Paternalism refers to an attitude or a policy reminiscent of the hierarchy hierarchic pattern of a family based on patriarchy . Philosophical background Among many family state paradigms in traditional cultures, that expressed in some Greek philosophy is particularly familiar in the West. Family as a model for the state is an idea in political philosophy that originated in the Socrates Socratic Plato nic principle of Macrocosm microcosm , which states that lower levels of reality mirror upper levels of reality and vice versa. In particular, monarchists have argued that the state mirrors the patriarchy patriarchal family, with the subjects obeying the monarch king as children obey their father. The family state paradigm was often expressed as a form of justification for aristocracy aristocratic rule as justified in observations of the cosmos . Plutarch records a laconic saying of the Dorians attributed to Lycurgus of Sparta Lycurgus . Asked why he did not establish a democracy in Lacedaemon ... personal morality in the sphere of the family. ref lakoff Opponents of paternalism See also Social engineering political science nanny state Opponents of paternalism, such as John Stuart Mill , claim ... instance. See also Adultism Obscurantism Soft paternalism Industrial paternalism Rule according to higher ... writing paternal.htm Paternalism , by Peter Suber. From Philosophy of Law An Encyclopedia , edited ... entries paternalismPaternalism , by Gerald Dworkin. From The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ... The Definition of Hard Paternalism by Thaddeus Mason Pope. From 20 Georgia State University Law ... A Critique of Consent Based Justifications for Hard Paternalism by Thaddeus Mason Pope. From ... Health Paternalism Really Never Justified? A Response to Joel Feinberg by Thaddeus Mason Pope ... Paternalisme cs Paternalismus da Paternalisme de Paternalismus et Paternalism es Paternalismo fr Paternalisme ... socjologia pt Paternalismo ru sr fi Paternalismi sv Paternalism tr Paternalizm ... more details
Libertarianism sidebar Soft paternalism also referred to as asymmetrical paternalism and libertarian paternalism is a political philosophy that believes the state polity state can quote help you make the choices ... opinion displaystory.cfm?story id 6772346 The rise of soft paternalism ref The term libertarian paternalism is intended to evoke the idea that soft paternalism is an approach to public policy ...?abstract id 615562 ref Asymmetric paternalism refers to two asymmetries the policies are designed ... of soft paternalism can be seen in the case of a policy which raises default rates. Those ... B. Klein criticized libertarian paternalism as oxymoronic. ref http www.econjournalwatch.org pdf ... paternalism is not an oxymoron CR Sunstein, RH Thaler University of Chicago Law Review, 2003 ref made ... and coercion as fundamentally dissimilar processes, libertarian paternalism uses a hyper rational ... Behavioral Economics and the Case for Asymmetric Paternalism . University of Pennsylvania ... 962472 The economist as therapist Methodological issues raised by light paternalism. In A. Caplin ... s Teeth and Claws The Definition of Hard Paternalism , 20 Georgia State University Law Review 659 722 ... Impersonation A Critique of Consent Based Justifications for Hard Paternalism , 73 UMKC Law Review ... Is Public Health Paternalism Really Never Justified? A Response to Joel Feinberg , 30 Oklahoma City ... papers.cfm?abstract id 405940 Libertarian Paternalism is Not an Oxymoron . University of Chicago Law ... richard.thaler research Libertarian 20PaternalismAER.pdf Libertarian Paternalism . The American Economic ... 24 comment.conservatives Libertarian Paternalism . The Guardian. June 24, 2006. Thaler, Richard H. and Cass ... wp dyn content article 2008 04 06 AR2008040601717.html A Dose of Libertarian Paternalism . Washington ... The New Paternalism . The Chronicle of Higher Education. May 9, 2008. Lewis, Carol ... 2006 11 richard thaler 1.html Interview with Richard Thaler about libertarian paternalism . An EconTalk ... more details
Gerald Dworkin born 1937 is a Professor of moral, political and legal philosophy. He is currently Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the University of California , Davis. He has also taught at Harvard , MIT , and the University of Illinois , Chicago . He has been a visiting Fellow of All Souls College Oxford , the Australian National University , and the Hastings Center. He was the Centennial Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics . In 2006, he was a Distinguished Visitor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong where he gave a series of lectures on Paternalism. His main areas of research include the nature and justification of autonomy , ref G. Dworkin, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge University Press, 1988 ref paternalism in the criminal law, ref G. Dworkin, Paternalism , The Monist, 1972 ref and the issue of which acts may legitimately be criminalised by the state. ref Morality, Harm, and the Law, Westview Press, 1984 ref His most recent book is a defense of Physician Assisted Suicide. ref Dworkin, Frey and Bok, Euthanasia and Physician assisted Suicide For and Against, Cambridge University Press, 1998. ref In it he argues that