Oxygensaturation or dissolved oxygen DO is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is Dissolution chemistry dissolve d or carried in a given medium. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. It has particular significance in Oxygenation medical medicine and Oxygenation environmental environmental science . Oxygensaturation in medicine Main article Oxygenation medical In medicine , oxygensaturation refers to oxygenation , or when oxygen molecules chem O 2 enter the Tissue biology tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lung s, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. As a result of this oxygenation, the color of the blood changes from dark purple to red. Oxygensaturation stats, or O2 sats measure the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. Environmental oxygensaturation Main article Oxygenation environmental Oxygensaturation in the environment generally refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in the soil or bodies of water. Environmental oxygenation can be important to the sustainability of a particular ecosystem . Insufficient oxygen hypoxia environmental environmental hypoxia may occur in bodies of water such as pond s and river s, tending to suppress the presence of aerobic organism s such as fish . Deoxygenation increases the relative population of anaerobic organism s such as plants and some bacteria , resulting in fish kill s and other adverse events. The net effect is to alter the balance of nature by increasing the concentration of anaerobic over aerobic species . Respiratory physiology Category Aquatic ecology Category Blood Category Water quality indicators Category Oxygen da Iltm tning de Sauerstoffs ttigung ko id Oksigen terlarut it Ossigeno disciolto ja no Oksygenmetning pl Saturacja medycyna fi Happisaturaatio ta ... more details
wiktionary saturation wiktionary saturated wiktionary unsaturated Saturation or saturated may mean Dew point , which is a temperature that occurs when atmospheric humidity reaches 100 and the air is saturated with moisture Market saturation , in economics, a situation in which a product has become diffused distributed within a market Saturated model , a concept in mathematical logic Saturation album Saturation album , an album by the alternative rock band Urge Overkill Saturation genetic , in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible usually undefined Saturation chemistry , multiple definitions for chemistry Saturation color theory , the intensity of a specific hue Saturation intent, a rendering intent in color management Saturation magnetic , the state when a magnetic material is fully magnetized Saturation current , limit of flowing current through a device Oxygensaturation , a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient s blood Saturation telecommunications , a number of meanings Saturation arithmetic , in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range Saturated fat , fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acid radicals In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water content in the soil, where the Vadose zone unsaturated zone is above the water table and the Aquifer saturated zone is below Saturated liquid or saturated vapor, contains as much thermal energy as it can without Boiling point boiling or Condensation condensing Saturated transistor, a Bipolar junction transistor Regions of operation BJT transistor or field effect transistor that is fully turned on Actuator Saturation, in control systems engineering, refers to the problem ... signals. disambig ar cs Saturace de S ttigung es Saturado fr Saturation it Saturazione ... simple Saturation ... more details
Allotropes of oxygen other uses Oxygen disambiguation pp semi vandalism small yes pp move indef Infobox oxygenOxygen IPAc en icon k s d n respell OK si jin is the chemical element element with atomic ... required oxygen in their composition. At standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element ... with the formula chem O 2 . Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen Group periodic table group on the periodic ... chemical compound compounds notably oxide s with almost all other elements. By mass, oxygen is the Abundance ... up almost half of the crust s mass. ref name lanl Free oxygen is too chemically reactive to appear ... of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water. Elemental chem O 2 only began to accumulate in the atmosphere .... ref cite press release title NASA Research Indicates Oxygen on Earth 2.5 Billion Years ago url http www.nasa.gov home hqnews 2007 sep HQ 07215 Timeline of Oxygen on Earth.html publisher NASA date 2007 09 27 accessdate 2008 03 13 ref Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 of the volume of Earth s atmosphere air . ref name ECE500 Because it comprises most of the mass in water, oxygen comprises most ... oxygen, as do the major inorganic compound s that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Elemental oxygen is produced by cyanobacteria , algae and plants, and is used in cellular respiration for all complex life. Oxygen is toxic to Obligate anaerobe obligately anaerobic organisms , which were ... in the atmosphere. Another form allotropes of oxygen allotrope of oxygen, ozone chem O 3 , helps ... atomic oxygen is a significant presence and a cause of corrosion in space erosion for spacecraft ... erosion.html title Atomic oxygen erosion archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070613121048 http www.spenvis.oma.be ... ref Oxygen was independently discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele , in Uppsala , in 1773 or earlier ... was published first. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier , ref name mellor whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion ... more details
