Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Cleanup date March 2009 Pathogenicity is the ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease in an organism. It is often used interchangeably with the term virulence , although some authors prefer to reserve the latter term for descriptions of the relative degree of damage done by a pathogen. Virulence is the ability of an organism to invade the bloodstream. The pathogencity of a pathogen is determined by the pathogen s ability to produce toxins, its ability to enter tissue and colonize and its ability to spread from host to host. Category Virology Category Microbiology Category Infectious diseases Pathology stub de Pathogenit t he hu Patogenit s ja pl Chorobotw rczo ru ... more details
Pathogenicity islands PAIs are a distinct class of genomic island s which are acquired by horizontal gene transfer . They are incorporated in the genome of pathogenic microorganisms but are usually absent from those non pathogenic organisms of the same or closely related species. They usually occupy relatively large genomic regions ranging from 10 200 Kilo base pair kb and encode gene s which contribute to the virulence of the respective pathogen. Typical examples are adherence factors, toxin s, iron uptake systems, invasion factors and secretion systems. Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which are sites for recombination into the DNA. Cryptic mobility genes may also be present, indicating the provenance as transduction. An analogous genomic structure in rhizobia is termed a symbiosis island. Properties of PAIs 1. PAIs carry genes encoding one or more virulence factors adhesin s, toxins, invasins, etc. 2. They are located on bacterial chromosome or may be a part of a plasmid 3. The GC content of pathogenicity islands often differs from that of the rest of the genome ref Hacker J, Kaper JB., Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol . 2000 54 641 79 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 11018140?dopt Abstract ref 4. They are flanked by direct repeats The sequence of bases at two ends are the same. 5. PAIs are associated with tRNA genes, which target sites for the integration of DNA 6. PAIs carry functional genes, e.g. integrase , transposase , or part of insertion sequence s. 7 ... integration of pathogenicity islands is mediated by an Integrase recombinase 9. They can be transferred ... such as haemolysin, pili and cytotoxic necrosing factor Yersinia pestis High Pathogenicity Island I ... plasmid pathogenicity island encoding virulence factors for proliferation in macrophages Facts about ... BacBix3 BACdef.htm BAC definition of pathogenicity References references Category Microbiology ... more details
Hemagglutininesterase is a protein of the envelope of some viruses. Its function is related with the pathogenicity of the virus and with its interaction with the host. It may help the virus bind and enter the mucus layer of the intestinal way. External links MeshName hemagglutinin esterase Category Viral enzymes enzyme stub virus stub ... more details
LEE may refer to Law Enforcement Exploring Locus of Enterocyte Effacement , a pathogenicity island Leesburg International Airport s IATA airport code Lee s Summit Amtrak station s Amtrak station code Lake Erie and Eastern Railroad s reporting mark, an List of Ohio railroads Ohio railroad See also Lee disambiguation disambig ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 The Locus of Enterocyte Effacement LEE is a fairly conserved pathogenicity island consisting of 35,000 base pairs in the bacteria Escherichia coli genome. The LEE encodes the Type III secretion system and associated chaperones and effector proteins responsible for attaching and effacing AE lesions in the large intestine. These proteins include intimin , Tir , EspC , EspF , EspH , and Map protein . The LEE has a 38 G C ratio. Category Cell biology cell biology stub ... more details
Molecular Koch s postulates are a set of experimental criteria that must be satisfied to show that a gene found in a pathogenic microorganism encodes a product that contributes to the disease caused by the pathogen. Genes that satisfy molecular Koch s postulates are often referred to as virulence factors. The postulates were formulated by the microbiologist Stanley Falkow in 1988 and are based on Koch s postulates . ref Falkow S 1988 . Molecular Koch s postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity. Rev Infect Dis 10 suppl 2 S274 S276. ref The postulates as originally described by Dr. Falkow are as follows The phenotype or property under investigation should be associated with pathogenic members of a genus or pathogenic strains of a species . Additionally, the gene in question should be found in all pathogenic strains of the genus or species but be absent from nonpathogenic strains Citation needed date January 2009 . Specific inactivation of the gene s associated with the suspected virulence trait should lead to a measurable loss in pathogenicity or virulence . Virulence of the microorganism with the inactivated gene must be less than that of the unaltered microorganism in an appropriate animal model. Reversion or allelic replacement of the mutated gene should lead to restoration of pathogenicity. In other words, reintroduction of the gene into the microbe should restore virulence in the animal model. The gene, which causes virulence, must be expressed during infection. Immunity must be protective. For many pathogenic microorganisms, it is not currently possible to apply molecular Koch s postulates to a gene in question. Testing a candidate virulence gene requires a relevant animal model of the disease being examined and the ability to genetically manipulate the microorganism that causes the disease. Suitable animal models are lacking for many important human diseases. Additionally, many pathogens cannot be manipulated genetically. References references Category Epid ... more details