doctors who approve of withdrawing patients from life support at their request, or administering pain relief medication that is foreseen to kill the patient, or who approve of terminal sedation, are inconsistent if they condemn physician assisted suicide. This book has been published in Spanish and Korean language editions. He is no relation to either Ronald Dworkin Ronald or Andrea Dworkin Andrea Dworkin, other scholars whose work often considers similar areas to his. References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Dworkin, Gerald ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1937 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Dworkin, Gerald Category 1937 births Category University of California, Davis faculty Category Harvard University faculty Category Massachusetts I ... more details
unsourced date September 2010 Commented out because image was deleted Image AboriginesinWhiteAustralia.jpg frame Aborigines in White Australia Aborigines in White Australia is a 1974 book by Sharman Stone . It is a compilation of historical documents regarding the changing attitudes of white people , especially white Australian s, towards indigenous Australians . It covers the period from 1697 to 1973. The historical documents are drawn from contemporary newspaper s, court and government records, official reports, private Diary journals and lecture s. They illustrate a broad range of attitudes to indigenous people held by white Australians, including fear, racism , anthropology anthropological interest, paternalism and guilt. Aborigines in White Australia was published by Heinemann book publisher Heinemann Educational Australia in Melbourne and London . It was assigned ISBN 0 85859 072 7 in Australia and ISBN 0 435 32830 1 in the UK Category Books about Australian Aborigines Category 1974 books ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 lowercase IdontWantDowry.com is India s first matrimonial website for dowry free marriages ref http www.hindu.com mp 2006 04 12 stories 2006041200530100.htm ref ref http www.hindu.com mag 2009 06 28 stories 2009062850180500.htm ref . The website was launched on 2nd April 2006 by P. Chidambaram Family Nalini Chidambaram , a senior highcourt advocate in Chennai . Despite its outlaw in 1961, the dowry system has continued to survive in some social castes. IDontWantDowry.com attempts to create a meeting place for brides and grooms who want to marry without dowry. IdontWantDowry.com has 12,000 members and 15 couples have married, or Swayamvaram, through the website. External links http in.reuters.com article technologyNews idINIndia 29970020071012?pageNumber 2&virtualBrandChannel 0&sp true http www.stanford.edu group womenscourage marriage paternalism untitledframe 2.html References Reflist Category Websites articles needing attention ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2009 Original research date February 2009 In economics , a demerit good is a Good economics and accounting good or Service economics service whose consumption is considered unhealthy, degrading, or otherwise socially undesirable due to the perceived negative effects on the consumers themselves. It is over consumed if left to market forces. Examples of demerit goods include tobacco , alcoholic beverage s, recreational drugs , gambling , junk food and prostitution . Because of the nature of these goods, government s often levy taxes on these goods specifically, sin tax es , in some cases regulating or banning consumption or advertisement of these goods. There is an important conceptual distinction between a demerit good and a negative externality. A negative externality occurs when the consumption of a good has measurable negative consequences on others who do not consume the good themselves. Pollution due, for example, to automobile use is the canonical example of a negative externality. Another example is cigarettes. It not only affects you, but the people around you second hand smoking . By contrast, a demerit good is viewed as undesirable because its consumption has negative effects upon the consumer. Two fundamental views in welfare economics, welfarism and paternalism, differ in their conceptual treatment of demerit goods . Simply, welfarism takes the individual s own perception of the utility of a good as the final judgement of the utility of the good for that person, and thereby disallows the concept of a demerit good while allowing the analysis of negative externalities . As an extreme example, if a heroin addict purchases heroin, they must have done so because heroin makes them better off, and this transaction is viewed as a net social positive assuming that the addict does not commit any other crimes as the result of their addiction . Paternalism, on the other hand, judges that heroin isn t good for you , and feels free to overrid ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Contract law Penal damages are best seen as quantitatively excessive liquidated damages and are invalid under the common law . While liquidated damages are a priori calculations of expectation loss under the contract, penal damages go further and seek to penalise a party in some way for Breach of contract breach of a clause above and beyond the loss suffered by the innocent party as a result of this breach. Many