Degree of saturation may refer to Degree of saturation earth sciences , a ratio of liquid such as water in a porous material such as soil Degree of saturation traffic , a measure used in traffic engineering disambig ... more details
Saturation diving is a diving technique that allows divers to avoid the deadly effects of decompression ... Surface Mixed Gas, Sur D O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation editor1 last Lang editor1 first MA editor2 last ... 12 April 2010 ref Saturation refers to the fact that the diver s tissues have absorbed the maximum ... for the blood and tissues to become Saturation chemistry saturated with inert gases in 1942. ref ... pdf faceplatefebruary2005.pdf accessdate 2010 01 15 ref Once saturation is achieved, the amount of time ... of saturation diving and the US Navy s Man in the Sea Program. ref name Pressure1983 cite ... in decompression time is necessary. The idea of saturation diving takes advantage of this by providing ... diver descends below about convert 500 ft m 1 while breathing a helium oxygen mixture. The effects ... osteonecrosis Saturation diving or more precisely, long term exposure to high pressure can potentially ... method Commonly, saturation diving allows professional diving professional divers to live and work ... vehicle s ROV s and autonomous underwater vehicle s AUV s for routine or planned tasks means that saturation ... manual actions remain the preserve of the deep sea saturation diver. Equipment The Saturation System ... transfer to and from the bell. At the completion of work or a mission, the saturation diving ... process of in water, staged decompression normally associated with non saturation mixed gas diving ... umbilical diving equipment, utilizing deep diving breathing gas , such as helium and oxygen mixtures ... Thermal status of saturation divers during operational dives in the North Sea journal Undersea and Hyperbaric ... depth effects The breathing gas mixtures, of oxygen, helium and hydrogen, for extreme depth use are designed ... In 1981, during an extreme depth test dive to 686 metres they breathed the conventional mixture of oxygen ... dry run for deepest dive .html accessdate 2009 02 22 ref A hydrogen helium oxygen hydreliox gas ... out tasks. ref name NS1992 Saturation diving depth records The diving depth record for off shore diving ... more details
Other uses Saturation disambiguation In telecommunication s, the term saturation has the following meanings In a communications system , the condition at which a electronic component component of the system has reached its maximum traffic handling capacity. Note Saturation is equivalent to one erlang unit erlang per telecommunication circuit circuit . The point at which the output of a linear device, such as a linear amplifier , deviates significantly from being a linear function of the input when the input Signalling telecommunication signal is increased. Note Modulation often requires that amplifiers operate below saturation. See also Busy Hour Call Attempts References FS1037C MS188 Category Teletraffic Category Electronics terms telecomm stub de S ttigung Elektronik ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced August 2008 POV July 2009 globalize December 2010 Saturation bombing is the process of putting a very large number of bomb s on one target. It is not to be confused with carpet bombing . Saturation bombings mostly occurred during the Vietnam War after U.S. President Richard Nixon ordered troop withdrawals and substituted them with bombing campaigns. In Vietnam, saturation bombing was used to prevent the North Vietnamese transport of goods and weapons along the Ho Chi Minh Trail . It devastated the landscape and also buildings but the North Vietnamese knew that the way to defeat the Americans was to outlast them by repairing any damage and by keeping a long term target. Saturation bombing was also used in World War II , most notably in Bombing of Dresden in World War II Dresden . DEFAULTSORT Saturation Bombing Category Airstrikes Mil stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In chemistry , saturation from the Latin word saturare , meaning to fill ref Mosby s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Mosby Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 1394 ref has six different meanings, all based on reaching a maximum capacity In physical chemistry , saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of it will appear as a Precipitation chemistry