A pathovar is a bacteria l strain or set of strains with the same or similar characteristics, that is differentiated at infrasubspecific level from other strains of the same species or subspecies on the basis of distinctive pathogenicity to one or more plant hosts. Pathovars are named as a ternary or quaternary addition to the species binomial name, for example the bacterium that causes citrus canker Xanthomonas axonopodis , has several pathovars with different host ranges, X. axonopodis pv. citri is one of them the abbreviation pv. means pathovar. See also Phytopathology External links http www.ag.uidaho.edu bacteriology pathovar.html International standards for naming pathovars Category Bacteria Category Scientific classification Category Plant pathogens and diseases Category Microbiology plant disease stub ca Patovar cs Patovar de Pathovar es Patovar fr Pathovar pl Patovar ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Wikify date April 2010 Immunomagnetic separation IMS is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces. DNA analysis have supported the combined use of both this technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR . Technique Antibodies coating paramagnetism paramagnetic beads will bind to antigens present on the surface of cells thus capturing the cells and facilitate the concentration of these bead attached cells. The concentration process is created by a magnet placed on the side of the test tube bringing the beads to it. Source Engstrand, L. and Enroth, H., Journal of Clinical microbiology , vol.33, no.8, August 1995, p. 2162 2165. Category Laboratory techniques Category Molecular biology biochem stub ... more details
equi vap pathogenicity island seen through comparison of host associated vapA and vapB virulence ... . Pathogenicity island The variable region of the virulence plasmid contain genes that are highly ... is a pathogenicity island that contains genes that are essential for virulence. br br A hallmark of the pathogenicity ... to vapA , the pathogenicity island encodes a further five full length vap homologues, one truncated vap gene and two pseudogene pseudo vap genes . The porcine pathogenicity island contains ... shown to control expression of a number of pathogenicity island genes including vapA ref D. A. Russell ... encoded within pathogenicity island subvert the macrophage. br br References reflist 2 Literature ... al. Evolution of the Rhodococcus equi vap Pathogenicity Island Seen through Comparison of Host Associated ... more details
Taxobox name Tarnished plant bug image tpb7.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hemiptera familia Miridae genus Lygus species L. lineolaris binomial Lygus lineolaris binomial authority Palisot de Beauvois , 1818 The tarnished plant bug TPB is one of the most serious pests of small fruits and vegetables in North America. No truly effective or reliable management options currently exist. Growers routinely make 3 5 applications of insecticides each year to control this insect. The cost is United States dollar 200 500 acre . Considering the narrow profit margin for today s farmers, these costs are significant. The research being conducted at the Entomology Research Laboratory represents the first step towards developing insect killing fungi for management of TPB. Actions taken At the University of Vermont Entomology Laboratory, several proactive steps to eliminate this pest have been taken such as Rearing. A simple method for rearing large numbers of even aged TPB is used to produce hundreds of insects for testing every week. Bioassay procedures. A rapid, reliable and reproducible method to test entomopathogenic fungi for pathogenicity against TPB was developed and tested. Pathogenicity testing. Entomopathogenic fungi from our bank of isolates and from the USDA, ARSEF collection at Cornell University have been screened against 2nd instar TPB. An immersion method is used and mortality data taken periodically. Greenhouse pilot testing. Plans are underway to conduct trials in a greenhouse, and small field plots, to test the efficacy of several formulated, highly pathogenic insect killing fungi against TPB on lettuce. External links http www.uvm.edu entlab University of Vermont Entomology website http entomology.ifas.ufl.edu creatures trees tarnished plant bug.htm tarnished plant bug on the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website Category Miridae Category Agricultural pest insects Category Biolog ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium xenopi regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. xenopi binomial Mycobacterium xenopi binomial authority Schwabacher 1959, ATCC 19250 Mycobacterium xenopi is a slow growing scotochromogenic species of Mycobacterium . It was first reported by Schwabacher ref SCHWABACHER H. A strain of Mycobacterium isolated from skin lesions of a cold blooded animal, Xenopus laevus, and its relation to