clauses which are found to be penal are expressed as liquidated damages clauses but are seen by courts as excessive and thus invalid. The judicial approach to penal damages is conceptually important as it is one of the few examples of judicial paternalism in contract law. Even if two parties genuinely and without coercion wish to consent to a contract which includes a penal clause, they are unable to. So, for example, a person wishing to give up smoking cannot contract with a third party to be fined 100 each time they smoke as this figure does not represent the expectation loss of the contract. As distinguished from other types of damages Penal damages are to be distinguished from punitive damages , which are awarded in certain types of tort actions for actions which caused harm to the plaintiff. Penal damages are also different from treble damages , which are generally set by statute for certain violations of competition law and related laws. DEFAULTSORT Penal Damages Category Contract law Law stub ... more details
Hans T. Blokland 1960 . Dutch social and political theorist . Author of Freedom and Culture in Western Society 1997 and Modernization and its political consequences 2006 . His work was awarded, among others, the Pieter de la Court prize of the Royal Netherlands Academy of the Arts and Sciences. Currently he is professor at the Berlin Gruduate School of Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin . Central subjects of his work are the meanings of the concepts Freedom political freedom , autonomy , paternalism and emancipation cultural politics and cultural policy ethical pluralism of philosophers like Isaiah Berlin and political pluralism of political scientists like Robert Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom the process of modernization rationalization , differentiation ethnography differentiation and individualization the dissemination, potencies and flaws of the market and bureaucracy the development of the thinking on democracy , policy making and planning and the history and potency of political science . Select bibliography Freedom and Culture in Western Society London & New York Routledge, 1997 Modernization and its Political Consequences Weber, Mannheim and Schumpeter New Haven & London Yale University Press, 2006 . Pluralism, Democracy and Political Knowledge forthcoming External links http www.hans blokland.nl index en.html www.hans blokland.nl DEFAULTSORT Blokland, Hans Category Political theorists Category Dutch political scientists Category Living people ... more details
Margarida Teresa da Silva e Orta 1711 1793 was a Brazil Brazilian author of the Age of Enlightenment Enlightenment era. She was born in S o Paulo and moved with her parents to Portugal at the age of six, where she remained for the rest of her life. Her chief work is Maximas de Virtude e Formosura Maxims of Virtue and Beauty , published in Lisbon in 1752 and reissued in 1777 under the title Aventuras de Di fanes . Based on Fran ois F nelon F nelon s novel Les Aventures de T l maque T l maque , it contains a criticism of Absolute monarchy royal absolutism , recommending instead that the king should follow a policy of enlightened paternalism . Sources C.R. Boxer Women in Iberian Expansion Overseas Some Facts, Fancies and Personalities Oxford University Press, 1975 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Silva e Orta, Margarida Teresa da ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1711 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1793 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Silva e Orta, Margarida Teresa da Category Brazilian writers Category 1711 births Category 1793 deaths pt Teresa Margarida da Silva e Orta ... more details
and the response of the manufacturers is an example of the theme of paternalism , the dread of paternalism, and the conflicts that arise from it in Asimov s fiction. See also Transhumanism Dehumanization ... more details
paternalism The idea that it is both possible and legitimate for private and public institutions to affect ... Public choice theory Politics Persuasion Propaganda Richard Thaler Soft paternalism Cass Sunstein ... more details
s and Sunstein s endorsement of libertarian paternalism in Nudge draws on facts of human nature ... are subject to that cause Sunstein and Thaler to endorse libertarian paternalism. Libertarian paternalism Main article Libertarian paternalism Libertarian paternalism is the union of two political notions that are commonly viewed as being at odds libertarianism and paternalism . Sunstein and Thaler ... that they believe are in the spirit of libertarian paternalism. They have recommendations in the areas ... about libertarian paternalism EconTalk podcast http www.grist.org article 2009 green nudges an interview with obama re Interview with Cass Sunstein about libertarian paternalism Grist.com http www.tompeters.com ... more details
