A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atom s. ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary pentosePentose , Merriam Webster ref Pentoses are organized into two groups. Aldopentoses have an aldehyde functional group at position 1. Ketopentoses have a ketone functional group in position 2 or 3. Aldopentoses The aldopentoses have three chiral center s and therefore eight different stereoisomer s are possible. class wikitable align center File D arabinose.png 150px br br small D small Arabinose File D lyxose.png 150px br br small D small Lyxose File D Ribose.png 150px br br small D small Ribose File Xylose linear.png 150px br br small D small Xylose align center File arabinose.png 150px br br small L small Arabinose File lyxose.png 150px br br small L small Lyxose File L ribose.png 150px br br small L small Ribose File L xylose.png 150px br br small L small Xylose Ketopentoses The 2 ketopentoses have two chiral centers and therefore four different stereoisomers are possible. The 3 ketopentoses are rare. class wikitable align center File Ribulose.png 150px br br small D small Ribulose File D xylulose.png 150px br br small D small Xylulose align center File L ribulose.png 150px br br small L small Ribulose File Xylulose.png 150px br br small L small Xylulose Properties The aldehyde and ketone functional groups in these carbohydrates react with neighbouring hydroxyl functional groups to form intramolecular hemiacetal s and hemiketal s, respectively. The resulting ring structure ... of RNA , and the related deoxyribose of DNA . A polymer composed of pentose sugars is called a pentosan . See also Triose Tetrose Hexose Heptose Pentose phosphate pathway The aniline acetate ... Pentoses ar ca Pentosa cs Pentosa cy Pentos da Pentose de Pentosen es Pentosa eo Pentozo fr Pentose gl Pentosa ko id Pentosa it Pentosi he jv Pentosa mk nl Pentose ja oc Pent sa pl Pentozy pt Pentose ru sr sh Pentoza su P ntosa fi Pentoosi sv Pentos ... more details
Image Pentose Phosphate Pathway.png thumb right 300px The Pentose Phosphate Pathway The pentose phosphate pathway also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt is a process that generates NADPH and pentose s 5 carbon sugar s . There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidation oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non oxidative synthesis of 5 carbon sugars. This pathway is an alternative to glycolysis . While it does involve oxidation of glucose , its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. For most organisms ... Kruger NJ, von Schaewen A title The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway structure and organisation ... in wood. Dietary pentose sugars derived from the digestion of nucleic acids may be metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway, and the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates may be converted ... step, erythrocytes generate, through the pentose phosphate pathway, a large amount of NADPH ... the conversion of glucose 6 phosphate into ribulose 5 phosphate . Image Ox Pentose phosphate pathway.svg thumb center 500px Oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway. glucose 6 phosphate 1 , 6 phosphoglucono ... phase Image Ppp.svg thumb center 300px The pentose phosphate pathway s Nonoxidative phase class ... A hereditary disease that disrupts the pentose phosphate pathway NADPH RNA thiamine deficiency Erythrocytes and the pentose phosphate pathway Carbohydrates are metabolized in red blood cells mainly by glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway PPP , and 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate 2,3 BPG metabolism refer ... references External links http www2.ufp.pt pedros bq ppp.htm The chemical logic behind the pentose phosphate pathway MeshName Pentose Phosphate Pathway http www.genome.jp dbget bin www bget?path hsa00030 Pentose phosphate pathway Map Homo sapiens Carbohydrate metabolism MetabolismMap Pentose phosphate pathway Pentose phosphate pathway intermediates DEFAULTSORT Pentose Phosphate Pathway Category Metabolic ... more details
Summary Information Description The pentose phosphate pathway adapted from Verhoeven, 2001 Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date The pentose phosphate pathway. Author User Kurtwhite 2009 Kurtwhite 2009 User talk Kurtwhite 2009 talk other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL ... more details
Summary Overview of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Original Work by User Adenosine Mike Jones for Wikipedia. Licensing cc by sa 2.5 to generate reducing equvalents of NADH ... more details
