 19251601 ref and often portrayed as part of the culture war s, ref harvnb Larson 2004 pages 247 263 Chapter titled Modern Culture Wars . See also harvnb Ruse 1999 p 26 , who writes One thing that historians delighted in showing is that, contrary to the usually held tale of conflict thesis science and religion being always opposed religion and theologically inclined philosophy have frequently been very significant factors in the forward movement of science. ref this debate is most prevalent in the United States. While the controversy has a long ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