About an economist Daniel Klein disambiguation Daniel Klein Infobox scientist box width name Daniel Klein image DanielBKlein.jpg image size caption birth date 1962 birth place death date death place residence citizenship nationality ethnicity fields workplaces alma mater doctoral advisor academic advisors doctoral students notable students known for author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards religion signature filename only footnotes Daniel B. Klein born 1962 is a professor of economics at George Mason University and an Associate Fellow of the Swedish Ratio Institute . Much of his research examines public policy questions, libertarian political philosophy, and the sociology of academia . He is the chief editor of Econ Journal Watch . Klein received his doctorate in economics from New York University in 1990. Debates Generalize section date October 2009 In an article appearing in the August 2004 Econ Journal Watch he criticized libertarian paternalism , espoused by Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler , as oxymoronic. ref http www.econjournalwatch.org pdf KleinCommentAugust2004.pdf ref He argued against what he perceived as an overly loose and weak definition of libertarianism on the grounds that Thaler and Sunstein made no meaningful distinction of between liberty and coercion. In failing to define the concepts of liberty and coercion as fundamentally dissimilar processes. Vague date February 2009 Libertarian paternalism uses a hyperrational behavior model of human nature as a definition for libertarianism, and neglects alternative definitions such as those advanced by Adam Smith and F.A. Hayek . Selected publications The Voluntary Provision of Public Goods? The Turnpike Companies of Early America in Economic Inquiry vol. 28 1990 Promise Keeping in the Great Society A Model of Credit Information Sharing in Economics and Politics vol. 4 1992 Curb Rights A Foundation for Free Enterprise in Urban Transit co authored with Adrian T. Moore and Binyam Rej ... more details
multiple issues cleanup November 2010 BLP sources November 2010 orphan November 2010 Frank H. Buckley is a Foundation Professor at George Mason University School of Law , where he has taught since 1989. Before then, he was a visiting Olin Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School . He has also taught at McGill Law School in Montreal and the Sorbonne Paris II , and Sciences Po in Paris. His law degrees are from McGill and Harvard . ref http buckleysmix.com buckleysmix.com ref Professor H. Buckley is the author of numerous books and articles on law and economics and has published in many of the leading journals, including the Journal of Legal Studies , the International Review of Law and Economics, and Public Choice. His most recent books are Fair Governance Paternalism and Perfectionism Oxford 2009 ref http www.oxfordscholarship.com oso public content law 9780195341263 toc.html Fair Governance Paternalism and Perfectionism Oxford Univ. Press ref Just Exchange Routledge 2005 ref http www.routledge.com books details 9780415700276 Just Exchange A Theory of Contract Paperback Routledge Bot generated title ref and The Morality of Laughter Michigan 2003 . ref Buckley, F. H. The Morality of Laughter Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press , 2003 ref The Morality of Laughter The Morality of Laughter is an entertaining book on the serious subject of laughter distinguish by its wide range of cultural references. Building up on the work of Henri Bergson Henry Bergson , ref Bergson, Henry. Le rire . Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1940 ref F. H. Buckley introduce the book advocating that the morality of laughter will be useful in answering one of the oldest question in philosophy How ought I to live? In his book, he presents the Theory of Laughter, arguing that laughter announces and enforces a code of behavior through the jester signal of superiority over a butt. There is no laughter without a butt and no butt without a message a risible inferiority . The above ment ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 The New Chinese Empire is a book by Ross Terrill which was published by Basic Books in 2003 and won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize , Current Interest, for that year ref http events.latimes.com bookprizes previous winners year 2003 ref . The book goes into in depth explanations about the new and powerful China Chinese empire and how it affects United States American society and ideology. It also delves deeply into the psyche of the Chinese government s internal workings and explains China s view on domestic and foreign policies ref http www.carnegiecouncil.org resources transcripts 954.html ref . Terrill s argument connects an ancient dynastic China with the China of today and their blend of idealism and realism, attachment to doctrine, paternalism, and the obsession with national unity. Terrill, a Harvard PhD in Political Science, draws on his professional training and years of visiting China to show in the words of Lucian Pye , a civilization masquerading as a nation . He depicts China s longer term future, not as having a clash of civilizations, but instead of the universals of human nature and social change. Terrill is also the writer of the biography, Mao book Mao which was first banned in the People s Republic of China PRC for its realistic portrayal of Mao Zedong , then published to become a best seller. References references DEFAULTSORT New Chinese Empire Category China United States relations Category Political books Category Books about China Poli book stub ... more details
