Parity files are file s that are created to accompany data files, and are used to preserve data integrity and assist in data recovery . They are useful when data files are transmitted or stored on less than perfect media such as newsgroup messages, Satellite broadcasting satellite transmission , or optical disk . Parity files are constructed according to algorithms of error detection and correction . Overview First, one or more data files are analyzed and a group of parity files are built that record the structure of the files to be protected. Later, if any of the protected files are lost, the parity files can be used to re create the missing files. Even if one or more of the parity files are missing, the remainder of the set can still rebuild missing original files, if there is enough of the backup present. If too many files are missing, the parity files will not have enough base data to work with. Parity A parity bit parity is the difference within a set of binary code. the parity of 1 0 is 1, 0 0 is 0 and 0 1 is 1, therefore lost data can be rebuilt based on the parity of a set of code. ParityFile Archiver Software Below are examples of file archivers that create parity files. A comprehensive list of archive software is also available. Parchive SmartPAR QuickPAR See also File spanning External links http www.slyck.com ng.php?page 6 Slyck s Guide to the Newsgroups PAR and PAR2 files Category Data management pl Dane naprawcze ... more details
wiktionary Parity may refer to Parity physics , a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion Parity mathematics , indicates whether a number is even or odd Parity medicine , the number of times a woman or female animal has given birth Parity charity , UK equal rights organisation Parity law , legal principle Parity bit , sets the parity of transmitted data for the purpose of error detection Purchasing power parity , in economics, the exchange rate required to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies Interest rate parity , in finance, the notion that the differential in interest rates between two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate Put call parity , in financial mathematics, defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and a European put option Parity sports , an equal playing field for all participants, regardless of their economic circumstances Potty parity , equalization of waiting times for males and females in restroom queues A tactic in reversi Grid parity of renewable energy disambig als Parit t cs Parita de Parit t eo Pareco es Paridad fr Parit hu Parit s egy rtelm s t lap ja pl Parzysto pt Paridade ru sk Parita ... more details
See Also Dynamic random access memory Errors and error correction RAM parity determines whether a random access memory unit stores a parity bit for error detection purposes. Non parity RAM does not include a parity bit, and parity RAM does. Parity RAM requires one additional bit to be stored with each ... of parity RAM is to detect when a memory error corrupt bit or bits has occurred. Undetected ... PC where data integrity is often perceived to be of little importance, non parity memory is an affordable option. However, if any sort of data integrity is required, parity memory would be the minimum ... be warranted in the case of an application with a requirement for high availability. Logic parity RAM , also known as fake parity RAM, is non parity RAM that can be used in computer s that require parity RAM. Logic parity RAM recalculates the parity bit each time a byte is read from the memory, instead of storing the parity bit when the memory is written to. Therefore logic parity RAM has no error ... parity RAM. RAM with ECC or Error Correction Code can detect and error correction correct errors . As with parity RAM, additional information needs to be stored and more processing needs to be done, making ECC RAM more expensive and a little slower than non parity and parity RAM. This type of Dynamic ... is known as EEC or Extended Error Correction . Early PCs usually required parity RAM, and parity checking could not be disabled. A parity error typically caused the machine to halt, with loss of unsaved ... parity or ECC, with consequent risk of data corruption this has become acceptable as a consequence of the increased reliability of memory. Many of those that support parity or ECC allow checking to be enabled or disabled in the BIOS , permitting cheaper non parity RAM to be used. If parity RAM is used ... bit parity error. As of 2008 ECC RAM is universally used where error checking is required simple parity RAM is no longer used Fact date January 2009 . References http www.scl.ameslab.gov Projects ... more details
