paramagnetism, the dipoles do not interact with one another and are randomly oriented in the absence ... type of spins will result. This effect is a weak form of paramagnetism known as Pauli paramagnetism ... of behavior is of an itinerant nature and better called Pauli paramagnetism, but it is not unusual ... which the behavior reverts to ordinary paramagnetism with interaction . Ferrofluid s are a good example ... ro Paramagnetism ru sk Paramagnetizmus sl Paramagnetizem sr Paramagnetizam fi Paramagnetismi sv Paramagnetism th tr Param knat sl k uk vi Thu n t zh ... more details
Magnetic fluid may refer to Magnetorheological fluid , a fluid that changes viscosity when subjected to a magnetic field. Ferrofluid , a strongly Paramagnetism paramagnetic fluid. disambig ... more details
The Morin transition is a magnetic phase transition in Fe sub 2 sub O sub 3 sub hematite where the antiferromagnetic ordering is reorganized from being aligned perpendicular to the c axis to be aligned parallel to the c axis below T sub M sub . T sub M sub 260K for Fe sup 3 sup in Fe sub 2 sub O sub 3 sub . A change in magnetic properties takes place at the Morin transition temperature. See also Ferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism Paramagnetism N el temperature References http flux.aps.org meetings YR00 MAR00 abs S240005.html American Physical Society abstract br Category Magnetism sl Morinov prehod ... more details
notability date August 2010 Unreferenced date June 2007 The Knight shift is a shift in the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency of a paramagnetism paramagnetic substance first published in 1949 by the American physicist Walter David Knight . The Knight shift is due to the conduction band conduction electrons in metals. They introduce an extra effective field at the nuclear site, due to the spin physics spin orientations of the conduction electrons in the presence of an external field. This is responsible for the shift observed in the nuclear magnetic resonance. The shift comes from two sources, one is the Pauli paramagnetic spin susceptibility, the other is the s component wavefunctions at the nucleus. Depending on the electronic structure, Knight shift may be temperature dependent. However, in metals which normally have a broad featureless electronic density of states, Knight shifts are temperature independent. Category Spectroscopy Category Chemical physics physics stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Wikify date April 2010 Immunomagnetic separation IMS is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces. DNA analysis have supported the combined use of both this technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR . Technique Antibodies coating paramagnetism paramagnetic beads will bind to antigens present on the surface of cells thus capturing the cells and facilitate the concentration of these bead attached cells. The concentration process is created by a magnet placed on the side of the test tube bringing the beads to it. Source Engstrand, L. and Enroth, H., Journal of Clinical microbiology , vol.33, no.8, August 1995, p. 2162 2165. Category Laboratory techniques Category Molecular biology biochem stub ... more details
A magnetic ionic liquid was identified by Satoshi Hayashi and Hiro o Hamaguchi of the University of Tokyo in 2004 as an ionic liquid based on the imidazole 1 butyl 3 methylimidazolium chloride and ferric chloride . ref cite journal title Discovery of a Magnetic Ionic Liquid bmim FeCl sub 4 sub author Satoshi Hayashi Hiro o Hamaguchi journal Chemistry Letters volume 33 year 2004 issue 18 pages 1590 1591 doi 10.1002 chin.200518200 ref ref cite journal title A new class of magnetic fluids bmim FeCl sub 4 sub and nbmim FeCl sub 4 sub ionic liquids D author Satoshi Hayashi Satyen Saha Hiro o Hamaguchi journal IEEE Transactions on Magnetics volume 42 year 2006 issue 1 pages 12 14 doi 10.1109 TMAG.2005.854875 url 10.1109 TMAG.2005.854875 ref Due to the presence of high spin FeCl sub 4 sub sup sup , the liquid is paramagnetism paramagnetic and a magnetic susceptibility of 40.6 10 sup 6 sup emu g sup 1 sup is reported. A simple magnet suffices to attract the liquid in a test tube. References references Category Magnetism Category Ionic liquids ro Lichid magnetic ionic ... more details