Theophil Friedrich Christen April 15, 1879 in Basel May 6, 1920 in Genfersee was a doctor, mathematician, physicist, economist and pioneer of physical medicine, in particular of X ray radiation. Zeitschrift f r medizinische Physik wrote ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?db pubmed&list uids 15830786&cmd Retrieve&indexed google PubMed ref cquote The Swiss mathematician and physician Theophil Christen was one of the first important pioneers in Medical Physics. He structured the previously confused field of physical concepts and definitions for medical applications of X rays and paved the way for the modern understanding of dosimetry. In his honor, the Swiss Society for Radiation Biology and Medical Physics established the Theophil Christians Medal in 2006 ref http www.edimuster.ch politik theophil christen.htm Dr. Theophil Christen ref , first awarded to Jean Fran ois Valley . ref http www.sgsmp.ch honmem christen.htm Die Theophil Christen Medaille der SGSMP ref Publications Ausbeutungslose Freiwirtschaft Frei von privater Ausbeutung Frei von staatlicher Bevormundung Stark zur Selbstverantwortung English Exploitative Lose Free Economy Free from private exploitation Free of state paternalism Strong self responsibility Das Geldwesen ein dynamisches System English The Banks a dynamic system Die Kaufkraft des Geldes und ihre Bedeutung f r die Volkswirtschaft English The purchasing power of money and its importance for the national economy Die politische Frauenfibel English The Women s Political Primer References reflist External links http www.onmeda.de lexika persoenlichkeiten christen.html Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Christen, Theophil Friedrich ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH April 15, 1879 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH May 6, 1920 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Christen, Theophil Friedrich Category 1879 births Category 1920 deaths Switzerland scientist stub europe mathematician stub economist stub de Theophil Christen ... more details
File Huntingtower.jpg thumb right 1st US edition publ. George H. Doran Company Doran Huntingtower is a novel written by John Buchan in 1922 in literature 1922 . The first of his three Dickson McCunn books, it is set near Carrick, Scotland Carrick in south west Scotland around 1920. The hero is a 55 year old grocer Dickson McCunn, who has sold his business and taken early retirement. As soon as he ventures out to explore the world, he is swept out of his bourgeois rut into bizarre and outlandish adventures, and forced to become a reluctant hero. The story revolves around the imprisonment under false pretenses by Bolshevik agents of an exiled Russian noblewoman. The Scottish local community mobilises to uncover and thwart the conspiracy against her, and to defend the neutrality of Scotland against the Russian revolutionary struggle. A plot based on espionage and covert violence is set against the seemingly tranquil Scottish rural backdrop, a narrative device commonly found in Buchan s novels. He uses this notably in The Thirty Nine Steps The Thirty Nine Steps . The novel contrasts the domestic characters, heroes and villains, with their more alien Russian counterparts. Huntingtower is characteristic of Buchan s strengths and weaknesses as a novelist, particularly in its class based paternalism its xenophobic prejudices, which are mitigated by instinctive humanity and dry humour and its shrewd common sense understanding of personality and motivation. citation needed date October 2010 The subsequent novels in the Dickson McCunn trilogy are Castle Gay 1930 and The House of the Four Winds 1935 . The 1927 Black and White silent film Huntingtower 1927 film Huntingtower was based on the novel and directed by George Pearson filmmaker George Pearson . Huntingtower was also adapted in three one hour episodes for BBC Radio in 2009 by Trevor Royal and directed by Patrick Raynor, and starred Roy Hanlon as McCunn, Stuart McQuarry as Heritage and David McKail as the Narrator. Extern ... more details
Infobox Journal title Canadian Journal of Philosophy cover editor discipline Philosophy language English language English abbreviation Can. j. philos. publisher University of Calgary Press country Canada frequency Quarterly history 1971 to present openaccess impact impact year website http www.canadianjournalofphilosophy.com link1 http www.ucalgary.ca UofC departments UP UCP CJP.html link1 name Calgary Press page link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 1553152 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0045 5091 eISSN 1911 0820 The Canadian Journal of Philosophy CJP is a philosophy journal, founded in 1971 by John King Farlow, Kai Nielsen philosopher Kai Nielsen , T.M. Penelhum, and W.W. Rozeboom. The journal publishes four issues per year by the University of Calgary Press as well as a Supplementary Volume once per year consisting of invited papers on a particular philosophical topic. Notable articles The following is a partial list of some of the most notable articles in the CJP in date order Legal Paternalism 1974 Joel Feinberg Counterfactuals and Possible Worlds 1974 Jonathan Bennett philosopher Jonathan Bennett The Representative Theory of Perception 1975 Barry Maund The Nature of Laws 1977 Michael Tooley Modifiers and Quantifiers in Natural Language 1980 Terence Parsons Misinformation 1989 Peter Godfrey Smith The Ontology of Complex Systems 1994 William C. Wimsatt Breaking Up An Essay on Secession 1994 David Gauthier Are Thought Experiments Just What You Thought? 1996 John D. Norton External links http www.canadianjournalofphilosophy.com CJP Web Site Category Philosophy journals Category Publications established in 1971 Category Canadian literature philosophy stub ... more details