of 1s colspan 2 8 bits including parity even odd 0000000 0 0 0000000 1 0000000 1010001 3 1 1010001 0 1010001 1101001 4 0 1101001 1 1101001 1111111 7 1 1111111 0 1111111 A parity bit is a bit that is added ... or odd number odd . Parity bits are used as the simplest form of Error detection and correction error detecting code . There are two variants of parity bits even parity bit and odd parity bit . When using even parity, the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits not including the parity bit is odd, making the entire set of bits including the parity bit even. When using odd parity, the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits not including the parity bit is even, keeping the entire set of bits including the parity bit odd. In other words, an even parity bit will be set to 1 if the number of 1 s 1 is even, and an odd parity bit will be set to 1 if the number of 1 s 1 is odd. Even parity is a special case of a cyclic redundancy check CRC , where the 1 bit CRC is generated by the polynomial x 1. If the parity bit is present but not used, it may be referred to as mark parity when the parity bit is always 1 or space parity the bit is always 0 . Parity In mathematics, parity mathematics parity refers to the evenness or oddness of an integer ... bit . In telecommunications and computing, parity refers to the evenness or oddness of the number of bits .... It can be calculated via an XOR sum of the bits, yielding 0 for even parity and 1 for odd parity ... for its use in Error detection and correction Parity bits error detection schemes. Error detection If an odd number of bits including the parity bit are Transmission telecommunications transmitted incorrectly, the parity bit will be incorrect and thus indicates that an error occurred in transmission. The parity bit is only suitable for detecting errors it cannot error detection and correction correct ... medium, successful transmission can therefore take a long time, or even never occur. However, parity ... more details
Noref date October 2009 In quantum mechanics , the intrinsic Parity physics parity is a phase factor that arises as an eigenvalue of the parity operation a reflection about the origin . To see that the parity s eigenvalues are phase factors, we assume an eigenstate of the parity operation this is realized because the intrinsic parity is a property of a subatomic particle particle species and use the fact that two parity transformations leave the particle in the same state, thus the new wave function can differ by only a phase factor, i.e. math P 2 psi e i phi psi math thus math P psi pm e i phi 2 psi math , since these are the only eigenstates satisfying the above equation. The intrinsic parity s phase is conserved for non weak interactions the product of the intrinsic parities is the same before and after the reaction , since P,H 0, i.e. the Hamiltonian quantum mechanics Hamiltonian is invariant under a parity transformation . The intrinsic parity of a system is the product of the intrinsic parities of the particles, for instance for noninteracting particles we have math P 1 rangle 2 rangle P 1 rangle P 2 rangle math . Since the parity commutes with the hamiltonian, its eigenvalue does not change with time, therefore the intrinsic parity s phase is a conserved quantity. DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic Parity Category Fundamental physics concepts Category Quantum field theory Category Quantum mechanics Category Particle physics ... more details
In computer processors the parity flag indicates if the number of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation. It is normally a single bit in a processor status register. For example, assume a machine where a set parity flag indicates even parity. If the result of the last operation were 26 11010 in binary , the parity flag would be 0 since the number of set bits is odd. Similarly, if the result were 102 1100110 in binary then the parity flag would be 1. x86 Processors In x86 processors, the parity flag reflects the parity only of the least significant byte of the result, and is set if the number of set bits of ones is even. According to 80386 Intel manual, the parity flag is changed in the x86 processor family by the following instructions All arithmetic instructions Compare instruction equivalent to a subtract instruction without storing the result Logical instructions XOR, AND, OR the TEST x86 instruction TEST instruction equivalent to the AND instruction without storing the result . the POPF instruction The parity flag is usually used in conditional jumps, where e.g. the JP instruction jumps to the given target when the parity flag is set and the JNP instruction jumps if it is not set. The flag may be also read directly with instructions such as PUSHF, which pushes the flags register on the stack. One common reason to test the parity flag actually has nothing to do with parity. The Floating point unit FPU has four condition flags C0 to C3 , but they can not be tested directly, and must instead be first copied to the flags register. When this happens, C0 is placed in the carry flag , C2 in the parity flag and C3 in the zero flag ref cite web url http www.intel.com products processor manuals index.htm title Intel 64 and IA 32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual Volume 1 Basic Architecture year 2011 month January pages 97 98 ref . The C2 flag is set when e.g. incomparable floating point values NaN or unsupported format ... more details