Merge to Dielectric discuss Talk Paraelectricity date September 2010 Paraelectricity is the ability of many materials specifically ceramic ceramic crystals to become polarized under an applied electric field . Unlike ferroelectricity , this can happen even if there is no permanent electric dipole that exists in the material, and removal of the fields results in the Dipolar polarization polarization in the material returning to zero. ref Chiang, Y. et al. Physical Ceramics, John Wiley & Sons 1997, New York ref The mechanisms which give rise to paraelectric behaviour are the distortion of individual ions displacement of the electron cloud from the nucleus and the polarization of molecules or combinations of ions or defects. Paraelectricity occurs in crystal phases in which electricity electric dipole s are unaligned i.e. unordered domains that are electrically charged and thus have the potential to align in an external electric field and strengthen it. In comparison to the ferroelectric effect ferroelectric phase, the domains are unordered and the internal field is weak. The lithium niobate LiNbO SUB 3 SUB crystal is ferroelectric below 1430 Kelvin K , and above this temperature it transforms into a paraelectric phase. Similarly, other perovskite s also exhibit paraelectricity at high temperatures. Paraelectricity has been explored as a possible refrigeration mechanism polarizing a paraelectric by applying an electric field under adiabatic adiabatic process conditions raises the temperature, while removing the field lowers the temperature. ref U. Kuhn and F. Luty. Solid State Communications 4 1965 . doi 10.1016 0038 1098 65 90060 8 ref A heat pump which polarizes the paraelectric, brings it into contact with the the object to be cooled, and then depolarizes it would result in refrigeration. See also Paramagnetism Ferroelectricity Dielectric References Reflist Polarization states Category Electric and magnetic fields in matter Condensedmatter stub ca Paraelectricitat d ... more details
The Curie constant is a material dependent property that relates a material s magnetic susceptibility to its temperature. Curie s constant in SI units is math C frac mu o N g 2 mu B 2 J J 1 3 k B , math ref cite book last Kittel first Charles title Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition publisher Wiley pages 304 isbn 047141526X ref where math mu o math is the permeability constant, math N math is the number of magnetic atoms or molecules per unit volume, math g math is the Land g factor , math mu B math 9.27400915e 24 J T or math A m 2 math is the Bohr magneton , math J math is the angular momentum quantum number and math k B math is Boltzmann s constant . For a two level system with magnetic moment math mu math , the formula reduces to math C frac N mu 2 k B . math The constant is used in Curie s Law , which states that for a fixed value of a magnetic field, the magnetization of a material is approximately inversely proportional to temperature. math mathbf M C cdot frac mathbf B T , math This equation was first derived by Pierre Curie Marie Curie s husband . Because of the relationship between magnetic susceptibility math chi math , magnetization math M math and applied magnetic field math H math math chi frac M H , math this shows that for a paramagnetic system of non interacting magnetic moments, magnetization math M math is inversely related to temperature math T math see Curie s Law . See also Paramagnetism References reflist category Thermodynamics category Physical constants condensedmatter stub ar ca Constant de Curie de Curie Konstante ja ... more details
The Curie Weiss law describes the magnetic susceptibility math var &chi var of a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region above the Curie point math chi frac C T T c math where math var C var is a material specific Curie constant , math var T var is absolute temperature, measured in kelvin s, and math var T sub c sup var is the Curie temperature , measured in kelvins. The law predicts a singularity in the susceptibility at math var T T sub c sup var . Below this temperature the ferromagnet has a spontaneous magnetization . In many materials the Curie Weiss law fails to describe the susceptibility in the immediate vicinity of the Curie point, since it is based on a mean field theory mean field approximation . Instead, there is a critical behavior of the form math chi sim frac 1 T T c gamma math with the critical exponent math var &gamma var . However, at temperatures math var T > > T sub c sup var the expression of the Curie Weiss law still holds, but with math var T sub c sup var replaced by a temperature math var &Theta var that is somewhat higher than the actual Curie temperature. Some authors call math var &Theta var the Weiss constant to distinguish it from the temperature of the actual Curie point. See also Curie s law Paramagnetism Pierre Curie References Introduction to Solid State Physics 7th ed. 1996 by Charles Kittel Categories Category Electric and magnetic fields in matter condensedmatter stub de Curie Weiss Gesetz fr Loi de Curie Weiss nl Wet van Curie Weiss pl Prawo Curie Weissa ru zh ... more details