slavery Voluntary slavery or self sale is the condition of slavery freely entered into. In ancient times this was a common way for impoverished people to provide subsistence for themselves or their family and provision was made for this in law . ref citation title Serfdom and slavery studies in legal bondage page 21 author M. L. Bush year 1996 ref For example, the code of Hammurabi stated that, besides being able to borrow on personal security, an individual might sell himself or a family member into slavery. ref citation title Buying freedom author Anthony Appiah, Martin Bunzl pages 95 97 date 2007 07 02 isbn 9780691130101 url http books.google.com ?id Sxb4G8A7eJ8C&pg PA95 ref In ancient times one of the most direct ways to become a Roman or Greek citizen was by means of a self sale contract. For the laws surrounding Roman and Greek manumission made it quite possible for such erstwhile slaves to then become citizens or near citizens themselves. ref The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0802837840. p.543. ref In medieval Russia, self sale was the main source of slaves. ref citation title Slavery in Russia, 1450 1725 author MA Klein journal American Journal of Sociology year 1986 ref Slave contracts are also sometimes used in BDSM as part of a total power exchange agreement. Theory In modern times, the topic has been discussed in the context of politics and human rights. John Stuart Mill wrote a critique of voluntary slavery as a criticism of paternalism. ref citation title Mill versus paternalism author RJ Arneson journal Ethics year 1980 ref Feminists have asserted willing motherhood to be a form of voluntary slavery. ref citation title To be or not to Be The dilemmas of mothering author S Rowbotham journal Feminist Review year 1989 ref And some political economists have asserted that the capitalist wage system is contrary to human dignity and inalienable human rights. ref citation title Propert ... more details
Orphan date October 2010 Problem posing education is a term coined by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire in his 1970 book Pedagogy of the Oppressed . Problem posing refers to a method of teaching that emphasizes critical thinking for the purpose of liberation. Freire used problem posing as the alternative to banking education , which is the traditional model of education. Origins Freire s pedagogy emerged from his observations and experiences working as an instructor in literacy programs with peasant laborers in Brazil. During this work, Freire became aware of the economic, political, and social domination resulting from paternalism. Paternalism leads to a culture of silence, which keeps people from confronting their oppression. He turned this philosophy to pedagogy because the whole education system was one of the major instruments for the maintenance of this culture of silence. ref Paulo Freire Pedagogy of the Oppressed . 1970. Pg 12 ref His philosophy on education centers on critical consciousness, where the oppressed recognize the causes of their oppression so that through transforming action they can create a new situation, on which makes possible the pursuit of fuller humanity. ref Paulo Freire Pedagogy of the Oppressed . 1970. Pg 29 ref Problem posing education is the path to critical consciousness. Freire s work has its roots in the constructivist theory of learning, and specifically the work of Jean Piaget and John Dewey . The constructivist theory holds that knowledge is constructed by individuals by using their experiences, which is what Freire drew upon in developing his pedagogy. In Pedagogy of the Oppressed Freire writes, blockquote Education as the practice of freedom as opposed to education as the practice of domination denies that man is abstract, isolated, independent, and unattached to the world it also denies that the world exists as a reality apart from people. Authentic reflection considers neither abstract man nor the world without people, but pe ... more details
Refimprove date November 2009 Do a Mar a del Pilar Primo de Rivera y S enz de Heredia, 1st Countess of the Castle of La Mota November 4, 1907 March 17, 1991 was the sister of Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera , founder of the Falange , a political movement of Spain , and the daughter of Spanish dictator General Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella . She was an enthusiastic member of the Falange, heading its Secci n Femenina Women s Section . Unlike two of her brothers both put to death by the Second Spanish Republic Republican s , she survived the Spanish Civil War , during which she met Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini , and Antonio Salazar . She attempted to prevent reprisals being taken against the widows of Republican militants, and supported the ascent of King Juan Carlos I in 1975, but was