Potty parity is equal or equitable provision of washroom facilities for women and men within a public space. Gender neutral toilets main gender neutral toilet Gender neutral toilets are common in some contexts, including aircraft lavatory on aircraft , board toilet on trains or buses , portable toilet s, and accessible toilets . In parts of Europe they are also common in buildings. In the United States, they began to appear in the 2000s on university campuses and in some trendy restaurants. ref name Anthony Definition of parityParity may be defined in various ways in relation to facilities in a building. The simplest is as equal floorspace for men s and women s washrooms. Since men s rooms include urinal restroom urinal s, which take up less space than stalls, this still results in more facilities for men. An alternative parity is by number of fixtures within washrooms. However since women on average spend more time in washrooms more men are able to use the facilities per unit time. More recent parity regulations therefore require more fixtures for women to ensure that the average time spent waiting to use the toilet is the same for women as for men, or to equalise throughputs of men s and women s toilets. ref name shah Sex differences Women spend more time in washrooms than men, for physiological and cultural reasons. ref name Plaskow cite journal last Plaskow first Judith date ... up. None has become widespread enough to affect policy formation on potty parity. ref name Anthony ... of potty parity. ref name Anthony Banzhaf argues that to ignore potty parity, that is, to have merely ... cite web url http www.csmonitor.com 2006 0119 p16s01 lihc.html title Potty parity aims to remedy long lines ref Several authors have identified potty parity as a potential rallying issue for feminism ... last Anthony first Kathryn H. and coauthors Meghan Dufresne date 2007 title Potty Parity in Perspective ... PUBLIC web ctas.nsf EntriesWeb 643396F0271C1A90862570F2005B089B FILE Index Of Acts ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 unreferenced February 2009 wikify December 2010 A Parity Product is a product category or set of categories where the several brand s within that category possess functionally equivalent attributes, making one brand a satisfactory substitute for most other brands in that category. Parity Products can be almost the exact same thing. For example, Crest and Colgate, 2 different toothpaste companies, have parity in their toothpaste. They contain almost the same content inside. Category Economics terminology Category Markets customer bases ... more details
see also RAID What is RAID Parity? A Parity Drive is a hard drive used in a RAID array to provide fault tolerance . For example, RAID 3 uses a parity drive to create a system that is both fault tolerant and, because of data striping , fast. ref http computer.yourdictionary.com raid Definitions of RAID configurations Retrieved on 2010 11 15 ref One way to implement a parity drive in a RAID array is to use the exclusive or , or XOR, function. XOR is a Boolean logic function which means one or the other, but not both . The XOR of all of the data drives in the RAID array is written to the parity drive. If one of the data drives fails, the XOR of the remaining drives is identical to the data of the lost drive. Therefore, the when a drive is lost, recovering the drive is as simple as copying the XOR of the remaining drives to a fresh data drive. References Reflist Category RAID Compu hardware stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Parity problems are widely used as Benchmark computing benchmark problems in genetic programming but inherited from the artificial neural network community. Parity is calculated by summing all the binary inputs and reporting if the sum is odd or even. This is considered difficult because a very simple artificial neural network cannot solve it, and all inputs need to be considered and a change to any one of them changes the answer. References http www.cs.ucl.ac.uk staff W.Langdon FOGP Foundations of Genetic Programming DEFAULTSORT Parity Benchmark Category Genetic programming compu AI stub robotics stub ... more details
Flavour quantum numbers In physics , a parity transformation also called parity inversion is the flip ... mathematical notion is that of a point reflection . In a two dimensional plane, parity is not a simultaneous ... in 2 D where a parity transformation flips the sign of either x or y, not both . Simple symmetry relations ... to this a classification by parity, these can be extended, for example, into notions of scalars P ... , math which also have negative determinant and form a valid parity transformation. Then, combining ... parity transformation defined earlier. The first parity transformation given does not work in an even ... of dimensions only the latter example of a parity transformation or any reflection of an odd number of coordinates can be used. Parity forms the Abelian group Z sub 2 sub due to the relation P sup 2 sup ... sub 2 sub , there are two irreducible representations one is even under parity P ... below, in quantum mechanics states need not transform under actual representations of parity but only