s response. However, for materials that show some other form of magnetism such as ferromagnetism or paramagnetism ... van Leeuwen theorem proves that there cannot be any diamagnetism or paramagnetism in a purely ... . Landau diamagnetism, however, should be contrasted with Paramagnetism Delocalization Pauli paramagnetism ... cite web url http phy.ntnu.edu.tw changmc Teach SS SS note chap11.pdf title Diamagnetism and paramagnetism ... Magnetochemistry Paramagnetism References reflist External links http www.youtube.com watch?v 8tFsrGRwOOM ... more details
refimprove date August 2010 In physics and materials science , the Curie temperature T sub c sub , or Curie point , is the temperature at which a ferromagnetism ferromagnetic or a ferrimagnetism ferrimagnetic material becomes paramagnetism paramagnetic on heating the effect is reversible. A magnet will lose its magnetism if heated above the Curie temperature. The term is also used in piezoelectric materials to refer to the temperature at which spontaneous polarization electrostatics polarization is lost on heating. An analogous temperature, the N el temperature , is defined for antiferromagnetic materials. The Curie temperature is named after Pierre Curie . Below the Curie temperature neighboring magnetic spin s are aligned parallel within in ferromagnetic materials and anti parallel in ferrimagnetic materials. As the temperature is increased towards the Curie point, the alignment magnetization within each domain decreases. Above the Curie temperature, the material is paramagnetism paramagnetic so that magnetic moments are in a completely disordered state. The destruction of magnetization at the Curie temperature is a second order phase transition and a critical point thermodynamics critical point where the magnetic susceptibility is theoretically infinite. A heat induced ferromagnetic paramagnetic transition is used in magneto optical storage media, for erasing and writing of new data. Famous examples include the Sony Minidisc format, as well as the now obsolete CD RW CD MO CD MO format. Other uses include temperature control in soldering iron s, and stabilizing the magnetic field of tachometer generators against temperature variation. ref harvnb Pall s Areny Webster 2001 pages 262 263 ref File Ferromagnetic ordering.svg thumb right Below the Curie temperature, neighboring magnetic spins align in a ferromagnet even if there is no magnetic field . File Paramagnetic probe without magnetic field.svg thumb right Above the Curie temperature, the magnetic spins are rando ... more details
locked phosphorus. Paramagnetism br The Chemical element elements high in available 2 valence electrons, calcium, iron and magnesium in particular contribute to paramagnetism in soil which aid in cation ... more details
expert subject physics date March 2009 In physics, the term clusters denotes small, multiatom particles. As a rule of thumb, any particle of somewhere between 3 and 3x10 sup 7 sup atom s is considered a cluster. Two atom particles are sometimes considered clusters as well Fact date February 2007 . The term can also refer to the organization of protons and neutrons within nuclein. Although first reports of cluster species date back already to the 1940s ref name hahn cite journal author Mattauch J, Ewald H, Hahn O, Strassmann F. title Hat ein Caesum Isotop langer Halbwertszeit existiert? Ein Beitrag zur Deutung ungew hnlicher Linien in der Massenspektrographie journal Zeitschrift f r Physik volume 120 pages 598 617 year 1943 ref , Cluster science emerged as a separate direction of research in the 1980s, One purpose of the research was to study the gradual development of collective phenomena which characterize a bulk solid. These are for example the color of a body, its electrical conductivity, its ability to absorb or reflect light, and magnetic phenomena such as ferro , ferri , or antiferromagnetism. These are typical collective phenomena which only develop in an aggregate of a large number of atoms. It was found that collective phenomena break down for very small cluster sizes. It turned out, for example, that small clusters of a ferromagnetic material are super paramagnetic rather than ferromagnetic. Paramagnetism is not a collective phenomenon, which means that the ferromagnetism of the macrostate was not conserved by going into the nanostate. The question then was asked for example How many atoms do we need in order to obtain the collective metallic or magnetic properties of a solid ? Soon after the first cluster sources had been developed in 1980, an ever larger community of cluster scientists was involved in such studies. This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In science, a lot is known about properti ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 400293342 ImageFile MTSL chemical structure.png ImageSize 150px IUPACName S 2,2,5,5 