Fermentation process involving pyruvate decarboxylase References Baldwin, Dr. Thomas. GLYCOLYSIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS AND THE PENTOSE PATHWAY . Arizona Department of BioChemistry and Molecular Pathways. Online 4 Dec 2007. www.biochem.arizona.edu ... 462b glycolysis.html Licensing cc by sa 3.0 ... more details
Merge Ribulose phosphate 3 epimerase date November 2010 Phosphopentose epimerase is an enzyme which intraconverts ribulose 5 phosphate and xylulose 5 phosphate . It plays a role in the Calvin cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway . External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid stryer.figgrp.2802 Diagram at nlm.nih.gov http cmgm.stanford.edu biochem200 OVERHEADS PPP.html Diagram at stanford.edu Pentose phosphate pathway Category Enzymes biochem stub ... more details
protein Name 6 phosphogluconolactonase caption image width HGNCid 8903 Symbol PGLS AltSymbols EntrezGene 25796 OMIM 604951 RefSeq NM 012088 UniProt O95336 PDB ECnumber 3.1.1.31 Chromosome 19 Arm p Band 13.2 LocusSupplementaryData 6 Phosphogluconolactonase is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway . It converts 6 phosphogluconolactone to 6 phosphogluconate . gallery Image 6 phosphogluconolactone.svg 6 phosphogluconolactone Image 6 phosphogluconate.svg 6 phosphogluconate gallery External links MeshName 6 phosphogluconolactonase cite journal author Collard F, Collet J, Gerin I, Veiga da Cunha M, Van Schaftingen E title Identification of the cDNA encoding human 6 phosphogluconolactonase, the enzyme catalyzing the second step of the pentose phosphate pathway 1 journal FEBS Lett volume 459 issue 2 pages 223 6 year 1999 pmid 10518023 doi 10.1016 S0014 5793 99 01247 8 hydrolase stub Esterases Pentose phosphate pathway de 6 Phosphogluconolactonase ... more details
Bial s test is a chemical test for the presence of pentose s. The components include orcinol , hydrochloric acid , and ferric chloride . In the presence of a pentose, the pentose will be dehydrated to form furfural . The solution will turn bluish and a precipitate may form. The solution shows two absorption bands , one in the red between Fraunhofer lines B and C and the other near the D line ref Baldwin, E. and Bell, D.J., Cole s Practical Physiological Chemistry , published by Heffer, Cambridge, 1955, page 189 ref . Composition Bial s reagent consists of 0.4gm orcin , 200 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml of a 10 solution of ferric chloride ref Baldwin and Bell, page 189 ref . References references DEFAULTSORT Bial s Test Category Chemical tests analytical chemistry stub de Bial Probe fr Test de Bial ... more details
Pentosyltransferases are a type of glycosyltransferase that catalyze the transfer of a pentose . Examples include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase pertussis toxin poly ADP ribose polymerase They are classified under EC number 2.4.2. External links MeshName Pentosyltransferases Glycosyltransferases enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 ... more details
enzyme Name Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.43 CAS number IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 43 GO code image width caption protein Name phosphogluconate dehydrogenase caption image width HGNCid 8891 Symbol PGD AltSymbols EntrezGene 5226 OMIM 172200 RefSeq NM 002631 UniProt P52209 PDB ECnumber 1.1.1.43 Chromosome 1 Arm p Band 36.3 LocusSupplementaryData 36.13 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway . It forms ribulose 5 phosphate from 6 phosphogluconate . References reflist 1 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Alcohol oxidoreductases Pentose phosphate pathway ... more details
Merge Ribose 5 phosphate isomerase discuss Talk Ribose 5 phosphate isomerase Merge proposal date December 2008 protein Name ribose 5 phosphate isomerase A ribose 5 phosphate epimerase caption image width HGNCid 10297 Symbol RPIA AltSymbols EntrezGene 22934 OMIM 180430 RefSeq NM 144563 UniProt P49247 PDB ECnumber 5.3.1.6 Chromosome 2 Arm p Band 12 LocusSupplementaryData 2p11 Phosphopentose isomerase is an enzyme which converts ribulose 5 phosphate a ketose to ribose 5 phosphate an aldose . In the pentose phosphate pathway , it converts the aldose to the ketose. External links http cmgm.stanford.edu biochem200 OVERHEADS PPP.html Diagram at stanford.edu http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid stryer.section.2848 2865 Description and mechanism click on link at nih.gov EC number 5.3.1.6 MeshName ribosephosphate isomerase biochem stub Intramolecular