atypical acid fast bacilli occurring in man. Journal of Hygiene, 1959, 57, 57 67. ref in 1959, having been isolated in lesion s found on a Xenopus laevis , but the possibility of human infection was not confirmed until 1965. It has low pathogenicity in humans, ref http emedicine.medscape.com article 223480 overview ref and where infections have been found they are closely associated with immunocompromised individuals. Biological type Type strain strain American Type Culture Collection ATCC 19250 CCUG 28011 CCUG 31306 CIP 104035 DSM 43995 NCTC 10042. References reflist SKERMAN V.B.D. , McGOWAN V. and SNEATH P.H.A. editors Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1980, 30, 225 420. Mycobacteria Gram positive bacterial diseases Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub ru Mycobacterium xenopi ... more details
15748815 doi 10.1016 j.micpath.2004.11.001 ref Clincal isolates usually possess two pathogenicity island s PAI , which are acquired via horizontal gene transfer . Although the pathogenicity islands have been sequenced, the functions of many of the PAI genes have not been elucidated. Each pathogenicity ... disease. Additionally, two well characterized virulence proteins are typically found in the pathogenicity ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 Taxobox virus group iv familia Tombusviridae genus Tombusvirus Tomato bushy stunt virus is a tombusvirus first reported in tomatoes in 1935. Depending upon the host, TBSV causes stunting of growth, leaf mottling, and deformed or absent fruit. The virus is transmitted manually through the use of contaminated cutting tools. A wide variety of species are affected. The virus is a spherical virus with a triangulation number of T 3, hence has 180 subunits of capsid protein. In 1978, its structure was determined by x ray crystallography by Stephen C. Harrison . The genome of TBSV is a single stranded positive sense RNA of 4800 nucleotides. The virus encodes 5 genes, to express a replicase composed of two proteins P33 and P92 , a capsid protein CP of 42 kilodaltons, as well as P19 and P22. The P22 protein is primarily associated with cell to cell movement. The P19 protein is a pathogenicity factor and also is a suppressor of gene silencing. Category Tomato pathogens and pests Category Viral plant pathogens and diseases virus plant disease stub ... more details
italic title Context date October 2009 Taxobox name Mycobacterium gadium regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. gadium binomial Mycobacterium gadium binomial authority Casal and Calero 1974, ATCC 27726 Mycobacterium gadium Description Short gram positive , nonmotile and acid fast rods. Colony characteristics Yellow orange, scotochromogenic Colony biology colonies , but the pigmentation deepens with exposure to light. Older cultures are more dry and rough. Physiology Rapid growth on L wenstein Jensen medium at 28 C and 37 C, but not at 45 C. Pathogenesis Pathogenicity in humans is not known. Production of a local regressing infection but no death in mice . Biosafety level 1 Type strain First isolated from known tuberculous patient from Cadiz , Spain . Strain American Type Culture Collection ATCC 27726 CCUG 37515 CIP 105388 DSM 44077 HAMBI 2274 JCM 12688 NCTC 10942. References reflist Casal,M., and J. Calero. 1974. Mycobacterium gadium sp. nov. A new species of rapid growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria. Tubercle, 55, 299 308. PMID 4220083 Mycobacteria DEFAULTSORT Mycobacterium Gadium Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Mycobacterium kubicae regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. kubicae binomial Mycobacterium kubicae binomial authority Floyd et al. 2000, ATCC 700732 Mycobacterium kubicae Description Gram positive , nonmotile and acid fast rods. Cells are typically rod shaped, with some coccoid forms. Colony characteristics Smooth and domed, with a yellow scotochromogenic pigment on Middlebrook 7H11 agar, film like on L wenstein Jensen media. Physiology Mature growth in 21 days between 33 C and 37 C. Isolates are resistant to amikacin and rifampin Partially resistant to ciprofloxacin , cycloserine , ethambutol , isoniazid , rifabutin and streptomycin , Susceptible to clarithromycin , clofazimine and ethionamide . Pathogenicity. Distribution. Pathogenesis Not known to be associated with disease. Biosafety level unknown Type strain The type strain was isolated from human sputum . Strain ATCC 700732 CDC 941078 CIP 106428 DSM 44627 JCM 13573. References reflist Floyd et al. 2000. Mycobacterium kubicae sp. nov., a slowly growing, scotochromogenic Mycobacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 50, 1811 1816. Mycobacteria DEFAULTSORT Mycobacterium Kubicae Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub ... more details
Tir translocated intimin receptor is an essential component in the adherence of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain EPEC enteropathogenic E. coli to the cells lining the small intestine . Tir is a receptor protein encoded by the espE gene which is located on the locus of enterocyte effacement LEE pathogenicity island in EPEC strains. This receptor binds intimin upon translocation to enterocyte s of the host cell. Tir is also a receptor tyrosine kinase RTK that initiates its intimate adherence by inserting a hairpin orientation in the intestinal cell membrane to enable tight binding to intimin on the bacterial cell outer membrane. Upon phosphorylation, Tir activates condensation and polymerization of actin filaments under the bacterial cell to form a pedestal like structure. References http www.nature.com emboj journal v19 n11 pdf 7593070a.pdf Batchelor M, Prasannan S, Daniell S, et al. . 2000 Structural basis for recognition of the translocated intimin receptor Tir by intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EMBO J 19, 2452 2464 Salyers A, Whitt DD. Bacterial Pathogenesis A Molecular Approach 2nd edn , ASM Press 2001 Category Enterobacteria Category Tyrosine kinase receptors ... more details