tetramethyl 2,5 dihydro 1H pyrrol 3 yl methyl methanesulfonothioate OtherNames MTSL Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 117873 InChI 1 C10H18NO3S2 c1 9 2 6 8 7 15 16 5,13 14 10 3,4 11 9 12 h6H,7H2,1 5H3 InChIKey BLSCGBLQCTWVPO UHFFFAOYAW StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C10H18NO3S2 c1 9 2 6 8 7 15 16 5,13 14 10 3,4 11 9 12 h6H,7H2,1 5H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey BLSCGBLQCTWVPO UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 81213 52 7 PubChem 133628 SMILES CC1 C C C N1 O C C CSS O O C C Section2 Chembox Properties C 10 H 18 N 1 O 3 S 2 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition MTSL S 2,2,5,5 tetramethyl 2,5 dihydro 1H pyrrol 3 yl methyl methanesulfonothioate is a chemical compound which can be used as a nitroxide amine oxide paramagnetism paramagnetic spin label in protein Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. MTSL is attached via a disulfide bond to a cysteine residue, enabling site directed spin labelling. Following attachment, which involves a Sulfinic acid CH sub 3 sub SO sub 2 sub leaving group ref Kenyon, G.L. and Bruice, T.W. 1977 . Novel sulfhydryl reagents. Methods In Enzymology 47, 407 430. ref ref Berliner, L.J., Grunwald, J., Hankovszky, H.O., Hideg, K. 1982 . A novel reversible thiol specific spin label papain active site labeling and inhibition. Analytical Biochemistry 119, 450 455. ref , the MTSL moiety will add 186.3 atomic mass unit daltons to the mass of the protein or peptide to which it is attached. The cysteine can be introduced using site directed mutagenesis , and hence most positions in a protein can be labelled. In Nuclear magnetic resonance the introduction of the paramagnetic group increases the relaxation rate of nearby atomic nucleus nuclei . This can be detected a ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 401957801 ImageFile Lambda tris acetylacetonato manganese III 3D balls.png ImageSize IUPACName Chromium III acetylacetonate OtherNames tris 2,4 pentanediono chromium III Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 3C5H7O2.Cr c3 1 4 6 3 5 2 7 h3 3H,1 2H3 q3 1 3 InChIKey GMJCSPGGZSWVKI UHFFFAOYAF StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S 3C5H7O2.Cr c3 1 4 6 3 5 2 7 h3 3H,1 2H3 q3 1 3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey GMJCSPGGZSWVKI UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 21679 31 2 PubChem SMILES Cr 3 .O C CH C O C C.O C CH C O C C.O C CH C O C C ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 2006256 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 15 sub H sub 21 sub CrO sub 6 sub MolarMass 349.32 Appearance deep maroon Density 1.34 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt 216 C BoilingPt 340 C sublimes near 100 C SolubleOther soluble Solvent non polar organic solvents Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Chromium III acetylacetonate is the coordination compound with the chemical formula formula Cr C sub 5 sub H sub 7 sub O sub 2 sub sub 3 sub , sometimes designated as Cr acac sub 3 sub . This purplish complex chemistry coordination complex is used in NMR spectroscopy as a relaxation agent because of its solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and its paramagnetism . Synthesis and structure The compound is prepared by the reaction of chromium III oxide with acetylacetone Hacac ref W. Conard Fernelius, Julian E. Blanch Chromium III Acetylacetonate Tris 2,4 Pentanediono Chromium III Inorganic Syntheses, 1957, Volume 5, 130 131. DOI 10.1002 9780470132364.ch35 ref Cr sub 2 sub O sub 3 sub 6 Hacac 2 Cr acac sub 3 sub 3 H sub 2 sub O The complex has idealized D sub 3 sub Molecular symmetry symmetry . Like other Cr III compounds, it has the d sup 3 sup configuration, having a quartet ground state. Although it is relatively inert toward substitution, the complex undergoes bromination at the 3 pos ... more details
Image Periodic Table with unpaired electrons.svg right thumb Periodic table with elements that have unpaired electrons coloured In chemistry, an unpaired electron is an electron that occupies an orbital singly, rather than as part of an electron pair . As the formation of electron pairs is often energetically favorable, either in the form of a chemical bond or as a lone pair , unpaired electrons are relatively uncommon in chemistry, because an entity that carries an unpaired electron is usually rather reactive. In organic chemistry they typically only occur briefly during a reaction on an entity called a radical chemistry radical however, they play an important role in explaining reaction pathways. Radicals are uncommon in s and p block chemistry, since the unpaired electron occupies a valence p orbital or an sp, sp sup 2 sup or sp sup 3 sup orbital