oxidoreductases Pentose phosphate pathway ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Disease Name Transaldolase deficiency Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 606003 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Transaldolase deficiency is a disease characterised by abnormally low levels of the Transaldolase enzyme. It is a metabolic enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway . It is caused by mutation in the transaldolase gene TALDO1 . It was first described by Verhoeven et al. in 2001. ref cite journal author Verhoeven NM, Huck JH, Roos B, et al. title Transaldolase deficiency liver cirrhosis associated with a new inborn error in the pentose phosphate pathway journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 68 issue 5 pages 1086 92 year 2001 month May pmid 11283793 pmc 1226089 doi 10.1086 320108 url ref References reflist Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism Category Hematology endocrine disease stub ... more details
unreferenced date September 2010 Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose , and are common in the biochemistry of cell biology cell s. Fructosephosphates play integral roles in many metabolic pathway s, particularly glycolysis , gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway . The major biologically active fructosephosphates are Fructose 1 phosphate Fructose 2 phosphate Fructose 6 phosphate Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate See also Fructose bisphosphatase External links MeshName Fructosephosphates http pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov summary summary.cgi?cid 440641 Pubchem fructose 6 phosphate Category Organophosphates biochem stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Nucleic acid metabolism is the process by which nucleotides are synthesized and degraded. Nucleic acid synthesis is an anabolism anabolic mechanism generally involving chemical reaction of phosphate , pentose sugar , and a nitrogenous base . Destruction of nucleic acid is a catabolism catabolic procedure generally involving enzyme reactions. DNA and RNA are the main nucleic acids References Mohamed, M. Optometry Professor. Smith, K. Optometrist. Sohn, S. Biomedical Science Professor of U of W. biochem stub Category Nucleic acids ... more details
orphan date December 2008 Infobox Disease Name 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 D 55 0 d 55 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 172200 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID 6 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency is a hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of the 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme abbreviated 6PGD . It is a metabolic enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway , especially important in red blood cell metabolism. Hematology Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism Category Hematology endocrine disease stub ... more details
HMP might be an acronym or abbreviation for A file format known as a Height Map .hmp , used for terrain data in game development tools such as Gamestudio and 3d modelling programs. HM Prison His Her Majesty s Prison Haughton Mars Project , an international interdisciplinary field research project being carried out near the Haughton impact crater on Canada s northern Devon Island . Host Monitoring Protocol , an obsolete TCP IP Communications protocol protocol described in RFC 869. Hybrid MultiProcessing computer operating system architecture Heavy Missile Platform from the Star Wars universe. Hlavn M sto Praha lang cs Capital City Prague is an acronym used to refer to Prague , the capital of the Czech Republic in biochemistry Pentose phosphate pathway Hexose Mono Phosphate in the Pentose phosphate pathway also known as HMP Shunt Host media processing , a telephony processing technique Harvard Mediation Program Human microbiome project , an NIH led project to characterize the bacteria in and on the human body h.m.p. Japan h.m.p. , a Japanese adult video company Hausdorff maximal principle , a concept in mathematics disambig it HMP no HMP ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 401042182 ImageFile Ribose 5 phosphate.png ImageSize IUPACName 2,3,4 Trihydroxy 5 oxo pentoxy phosphonic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 C5H11O8P c6 1 3 7 5 9 4 8 2 13 14 10,11 12 h1,3 5,7 9H,2H2, H2,10,11,12 p 2 t3 ,4 ,5 m0 s1 InChIKey PPQRONHOSHZGFQ QRUISDQRBJ StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H11O8P c6 1 3 7 5 9 4 8 2 13 14 10,11 12 h1,3 5,7 9H,2H2, H2,10,11,12 p 2 t3 ,4 ,5 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey PPQRONHOSHZGFQ LMVFSUKVSA L CASNo 3615 55 2 PubChem 230 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 19971025 SMILES O P O O OC C H O C H O C H O C O MeSHName ribose 5 phosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 5 sub H sub 11 sub O sub 8 sub P MolarMass 230.110 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Section3 Chembox Hazards Solubility MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Ribose 5 phosphate is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway . The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway is the production of ribulose 5 phosphate . Depending on the body s state, ribulose 5 phosphate can reversibly isomerize to ribose 5 phosphate. Ribulose 5 phosphate can alternatively undergo a series of isomerizations as well as transaldolations and transketolations that result in the production of other pentoses phosphates as well as fructose 6 phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate both intermediates in glycolysis . The enzyme ribose phosphate diphosphokinase converts ribose 5 phosphate into phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate . Pentose phosphate pathway intermediates Nucleotide metabolism intermediates Category Organophosphates Category Monosaccharide derivatives biochem stub de Ribose 5 phosphat es Ribosa 5 fosfato fr Ribose 5 phosphate it Ribosio 5 fosfato ja 5 pl Rybozo 5 fosforan pt Ribose 5 fosfato sr Riboza 5 fosfat fi Riboosi 5 fosfaatti ... more details
PDFSTAR Due to its role in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle , RpiA is highly conserved ..., and the pentose phosphate pathway which takes place in plants as well as animals. Metabolic Role Pentose Phosphate Pathway In the non oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway , RpiA converts ... 3 . The end result of the reaction essentially is the conversion of the pentose phosphates to intermediates used in the glycolytic pathway. In the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway, RpiA ... via increased pentose phosphate pathway activity is used to generate 5 phospho D ribose 1 pyrophosphate ..., Der, Knaap, Ms title Ribose 5 phosphate isomerase deficiency new inborn error in the pentose phosphate ... 1956 title Pentose phosphate isomerase and epimerase from animal tissues journal Biochem. J. volume ... more details
File Xylose.png thumb Xylose D Xylose is a five carbon aldose pentose , monosaccharide that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms. There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D xylose An oxireductive pathway that is present in eukaryotic microorganisms, an isomerase pathway, and two oxidative pathways that are called Weimberg and Dahms pathway are common in prokaryotic microorganisms. Pathways The oxo reductive pathway This pathway is also called the Xylose Reductase Xylitol Dehydrogenase or XR XDH pathway. Xylose reductase XR and xylitol dehydrogenase XDH are the first two enzymes in this pathway. XR is reducing D xylose to xylitol using NADH or NADPH . Xylitol is then oxidized to D xylulose by XDH, using the cofactor NAD . In the last step D xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilising kinase, XK, to result in D xylulose 5 phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway . Because of the varying cofactors needed in this pathway and the degree to which they are available for usage, an imbalance can result in an overproduction of xylitol byproduct. The isomerase pathway In this pathway the enzyme xylose isomerase is responsible for the conversion of D xylose into D xylulose. D xylulose is then phosphorylated to D xylulose 5 phosphate as in the oxireductive pathway. Weimberg pathway The Weimberg pathway ref Weimberg, R. 1961. Pentose oxidation by Pseudomonas fragi. J. Biol. Chem. 236 629 636. ref is an oxidative pathway where the D xylose is oxidized to D xylono lactone by a D xylose dehydrogenase followed by a lactonase to hydrolyze the lactone to D xylonic acid. A xylonate dehydratase is splitting ... xylose isomerase was introduced. Studies on flux through the pentose phosphate pathway during D xylose ... deleting the ZWF1 gene. ref Jeppsson et al. , Reduced Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway Flux in Recombinant ... and Environmental Microbiology , 2002 . ref Since the pentose phosphate pathway produces additional ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A triose is a monosaccharide containing three carbon atom s. There are only two trioses, an aldotriose glyceraldehyde and a ketotriose