disappointed when the Paternalism paternalist system the Spanish State was dismantled during the Spanish transition to democracy . Pilar became president of the Association of Secci n Femenina Veterans in November 1977, and held the post until her death. The main seat of the association was at the Castle of La Mota . In addition to her political duties, Pilar carried out a good deal of work compiling numerous different forms of Spanish folklore, specially in the fields of regional music and dances. She never married. Francisco Franco s foreign minister, Ram n Serrano S er , and Ernesto Gim nez Caballero ref Francisco Umbral http www.elpais.com articulo opinion Ramon vanguardias elpepiopi 19850805elpepiopi 7 Tes Ram n y las vanguardias , El Pa s , 5 August 1985 ref attempted to arranged marriage arrange a marriage between her and Hitler in order to create a fascist dynasty, but this plan never came to fruition. References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Primo de Rivera, Pilar ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1907 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1991 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Primo de Rivera, Pilar Category 1907 births Category 1 ... more details
Infobox Short story name First Law author Isaac Asimov country United States language English language English series Isaac Asimov s Robot Series Robot Series genre Science fiction short story publication type Periodical published in Fantastic Universe publisher King Size Publications media type Print Magazine , Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pub date October 1956 preceded by Robot AL 76 Goes Astray followed by Runaround Otheruses First law disambiguation First Law is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov , first published in the October 1956 issue of Fantastic Universe magazine and later collected in The Rest of the Robots 1964 and The Complete Robot 1982 . The title of the story is a reference to the first of the Three Laws of Robotics . Plot summary The story is very short, only 3 pages in length, and takes the form of Powell and Donovan Mike Donovan s account of an incident that occurred on Titan moon Titan , one of Saturn s moons. He tells of a malfunctioning robot named Emma that escaped from the base and was later encountered by Donovan while he was lost during a storm. While Donovan s life was in danger, Emma chose to protect its offspring, a small robot that it had built, instead of assisting him. This was a direct violation of the First Law of Robotics, which states that a robot may not injure a human being, or through inaction allow a human being to come to harm . Apparently, maternal instincts in the robot took precedence over its programming, an example of the commonly encountered literary theme of paternalism in Asimov s work. While such direct disobedience of the First Law is not described in any other robot story by Asimov, he points out that the story is told by Donovan, who may be an unreliable narrator . Asimov admits that I was being funny at the expense of my robots . In The Complete Robot , he also points out that this story is intended as a parody and is not to be taken seriously. External links isfdb title 44202 The Re ... more details
Infobox French commune name Montceau les Mines image Mairie Montceau les mines nuit.JPG caption Town hall region Bourgogne department Sa ne et Loire arrondissement Chalon sur Sa ne canton Montceau les Mines Nord and Montceau les Mines Sud INSEE 71306 postal code 71300 mayor Didier Mathus term 1995&ndash 2008 intercommunality Creusot Montceau longitude 4.36972222222 latitude 46.6677777778 elevation m 287 elevation min m 274 elevation max m 326 area km2 16.62 population 20033 population date 2006 Montceau les Mines is a Communes of France commune in the Sa ne et Loire Departments of France department in the Regions of France region of Bourgogne in eastern France . It is the second largest commune of the metropolitan Communaut urbaine Creusot Montceau , which lies southwest of the city of Dijon . Montceau les mines is an ancient mining city. Some coal was discovered in the XVIth Century. The hamlet called Le Montceau developed from this discovery. Le Montceau definitively became a city after the building of the channel of the centre in 1791 and after a company called compagnie des mines started to extract coals. A graveyard and a church was built by the company, a sign of paternalism of mining industry. The coal made the city presperous until 1918. During the War, the production reached 2786000 tons. There were about 30 000 inhabitants. After the war, the production started to decrease and stopped in 1992. Geography The Bourbince flows northward through the commune and crosses the town. See also Communes of the Sa ne et Loire department References http www.insee.fr en home home page.asp INSEE Reflist External links http www.montceaulesmines.fr Official website Sa ne et Loire communes DEFAULTSORT Montceau Les Mines Category Communes of Sa ne et Loire Sa neLoire geo stub bg ca Montceau les Mines ceb Montceau les Mines de Montceau les Mines es Montceau les Mines eo Montceau les Mines fr Montceau les Mines it Montceau les Mines lt Monso le Minas nl Montceau l ... more details
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