under projective representations and so in principle a parity transformation may rotate ... m &thinsp a if mass is constant equates two vectors, and hence is invariant under parity. The law of gravity also involves only vectors and is also, therefore, invariant under parity. However angular ... field, H is an axial vector. However, Maxwell s equations are invariant under parity because the curl ... eigenvalues Image parity 1drep.png thumb 200px right Two dimensional representations of parity are given by a pair of quantum states which go into each other under parity. However, this representation ... parity. One says that all irreducible representation s of parity are one dimensional. In quantum mechanics , spacetime transformations act on quantum states . The parity transformation, P , is a unitary ... is unobservable. The operator P sup 2 sup , which reverses the parity of a state twice, leaves the spacetime ... parity operator instead of P . Notice that P sup 2 sup 1 and so P has eigenvalues 1. However when no such symmetry ... more details
The term parity problem may refer to Parity problem sieve theory , the question of how many primes less than a given integer have an even or odd number of prime factors The problem of recognizing the formal language consisting of bitstrings which contain an even number of 1 bits. This language is regular language Complexity results regular , but it is famously not in AC sup 0 sup disambiguation ... more details
In theoretical physics , G parity is a multiplicative quantum number that results from the generalization of C parity to multiplet s of particles. C parity applies only to neutral systems in the pion triplet, only sup 0 sup has C parity. On the other hand, strong interaction does not see electrical charge , so it cannot distinguish amongst sup sup , sup 0 sup and sup &minus sup . We can generalize the C parity so it applies to all charge states of a given multiplet math mathcal G begin pmatrix pi pi 0 pi end pmatrix eta G begin pmatrix pi pi 0 pi end pmatrix math where sub G sub 1 are the eigenvalue s of G parity. The G parity operator is defined as math mathcal G mathcal C , e i pi I 2 math where math mathcal C math is the C parity operator, and I sub 2 sub is the operator associated with the 2nd component of the isospin vector . G parity is a combination of charge conjugation and a Pi radian rad 180 rotation around the 2nd axis of isospin space. Given that charge conjugation and isospin are preserved by strong interactions, so is G . Weak and electromagnetic interactions, though, are not invariant under G parity. Since G parity is applied on a whole multiplet, charge conjugation has to see the multiplet as a neutral entity. Thus, only multiplets with an average charge of 0 will be eigenstates of G , that is math bar Q bar B bar Y 0 math see electrical charge Q , baryon number B , hypercharge Y . In general math eta G eta C , 1 I math where sub C sub is a C parity eigenvalue, and I is the isospin. For fermion fermion antifermion systems, we have math eta G 1 S L I , math . where S is the total spin physics spin , L the total orbital angular momentum quantum number . For boson boson antiboson systems we have math eta G 1 L I , math . See also Quark model References cite journal author T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang title Charge conjugation, a new quantum number ... PhysRev.103.258 DEFAULTSORT G Parity Category Theoretical physics de G Parit t it Parit G hu ... more details
No footnotes date March 2009 R parity is a concept in particle physics . In the Minimal Supersymmetric ... small in order not to be in conflict with experimental data. R parity is a math Z 2 math symmetry ... Primer by S. Martin, 1999 ref All Standard Model particles have R parity of 1 while supersymmetric particles have R parity 1. Dark matter candidate With R parity being preserved, the lightest ... interacts via Gravitation gravitational interactions and does not require strict R parity. R parity violating couplings of the MSSM The renormalizable R parity violating couplings of the MSSM are math ... math mathcal O 1 math couplings for the R parity violating couplings, the proton can decay in approximately ... depending on the exact decay channel , this would highly disfavour the model. R parity sets all ... consistent with current observational data. Image R parity violating decay.svg frame right ... R parity violating coupling leads to proton decay. This has motivated the study of R parity violation where only one set of the R parity violating couplings are non zero which is sometimes called the single coupling dominance hypothesis. Possible origins of R parity A very attractive way to motivate R parity is with a B L continuous gauge symmetry which is spontaneously broken at a scale ... of R parity is possible because in SO 10 the Standard Model fermions arise from the 16 dimensional ... parity . After GUT symmetry breaking, this spinor parity descends into R parity so long ... abs hep ph 0406039 R parity Violating Supersymmetry by R.Barbier, C.Berat, M.Besancon, M.Chemtob ... x bin theme3.py?level 2&index1 236116 R parity Violating on arxiv.org http xstructure.inr.ac.ru x bin theme3.py?level 2&index1 236116 R parity Violating on arxiv.org http cepa.fnal.gov psm simulation mcgen lund pythia manual pythia6.3 pythia6301 node114.html R parity Violating on fnal DEFAULTSORT R Parity Category Particle physics Category Supersymmetry it R parit pl parzysto R ... more details