hybridisation hybrid orbital . These orbitals are strongly directional and therefore overlap to form strong covalent bonds, favouring Dimerisation chemistry dimerisation of radicals. Radicals can be stable if dimerisation would result in a weak bond or the unpaired electrons are stabilised by delocalisation . In contrast, radicals in d and f block chemistry are very common. The less directional, more diffuse d and f orbitals, in which unpaired electrons reside, overlap less effectively, form weaker bonds and thus dimerisation is generally disfavoured. These d and f orbitals also have comparatively smaller radial extension, disfavouring overlap to form dimers. ref name NCN cite book title Periodicity and the s and p Block Elements author N. C. Norman year 1997 publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 855961 5 page 43 ref More stable entities with unpaired electrons do exist, e.g. the oxygen molecule has two unpaired electrons and the nitric oxide molecule has one. According to Hund s rule , the spins of unpaired electrons are aligned parallel and this gives these molecules paramagnetism paramagnetic properties. The mos ... more details
chembox Name Palladium II fluoride ImageFile PdF2 xtal 1993 unit cell CM 3D ellipsoids.png ImageSize 200px ImageName unit cell of the crystal structure of palladium II fluoride OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 13444 96 7 CASNo Ref cascite EINECS RTECS Section2 Chembox Properties Pd 1 F 2 Appearance pale violet crystalline solid hygroscopic ref name CRC http www.hbcpnetbase.com CRC Handbook, 89 sup th sup edition ref Density 5.76 g cm sup 3 sup ref name CRC Solubility reacts with water SolubleOther MeltingPt 952 C ref name CRC Section3 Chembox Structure Coordination octahedral CrystalStruct tetragonal Section4 Chembox Thermochemistry DeltaHf Entropy Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS EUClass EUIndex Not listed MainHazards NFPA H NFPA F NFPA R NFPA O RPhrases SPhrases FlashPt PEL Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions Palladium II chloride br Palladium II bromide br Palladium II iodide OtherCations Nickel II fluoride br Platinum II fluoride br Platinum IV fluoride Palladium II fluoride , also known as palladium difluoride , is the chemical compound of palladium and fluorine with the chemical formula formula PdF sub 2 sub . Synthesis PdF sub 2 sub is prepared by reflux ing palladium II,IV fluoride , Pd sup II sup Pd sup IV sup F sub 6 sub , with selenium tetrafluoride , SeF sub 4 sub . Pd PdF sub 6 sub SeF sub 4 sub 2PdF sub 2 sub SeF sub 6 sub Structure and paramagnetism Like its lighter congener nickel II fluoride , PdF sub 2 sub adopts a rutile type crystal structure , containing octahedral coordination geometry octahedrally coordinated palladium, which has the electronic configuration t sup sub 6 2g e sup sub 2 g . This configuration causes PdF sub 2 sub to be paramagnetic ref name G&E 1153 Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd pages 1152 1153 ref due to two unpaired electrons, one in each e sub g sub symmetry atomic orbital orbital of palladium. See also Palladium fluoride s References reflist Category Palladium compounds Category Fluorides Category M ... more details
Paramagnetism When an isolated atom is placed in a magnetic field there is an interaction because each ... field. By convention diamagnetic susceptibility is given a negative sign. Paramagnetism. At least .... ref Figgis&Lewis, p. 417 ref Paramagnetism Mechanism and temperature dependence File Susceptibility.png ... illustration of the mechanism of paramagnetism. The individual metal ions are kept far apart by the ligands ... Weiss law holds and the Curie temperature is low. Temperature independent paramagnetism Compounds which are expected to be diamagnetic may exhibit this kind of weak paramagnetism. It arises from a second ... momentum is completely quenched, math overrightarrow L 0 math and the paramagnetism can be attributed ... moment of 2.2 sub B sub , which includes a contribution from temperature independent paramagnetism ... title Magnetism Magnetic states list1 diamagnetism superdiamagnetism paramagnetism superparamagnetism ... more details