Pathogenicity V. cholerae pathogenicity genes code for proteins directly or indirectly involved ..., pathogenicity genes are generally organized in operon s and or gene cluster s. In V. cholerae , most of virulence genes are located in two pathogenicity plasmid s, which are organized as prophage s CTX Cholera ToXins plasmid and TCP Toxin Coregulated Pilus plasmid, also named VPI V. cholerae Pathogenicity ... the first and the third most sequenced pathogenicity genes of V. cholerae . ref name pathogenes ... Johnson first4 Judith A. last5 Kaper first5 James B. title A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity ..., tcpA and tcpB are respectively the second and the fourth most sequenced pathogenicity genes of V. cholerae ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Streptococcus viridans group image Streptococcus viridans 01.png image width 240px regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Lactobacillales familia Streptococcaceae genus Streptococcus Viridans Streptococcus is a pseudotaxonomic non Linnaenan term for a large group of commensal Streptococcus streptococcal bacteria that are either Hemolysis microbiology hemolytic , producing a green coloration on blood agar plates hence the name viridans , from Latin v r dis , green , or nonhemolytic. They possess no Lancefield antigens. ref name Sherris cite book author Ryan KJ, Ray CG editors title Sherris Medical Microbiology edition 4th pages 293 4 publisher McGraw Hill year 2004 isbn 0838585299 ref In general, pathogenicity is low. ref MeshName Viridans Streptococci ref Identification Viridans streptococci can be differentiated from Streptococcus pneumoniae using an optochin test, as Viridans streptococci are optochin resistant they also lack either the polysaccharide based Capsule microbiology capsule typical of S. pneumoniae or the Serovar Lancefield antigens of the pyogenic members of the genus . ref name Baron cite book author Patterson MJ chapter Streptococcus title Baron s Medical Microbiology Baron S et al. , eds. edition 4th publisher Univ of Texas Medical Branch year 1996 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mmed.chapter.824 isbn 0 9631172 1 1 ref class wikitable Viridans streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae Solubility in bile Insoluble Soluble Fermentation of inulin Not a fermenter Fermenter with acid production Sensitivity to optochin Not sensitive Sensitive Pathogenicity to mice Nonpathogenic Pathogenic Quellung test Negative Positive Pathology The organisms are most abundant in the mouth, and one member of the group, Streptococcus mutans S. mutans , is the etiologic agent of dental caries . Others may be involved in other mouth or gingival infections. If they are introduced into the bloodstream, t ... more details
sequence in listeriolysin O essential for Listeria monocytogenes pathogenicity journal Science volume ... of expression Listeriolysin O is encoded by the gene hly , which is part of a pathogenicity island called ... Listeria&PAI LIPI 1 Pathogenicity islands in Listeria LIPI 1. State Key Laboratory for Molecular ... more details
Image SalmonellaNIAID.jpg Salmonella bacteria red invade cultured human cells 300px thumb right Cellular microbiology is a discipline that bridges microbiology and cell biology . The term cellular microbiology was coined in 1996 ref cite journal author Cossart P, Boquet P, Normark S, Rappuoli R title Cellular microbiology emerging journal Science volume 271 issue 5247 pages 315 317 year 1996 pmid doi 10.1126 science.271.5247.315 ref in a Science journal Science article. Cooperation and mutual dependency between microbiology and cell biology had been increasing in the years before that, and the emergence of a new discipline had been suggested and discussed in several scientific conferences. Cellular microbiology attempts to use pathogenic microbe s as tools for cell biology research, and to employ cell biology methods to understand the pathogenicity of microbes. Toxin s and virulence factor s from microbes have been used for decades to influence processes in eukaryotic Cell biology cells and to study them. It has increasingly appeared that applying a purified toxin on a cell does not always provide the complete picture, and that understanding the role of the toxin in pathogenicity, the way the toxin promotes the microbe, the way the toxin is produced and the co evolution of the toxin and its host cell host cell counterparts, is crucial. Numerous eukaryotic cellular processes have been clarified using microbial tools . A major subject in this category is the cytoskeleton . Many microbes modify and influence the synthesis or degradation of the host cell cytoskeleton, in particular the actin network ref cite journal author Dramsi S and Cossart P title Intracellular pathogens and the actin cytoskeleton journal Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol volume 14 issue 1 pages 137 166 year 1998 pmid 9891781 doi 10.1146 annurev.cellbio.14.1.137 ref . Intracellular microbes, such as the bacteria Salmonella and Shigella , elicit actin polymerization in host cells that otherwise do not internali ... more details