orphan date August 2009 Parity learning is a problem in machine Learning . An algorithm claiming to solve this problem must try to guess the function x , given some samples x , x and the assurance that computes the Parity function parity of bits at some fixed locations. The samples are generated using some distribution over the input. The problem is easy to solve using Gaussian elimination provided that enough number of samples from a distribution which is not too skew are provided to the algorithm. Noisy version In this version, the samples may contain some error. Instead of samples x , x , the algorithm is provided with x , y , where y 1 &minus x with some small probability. See also Learning with errors References Avrim Blum, Adam Kalai, and Hal Wasserman, Noise tolerant learning, the parity problem, and the statistical query model, J. ACM 50, no. 4 2003 506&ndash 519. Adam Tauman Kalai, Yishay Mansour, and Elad Verbin, On agnostic boosting and parity learning, in Proceedings of the 40th annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing Victoria, British Columbia, Canada ACM, 2008 , 629&ndash 638, http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 1374466. Oded Regev, On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography, in Proceedings of the thirty seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing Baltimore, MD, USA ACM, 2005 , 84&ndash 93, http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 1060590.1060603. DEFAULTSORT Parity Learning Category Machine learning Mathapplied stub ... more details
In Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra , a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is 1 if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function is notable for its role in theoretical investigation of circuit complexity of Boolean functions. Definition The math n math variable parity function is the Boolean function math f 0,1 n to 0,1 math with the property that math f x 1 math if and only if the number of ones in the vector math x in 0,1 n math is odd. In other words, math f math is defined as follows math f x x 1 oplus x 2 oplus dots oplus x n math . Properties Parity only depends on the number of ones and is therefore a symmetric Boolean function . The n variable parity function and its negation are the only Boolean functions for which all disjunctive normal form s have the maximal number of 2 sup n &minus 1 sup monomial s of length n and all conjunctive normal form s have the maximal number of 2 sup n &minus 1 sup clauses of length ... , James Saxe and Michael Sipser ref name FSS Merrick Furst, James Saxe and Michael Sipser, Parity, Circuits ... of constant depth Boolean circuits for the parity function, i.e., they showed that polynomial size constant depth circuits cannot compute the parity function. Similar results were also established for the majority, multiplication and transitive closure functions, by reduction from the parity function ... depth Boolean circuits for the parity function. H stad s Switching Lemma is the key technical ... exp left Omega left n frac 1 k 1 right right math to compute the parity function. This is asymptotically almost optimal as there are depth math k math circuits computing parity which have size math exp left O left n frac 1 k 1 right right math . Infinite version An infinite parity function is a function ... on even number of coordinates. Assuming axiom of choice it can be easily proved that parity functions ... the rest of math f math values are deducted unambiguously. Infinite parity functions are often used ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 Cleanup date March 2009 Parity of esteem is a phrase used in political philosophy to explain a theory to overcome inter communal conflict. Promoters of the theory argue that parity of esteem offers a language for negotiation of a post conflict equilibrium. This negotiation begins with the communities recognising the stalemate of their position. Rather than continue trying to out do each other, the communities should attempt to negotiate a peaceful coexistence in a shared physical space despite their cultural differences. Parity of esteem can be described as a Age of Enlightenment post Enlightenment theory as it differs drastically from classical Liberalism liberal or Marxism Marxist rationalism and is contrary to 20th century ideas of self determination or the 19th century idea of the nation state . Many of these anticipated a withering away of nationalism once minorities were brought within the nation state. These concepts are today the most dominant within contemporary political theory. As Ernest Gellner writes, the idea that political boundaries must be congruent with ethnic ones, that rulers must not be ethnically distinguishable from the ruled now