A buffer gas is an inert or nonflammable gas . In the Earth s atmosphere , nitrogen acts as a buffer gas. A buffer gas adds pressure to a system and controls the speed of combustion with any oxygen present. Any inert gas such as helium , neon , or argon will serve as a buffer gas. Uses Buffer gases are commonly used in many applications from gas discharge lamp high pressure discharge lamps to reduce line width of microwave transitions in alkali alkali atoms . A buffer gas usually consists of atomically inert gases such as helium , argon , and nitrogen which are the primary gases used. Krypton , neon , and xenon are also used, primarily for lighting. In most scenarios, buffer gases are used in conjunction with other molecules for the main purpose of causing collisions with the other co existing molecules. In fluorescent lamp s, Mercury element mercury is used as the primary ion from which light is emitted. Krypton is the buffer gas used in conjunction with the mercury which is used to moderate the momentum of collisions of mercury ions in order to reduce the damage done to the electrode s in the fluorescent lamp. Generally speaking, the longest lasting lamps are those with the heaviest noble gas es as buffer gases. Image Buffer.JPG right Buffer gas loading techniques have been developed for use in cooling paramagnetism paramagnetic atoms and molecules at ultra cold temperatures. The buffer gas most commonly used in this sort of application is helium. Buffer gas cooling can be used on just about any molecule, as long as the molecule is capable of surviving multiple collisions with low energy helium atoms, which most molecules are capable of doing. Buffer gas cooling is allowing the molecules of interest to be cooled through elastic collision s with a cold buffer gas inside a chamber see Figure a . If there are enough collisions between the buffer gas and the other molecules of interest before the molecules hit the walls of the chamber and are gone, the buffer gas will ... more details
a strong effect. Paramagnetism main ParamagnetismParamagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs ... Figure of merit Magnetic reluctance Paramagnetism Permittivity SI electromagnetism units References ... more details
Image Electride 01.jpg thumb right 200px Cavities and channels in Electride An electride is an ionic chemical compound compound in which an electron is the anion . ref cite journal author Dye, J. L. title Electrons as Anions journal Science journal Science year 2003 volume 301 pages 607 608 doi 10.1126 science.1088103 pmid 12893933 issue 5633 ref The first electrides to be studied in depth were solutions of alkali metal s in ammonia . ref Holleman, A. F. Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0 12 352651 5 ref When sodium metal dissolves in ammonia, the result is a blue solution consisting of Na NH sub 3 sub sub 6 sub sup sup and solvated electron s. Such solutions are powerful reducing agent s, as demonstrated by their use in the Birch reduction . Evaporation of these blue solutions affords a mirror of Na. Such solutions slowly lose their colour as the electrons reduce ammonia Na NH sub 3 sub sub 6 sub sup sup e sup sup NH sub 3 sub Sodium amide NaNH sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub Addition of 2.2.2 Cryptand 2,2,2 cryptand to a solution of Na NH sub 3 sub sub 6 sub sup sup e sup sup affords Na 2,2,2 crypt sup sup e sup sup . Evaporation of these solutions yields a blue black paramagnetic salt with the formula Na 2,2,2 crypt sup sup e sup sup . Such salts decompose above 240 K, though Ca sub 24 sub Al sub 28 sub O sub 68 sub sup 4 sup e sup sup sub 4 sub is stable at room temperature. ref cite journal author Buchammagari, H. et al. year 2007 title Room Temperature Stable Electride as a Synthetic Organic Reagent Application to Pinacol Coupling Reaction in Aqueous Media journal Org. Lett. publisher ACS Publications volume 9 issue 21 pages 4287 4289 url http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ol701885p doi 10.1021 ol701885p pmid 17854199 pmc ref In these salts, the electron is delocalized between the cations. Electrides are paramagnetism paramagnetic and Mott insulator s. There is strong theoretical evidence for electride behaviour in the newly discovered ... more details
drugbox verifiedrevid 400294662 IUPAC name image Mangafodipir 3D sticks.png image2 mangafodipir.png ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 2343239 InChI 1 C22H32N4O14P2.Mn c1 13 21 31 17 15 5 23 13 11 39 41 33,34 35 7 25 9 19 27 28 3 4 26 10 20 29 30 8 18 16 12 40 42 36,37 38 6 24 14 2 22 18 32 h5 6,31 32H,3 4,7 12H2,1 2H3, H,27,28 H,29,30 H2,33,34,35 H2,36,37,38 q 2 InChIKey QDQFSBKXQQZVTB UHFFFAOYAF smiles Mn 2 .O P O O OCc1cnc c O c1CN CC O O CCN Cc2c cnc c2O C COP O O O CC O O C StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C22H32N4O14P2.Mn c1 13 21 31 17 15 5 23 13 11 39 41 33,34 35 7 25 9 19 27 28 3 4 26 10 20 29 30 8 18 16 12 40 42 36,37 38 6 24 14 2 22 18 32 h5 6,31 32H,3 4,7 12H2,1 2H3, H,27,28 H,29,30 H2,33,34,35 H2,36,37,38 q 2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QDQFSBKXQQZVTB UHFFFAOYSA N CAS number 119797 12 5 ATC prefix V08 ATC suffix CA05 PubChem 3086672 DrugBank ChEMBL 1201301 C 22 H 28 Mn 1 N 4 O 14 P 2 molecular weight 689.362 g mol bioavailability NA protein bound 27 manganese br Negligible DPDP metabolism