dihydroxyacetone . Trioses are important in Cellular respiration respiration . Namely, lactic acid and pyruvic acid are derived from aldotriose and ketotriose, respectively. The small D small aldotriose is small D small Glyceraldehyde Image D glyceraldehyde 2D skeletal.png 150px The ketotriose is dihydroxyacetone Image Dihydroxyacetone.png 150px See also Diose not proper Tetrose Pentose Hexose Heptose Carbohydrates Category Trioses Biochem stub de Triosen es Triosa eo Triozo fr Triose ko it Trioso ja pl Triozy pt Triose ru sv Trios ta tr Trioz zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A heptose is a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms. They have either an aldehyde functional group in position 1 aldoheptoses or a ketone functional group in position 2 ketoheptoses . There are few examples of C 7 sugars in nature, among which are Sedoheptulose or D altro heptulose a ketose Mannoheptulose , found in avocados L glycero D manno heptose an aldose . Ketoheptoses have 4 chiral centers, whereas aldoheptoses have 5. See also Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose Carbohydrates Category Heptoses Biochem stub de Heptosen es Heptosa fr Heptose it Eptoso hu Hept z pl Heptozy pt Heptose sv Heptos ta ... more details
In carbohydrate chemistry carbohydrate acetalisation is an organic reaction and a very effective means of providing a protecting group . The example below depicts the acetalisation reaction of D ribose 1 . With acetone or 2,2 Dimethoxypropane 2,2 dimethoxypropane as the acetalisation reagent the reaction is under thermodynamic reaction control and results in the pentose 2 . The latter reagent in itself is an acetal and therefore the reaction is actually a cross acetalisation . image Carbohydrateacetalisation.gif center Kinetic reaction control results from 2 methoxypropene as the reagent. D ribose in itself is a hemiacetal and in equilibrium with the pyranose 3 . In aqueous solution ribose is 75 pyranose and 25 furanose and a different acetal 4 is formed. Preferences Preparative Carbohydrate Chemistry Calinaud, P. Gelas, J. in . Hanessian, S. Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1997. ISBN 0 8247 9802 3 Category organic reactions category carbohydrate chemistry ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 chembox ImageFile dTMP chemical structure.png ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 365 07 1 PubChem 1139 SMILES MeSHName deoxyThymidine monophosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 15 sub N sub 2 sub O sub 8 sub P MolarMass 322.209 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Deoxythymidine monophosphate , also known as 5 thymidylic acid and abbreviated dTMP , is a nucleotide that is found in DNA . It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine . dTMP consists of the phosphate Functional group group , the pentose sugar ribose , and the nucleobase deoxythymine . See also Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide External links Nucleic acids Category Nucleotides biochem stub fr Thymidine monophosphate ja ... more details
For the industrial coating Xylan coating File Xylan.svg thumb Structure Xylan CAS number 9014 63 5 is a generic term used to describe a wide variety of highly complex polysaccharides that are found in plant cell wall s and some algae . Xylans are polysaccharides made from units of xylose a pentose sugar . Xylan is found in the cell walls of some green algae , especially macroscopic macrophytic siphon siphonous genus genera , where it replaces cellulose . Similarly, it replaces the inner fibrillar cell wall layer of cellulose in some red algae . Xylan is one of the foremost anti nutritional factors in common use feedstuff raw materials. Category Polysaccharides Category Cell biology Cell biology stub de Xylane es Xilano fr Xylane id Xilan it Xilani nl Xylaan ja sv Xylan zh ... more details
A diose is a monosaccharide containing two carbon atom s. Because the general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is C H sub 2 sub O sub n sub , where n is three or greater, it does not meet the formal definition of a monosaccharide. However, since it does fit the formula C H sub 2 sub O sub n sub , it is sometimes thought of as the most basic sugar. There is only one possible diose, glycolaldehyde 2 hydroxyethanal , which is an aldodiose a ketodiose is not possible since there are only two carbons . See also Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose Heptose biochem stub Category Monosaccharides es Diosa monosac rido ja zh ... more details
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