has a salience and authority which it has never possessed in the previous history of mankind. Where Enlightenment theories addressed issues of inter communinal conflict, it did so either by promoting non sectarianism against tribalism liberalism or emphasising class politics against bourgeois nationalism Marxism . Neither of these approaches recognised the traditions of belligerents in inter communal conflicts. Parity of esteem on the other hand can accepts various nationalist traditions within one state. Interest in parity of esteem approaches emerged during the mid 1980s and accelerated following ... of the 1990s, Parity of esteem is a core concept to the Northern Ireland peace process . References ... Respect Pluralism and Parity of Esteem , Democratic Dialogue, ISBN 1 900281 06 6 politics stub Northern ... more details
Risk Parity is a general term for a variety of investment techniques that attempt to take equal risk ..., Working Paper, May 2009 ref Typical Risk Parity portfolios allocate 25 of risk to each of stocks ... 25 of the risk. Risk Parity portfolios are often leverage finance levered up to get the same expected return as a 60 stock 40 bond portfolio. ref name Allen Allen, Gregory C., The Risk Parity ... Risk Parity hopes to accomplish, not a prediction of actual investment results of any actual portfolio . Risk Parity is intermediate between passive management and active management . ref name Jensen ..., Risk Parity portfolios must buy and sell to keep dollar holdings proportional to estimated future risk. If the price of a security goes up and risk levels remain the same, the Risk Parity portfolio ... Parity portfolio will buy more to keep the amount of risk constant. ref name Dalio Dalio, Ray ... Parity does not require any forecasts of expected returns of various securities. It does not buy or sell ... Parity In the Spotlight After 50 Years, NEPC March 2010 ref Risk Parity portfolios differ considerably ... Perspective, October 2008, v. 5 no. 3 ref Moreover some investors use Risk Parity only as a neutral ... Thus Risk Parity is a conceptual approach, like Index fund Indexing or Momentum investing , rather ... 600px Illustration of CAPM argument for Risk Parity Another approach to Risk Parity grows out of the Capital .... The red dot is the portfolio of 60 stocks and 40 bonds. The yellow dot is the Risk Parity portfolio. The black line shows the combinations of risk and return attainable by combining the Risk Parity portfolio with cash below and to the left of the yellow dot or levering up the Risk Parity portfolio above and to the right of the yellow dot . In the diagram, levering the Risk Parity portfolio allows ... diagram only, intended to illustrate the argument for risk parity, not to assert that the levered risk parity portfolio is actually better than 60 stocks 40 bonds, nor to make any quantitative ... more details
Cleanup article date March 2008 Merge C symmetry date December 2008 In physics , C parity or charge parity is a multiplicative quantum number of some particles that describes its behavior under a symmetry operation of charge conjugation see C symmetry . Charge conjugation changes the sign of all quantic charges i.e., additive quantum number s electrical charge baryon number and lepton number flavor charges strangeness , charm quantum number charm , bottomness formerly beauty , topness formerly truth Isospin 3rd component On the contrary, does not affect mass linear momentum spin physics spin J complex conjugation K As a result, a particle is substituted by its antiparticle. math mathcal C , psi rangle bar psi rangle math For the eigenstates of charge conjugation math mathcal C , psi rangle eta C , psi rangle math and math eta C pm 1 math is called the C parity or charge parity . The above implies that math mathcal C psi rangle math and math psi rangle math have exactly the same quantum charges, so only truly neutral systems &mdash those where all quantum charges and magnetic moment are 0&mdash are eigenstates of charge parity, that is, the photon and particle antiparticle bound states neutral pion, , positronium... The neutron is not an eigenstate because it has a magnetic moment , and so does not have an associated C parity. For a system of free particles, the C parity is the product of C parities for each particle. In a pair of bound boson s there is an additional component due to the orbital angular momentum. For example, in a bound state of two pions , sup sup sup sup with an orbital angular momentum L , exchanging sup sup and sup sup inverts the relative position vector, which is identical to a parity physics parity operation. Under this operation, the angular part of the spatial wave function contributes a phase factor of 1 sup L sup , where L is the angular ... quantum number is J 0, 1 C parity sub C sub 1 sup L S sup 1, 1, respectively. Since charge parity ... more details