Human Coronavirus NL63 or HCoV NL63 is a virus that was identified in 2003 in a child with bronchiolitis in the Netherlands . Recent reports from several countries Australia , Japan , Canada and Belgium indicate that the virus has spread worldwide. The virus is found mainly in young children, elderly and Immunodeficiency immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory illness during the winter season. Recent data suggest an association of HCoV NL63 infection with Kawasaki disease , a systemic vasculitis in childhood that may result in aneurysm s of the coronary arteries. In the developed world, Kawasaki disease is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children. Further analysis of HCoV NL63 pathogenicity seems warranted, in particular because of recent evidence that this virus uses the same cellular receptor as SARS coronavirus SARS CoV ACE2 . References van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, Vermeulen Oost W, Berkhout RJ, Wolthers KC, Wertheim van Dillen PM, Kaandorp J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B Identification of a new human coronavirus http www.nature.com nm journal v10 n4 abs nm1024.html Nat Med. 2004 Apr 10 4 368 73. Epub 2004 Mar 21. Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B, P hlmann S Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry http www.pnas.org cgi content full 102 22 7988 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 31 102 22 7988 93 . External links http virusdiscovery.com Detailed information about discovery of HCoV NL63 DEFAULTSORT Human Coronavirus Nl63 Category Nidovirales es Coronavirus Humana ... more details
An emergent virus is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease pathogenic strain, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus. This includes viruses that are the cause of a disease which has notably increased in incidence this is often a result of a wide variety of causes from both the influence of Human man and nature . Most emergent viruses can be categorized as zoonotic an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans , this has the advantage of possibly having several natural reservoirs for the disease . Overview The most important factor in the development of an emergent disease, to humans , is the ability to pass from animal host to humans. There is little to no occurrence of spontaneous new virus species development, although the possible exception commonly cited is Ebola virus . Most often the virus, due to selection pressure for an animal version of the strain of disease to mutate and therefore adapt to the infection of human hosts. Emergent virus infection factors Population movements Deforestation Irrigation Urbanization Increased long distance air travel Increased long distance air travel for livestock Migration Examples of emergent diseases Poliomyelitis Known to have existed for centuries with little incidence epidemiology incidence . During the 19th century poliovirus became more prominent in populations across the world. Dense urban populations allowed the disease to propagate via close human to human contact. In addition to this, technological advances meant that traveling became more common throughout the population essentially leading to increased transmission of the virus . The situation became worse year upon year with increasing incidence of the disease worldwide. The issue was not resolved until the introduction of a poliovirus vaccine brought the situation under control. This example demonstrates how a disease can emerge in a population as a result of human influence. This examp ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Chlamydophila abortus regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Chlamydiae ordo Chlamydiae Chlamydiales familia Chlamydiaceae genus Chlamydophila species C. abortus Chlamydophila abortus is a species in Chlamydiae that causes abortion and fetal death in mammals, including humans. Chlamydophila abortus was previously classified as Chlamydia psittaci along with all Chlamydiae except Chlamydia trachomatis. This was based on a lack of evident glycogen production and on resistance to the antibiotic sulfadiazine. In 1999 C. psittaci and C. abortus were recognized as distinct species based on differences of pathogenicity and DNA DNA reassociation . C. abortus is endemic among ruminant s and has been associated with abortion in a horse, a rabbit, guinea pigs, mice, pigs and humans. Infected females shed bacteria near the time of ovulation, so C. abortus is transmitted orally and sexually among mammals. All C. abortus strains were isolated or Polymerase chain reaction PCR amplified from placenta or fetal organs after spontaneous abortion. C. abortus infection generally remains inapparent until an animal aborts late in gestation or gives birth to a weak or dead foetus. C. abortus has not been isolated from birds. References Everett, K.D.E., R.M. Bush, and A.A. Andersen. 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 415 440. Category Chlamydiae Category Animal diseases nl Chlamydophila abortus ... more details
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