elimination half life 20 minutes manganese br 50 minutes DPDP excretion Kidney Renal and fecal manganese br Renal DPDP pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category Not to be used legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Intravenous therapy Intravenous infusion Mangafodipir sold under the brand name Teslascan as mangafodipir trisodium is a contrast agent delivered intravenous ly to enhance contrast in magnetic resonance imaging MRI of the liver. It has two parts, paramagnetism paramagnetic manganese II ions and the chelation chelating agent fodipir dipyridoxyl diphosphate, DPDP . Normal liver tissue absorbs the manganese more than abnormal or cancerous tissue. The manganese shortens the ... more details
Image Shubnikv.JPG right 250px thumb Lev Shubnikov Lev Vasilyevich Shubnikov lang ru lang uk September 9, 1901&mdash November 10, 1937 was a USSR Soviet experimental physicist who worked in the Netherlands and USSR . Shubnikov was born into the family of a Saint Petersburg accountant. After graduating from a Gymnasium school gymnasium he entered Saint Petersburg State University Leningrad University . This was the first year of the Russian Civil War and he was the only student of that year attending the physics department. While yachting in the Gulf of Finland in 1921, he accidentally sailed from Saint Petersburg to Finland , was sent to Germany and could not return to Russia until 1922. He then continued his education in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute , graduating in 1926. During his university training he worked with Ivan Obreimov , developing a new method for growing monocrystal s of metals. In 1926, at the recommendation of Abram Ioffe , he was sent to the Leiden cryogenic laboratory of Wander Johannes de Haas in the Netherlands he worked there until 1930. Shubnikov studied bismuth crystals with low impurity concentrations, and in cooperation with Wander Johannes de Haas he discovered magnetoresistance oscillations at low temperatures in magnetic field s the Shubnikov De Haas effect . The importance of this effect for condensed state physics became completely clear only much later. Today this effect is one of the principal instruments used in studying the quantum electron properties of solids. In 1930 Shubnikov returned to Kharkov and established there the first Soviet cryogenic laboratory. He also discovered the antiferromagnetism in 1935 and paramagnetism in 1936, together with Boris Lazarev of solid state hydrogen . He was one of the first to study liquid helium . In 1937, at the height of the Great Purge , the NKVD launched the UPTI Affair Ukrainian Physics and Technology Institute Affair on the basis ... more details
Sergei Vasilyevich Vonsovsky also spelled as Vonsovskii or Vonsovskiy , Russian language Russian 1910 1998 was a prominent Soviet Union Soviet and Russia n physicist. Biography Sergei Vonsovsky was born in 1910 in Tashkent . In 1932 he graduated from the Leningrad University . In 1932 he moved to Sverdlovsk now Yekaterinburg and started working at the Ural Physicotechical Institute, later at the Metals Physics Institute of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In 1943 he defended his second thesis and received the highest scientific degree of Doctor of Science Russian degree called doctor nauk . From 1947 he also kept a professorship at the chair of theoretical physics at the department of physics of the Ural State University . Since 1971 to 1985 he was the director of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Sergei Vonsovsky led researches in the field of metal physics studying the transition metal s and the fusions. He created the fusions ferromagnetism theory and developed the theory of magnetic anisotropy . He also worked at the field of the transition metal s and fusions superconductivity in particular he studied the problem of simultaneity of ferromagnetism and paramagnetism . He was the founder of the Ural scientific school in ferromagnetism and metals physics. Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences instituted Vonsovsky Gold Medal in his honour. Honours Full member academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1966 Hero of Socialist Labour 1969 Foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences Foreign corresponding member of the German Academy of Sciences State Prize of USSR 1975, 1982 Vavilov Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1982 Three Order of Lenin Orders of Lenin Order of the Red Star Order of the Red Banner of Labour Demidov Prize 1993 Honorary citizen of Yekaterinburg One of the streets of Yekaterinburg is called after academician Vonsovsky. The main scientific award of the Ura ... more details
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