For other uses of the term in other fields, see parity . In medicine , parity is a technical term that refers to the number of times a female has given birth to a fetus . ref name urlGravidity and Parity Definitions and their Implications in Risk Assessment Doctor Patient UK cite web url http www.patient.co.uk doctor Gravidity and Parity Definitions.htm title Gravidity and Parity Definitions and their Implications in Risk Assessment & 124 Doctor & 124 Patient UK work accessdate 2010 01 16 ref It can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks, ref name pmid19300338 cite journal author Creinin MD, Simhan HN title Can we communicate gravidity and parity better? journal Obstet Gynecol volume 113 issue 3 pages 709 11 year 2009 month March pmid 19300338 doi 10.1097 AOG.0b013e3181988f8f url http meta.wkhealth.com pt pt core template journal lwwgateway media landingpage.htm?issn 0029 7844&volume 113&issue 3&spage 709 ref and for multiple pregnancies. ref name pmid17877683 cite journal author Opara EI, Zaidi J title The interpretation and clinical application of the word parity a survey journal BJOG volume 114 issue 10 pages 1295 7 year 2007 month October pmid 17877683 doi 10.1111 j.1471 0528.2007.01435.x url ref Enumeration A woman who has given birth a particular number of times is referred to as para 0, para 1, para 2, para 3 and so on. A woman who has never completed a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is referred to as being nulliparous , a nullipara or para 0 . ref name Cunningham F. Gary Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw Hill Companies .... TPAL Parity is recorded in the format, TPAL medicine T P A L T is the number of term births twins ... children. For example, parity of a woman who has given birth at term once and has had one miscarriage ... abortus Gravidity Multigravida TPAL medicine TPAL Pregnancy DEFAULTSORT Parity Medicine Category Gynecology parity Category Demography Category Population human repro stub de Parit t Medizin nn Fostertal ... more details
A parity game is played on a colored directed graph , where each node has been colored by a priority &ndash one of usually finitely many natural numbers . Two players, 0 and 1, take turns moving a token along the edges of the graph, resulting in a possibly infinite Path graph theory path , called the play. The winner of a finite play is the player whose opponent is unable to move. The winner of an infinite play is determined by the priorities appearing in the play. Typically, player 0 wins an infinite play if the smallest priority that occurs infinitely often in the play is even. Player 1 wins otherwise. This explains the word parity in the title. Parity games lie in the third level of the borel hierarchy , and are consequently Determinacy determined ref Donald A. Martin D. A. Martin Borel determinacy, The Annals of Mathematics, Vol 102 No. 2 pp. 363&ndash 371 1975 ref . Games related to parity games were implicitly used in Michael O. Rabin Rabin s proof of decidability of second order theory of n successors, where determinacy of such games was proven ref cite journal last Rabin first MO title Decidability of second order theories and automata on infinite trees journal Trans. AMS year 1969 pages 1 35 volume 141 doi 10.2307 1995086 url http jstor.org stable 1995086 publisher American ... of parity games ref name EJ E. A. Emerson and C. S. Jutla Tree Automata, Mu Calculus and Determinacy ... 0 ref . Moreover, parity games are history free determined ref name EJ ref A. Mostowski Games with forbidden .... Solving a game Solving a parity game played on a finite graph means deciding, for a given starting ... whether this decision problem is solvable in P complexity PTime . Given that parity games are history free determined, solving a given parity game is equivalent to solving the following simple looking ... 1.. Note that as opposed to parity games, this game is no longer symmetric with respect to players ... 3540003886 CZoo Class NP N np External links Parity Game Solvers http www.tcs.ifi.lmu.de pgsolver PGSolver ... more details
unreferenced date April 2009 In mathematics , the parity of an object states whether it is even or odd. This concept begins with integer s. An even number is an integer that is evenly divisible by 2, i.e., divisible by 2 without remainder an odd number is an integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. The old fashioned term evenly divisible is now almost always shortened to Divisibility divisible . A formal definition of an odd number is that it is an integer of the form n 2 k 1, where k is an integer ... by testing the parity of each side. As with ordinary arithmetic, multiplication and addition are commutative ... in parity is identical to addition, so subtraction also possesses these properties which are absent ... from obvious. Parity for other objects Image Rubiks revenge solved.jpg thumb left Rubik s Revenge ... g h The two light bishops are confined to squares of opposite parity the dark knight can only jump to squares of alternating parity. Parity is also used to refer to a number of other properties. The parity of a permutation as defined in abstract algebra is the parity of the number of Transposition ... of the puzzle allow only even permutations of the puzzle pieces, so parity is important in understanding the configuration space of these puzzles. The Even and odd functions parity of a function describes ... space s of two or more dimensions also have a parity, usually defined as the parity of the sum of the coordinates. For instance, the checkerboard lattice contains all integer points of even parity. This feature manifests itself in chess , as bishop s are constrained to squares of the same parity knights alternate parity between moves. This form of parity was famously used to solve the Mutilated chessboard problem . See also Even and odd ordinals Parity of zero Parity function Even and odd functions Even and odd permutations Diagonal parity &ndash RAID Non standard levels Thue&ndash Morse sequence Flight number House numbering United States numbered highways Category Parity Category Elementary ... more details
unreferenced date August 2008 Parity in sports is defined as attempting to make an equal playing field for all participants, specifically with regard to financial issues. When parity in a sports league is achieved, all participating teams enjoy roughly equivalent levels of talent. In such a league, the best team is not significantly better than the worst team. This leads to more competitive contests where the winner cannot be easily predicted in advance. Such games are more entertaining and captivating for the spectators. The opposite condition, which could be considered disparity between teams, is a condition where the elite teams are so much more talented that the lesser teams are hopelessly outmatched. Different major governing organizations attempt to achieve parity in different ways. For example, the NFL in America has established the shared revenue plan, in which all teams equally benefit from television revenue and sales of NFL franchised goods. Many consider the NFL to be the most fair or competitive league, with many different teams having a chance to win each year. In the NFL, complete parity would be a state where on any given Sunday, any given team can win any given game. An example of disparity would be Portuguese Liga , the top flight professional football soccer league in Portugal , where Big Three Portugal three clubs have accounted for 75 of the 77 championships in league history. Salary cap limits set a maximum amount of money that may be spent on athletes contracts. These limits exist to different extents in several other leagues as well. For example, MLB Major League Baseball in America has cap limits, but allows for teams to go over the limit if they are willing to pay a luxury tax sports luxury tax . See also List of largest sports contracts List of highest paid Major League Baseball players Category Sports terminology ... more details
Grid parity is the point at which alternative means of generating electricity is at least as cheap as Mains electricity grid power . For solar energy, it is achieved first in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California , Hawaii , Spain ref in 2016 solar industry organization ASIF ref and Japan . ref http www.bp.com genericarticle.do?categoryId 9013609&contentId 7005395 Going for grid parity 2005 article ref . Many solar power advocates predict that grid parity will occur in the near future. In July 2009, a blog surmised that solar would possibly be able to cost effectively compete with fossil fuels within a matter of months, due to falling solar modular prices. ref http www.renewableenergyworld.com rea blog post 2009 07 solar quickly approaching grid parity?cmpid WNL Friday July10 2009 ref However, many other estimates are not as optimistic. In 2010 the United ... Levelized Cost of New Generation Resources from the Annual Energy Outlook 2010 ref Grid parity has been .... George W. Bush had set 2015 as the target date for grid parity in the USA. ref http www.bp.com ... s Chief Engineer predicts grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around ... idUSL1878986220071019 reuters.com ref the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than ... sources grid parity by 2015. ref http www.abengoasolar.com sites solar en about us general news archive ... CPV could reach grid parity in 2011. Other companies predict an earlier date. ref http www.reuters.com ... will achieve grid parity by 2010 in connection with the opening of the company s new fully automated ... publisher RenewableEnergyWorld.com ref Wind Power Grid parity also applies to wind power where it varies ... real cost will approach parity with natural gas and coal without carbon sequestration and be cheaper ... 07 solar quickly approaching grid parity?cmpid WNL Friday July10 2009 Solar quickly approaching grid parity http setenergy.org Sustainable Energy Transition References reflist DEFAULTSORT Grid Parity ... more details
orphan date October 2009 Principle of parity is a legal concept used in codecision procedure disabling one European Union European institution from making decision without obtaining assent of the other institution engaged in the procedure. External links http ec.europa.eu codecision procedure index en.htm European Commission Codecision procedure Category Legal concepts Euro law stub EU stub ... more details
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