precipitate . ref http www.youtube.com watch?v k4tpUiS2ogg Defining Solutions ref This point of maximum concentration , the saturation point, depends on the temperature of the liquid as well as the chemical nature of the substances involved. This can be used in the process of Recrystallization chemistry recrystallisation to purify a chemical it is dissolved to the point of saturation in hot solvent, then as the solvent cools and the solubility decreases, excess solute precipitates. Impurities, being present in much lower concentration, do not saturate the solvent and so remain dissolved in the liquid. If a change in conditions e.g. cooling means that the concentration is actually higher than the saturation point, the solution has become supersaturated . In physical chemistry , when referring to surface processes, saturation denotes the degree of which a binding site is fully occupied. For example, Cation exchange capacity base saturation refers to the fraction of Cation exchange capacity exchangeable cations that are base cations. Similarly, in environmental soil science , nitrogen cycle nitrogen saturation ... a requirement for substrate activation. In biochemistry , the term saturation refers to the fraction ... liquid equilibrium equilibrium with liquid water. At the saturation temperature for a given pressure ... Chemical solutions DEFAULTSORT Saturation Chemistry Category Physical chemistry Category Organic ... ht Solisyon satire pl Saturacja chemia pt Satura o qu mica ru simple Saturation ... more details
Saturation arithmetic is a version of arithmetic in which all operations such as addition and multiplication are limited to a fixed range between a minimum and maximum value. If the result of an operation is greater than the maximum it is set clamped to the maximum, while if it is below the minimum it is clamped to the minimum. The name comes from how the value becomes saturated once it reaches the extreme values further additions to a maximum or subtractions from a minimum will not change the result. For example, if the valid range of values is from 100 to 100, the following operations produce ... fail in saturation arithmetic. This makes it unpleasant to deal with in abstract mathematics ... microprocessor s did not implement integer arithmetic operations using saturation arithmetic instead ... by simply discarding all but the lowest n bits. However, although more difficult to implement, saturation ..., saturation arithmetic enables efficient algorithms for many problems, particularly in digital signal ..., and saturation causes significantly less distortion to the sound than wrap around. In the words of researchers ... to avoid overflow for all but the most extreme input vectors, or produced using saturation arithmetic ...?id 785411.785415 Synthesis of Saturation Arithmetic Architectures ref Saturation arithmetic .... Saturation arithmetic for integers has also been implemented in software for a number of programming ... notably Ada programming language Ada , which has built in support for saturation arithmetic. This helps programmers anticipate and understand the effects of overflow better. On the other hand, saturation ... saturation arithmetic is less popular for integer arithmetic in hardware, the IEEE floating point standard , the most popular abstraction for dealing with approximate real numbers, uses a form of saturation ... continues to produce the same value. This has the advantage over simple saturation that later ... A Progress Report Report on a saturation arithmetic component for Eiffel programming language ... more details
In semiconductor s, when a strong enough electric field is applied, the charge carrier carrier velocity in the semiconductor reaches a maximum value, saturation velocity . ref name e2 cite web url http everything2.com index.pl?node id 1321513 title Velocity Saturation accessdate 2006 10 23 ref When this happens, the semiconductor is said to be in a state of velocity saturation . As the applied electric field increases from that point, the carrier velocity no longer increases because the carriers lose energy through increased levels of interaction with the lattice, by emitting phonons and even photon s as soon as the carrier energy is large enough to do so. ref name co cite web url http ece www.colorado.edu bart book book chapter7 ch7 7.htm 7 7 7 title Advanced MOSFET issues accessdate 2006 10 23 ref Design considerations When designing semiconductor device s, especially on a sub micrometre scale as used in modern microprocessor s, velocity saturation is an important design characteristic. Velocity saturation greatly affects the voltage transfer characteristics of a field effect transistor , which is the basic device used in most integrated circuits designed and produced in the world. If a semiconductor device enters velocity saturation, an increase in voltage applied to the device will not cause a linear increase in current as would be expected by Ohm s law . Instead, the current may only increase by a small amount, or not at all. It is possible to take advantage of this result when trying to design a device that will pass a constant current regardless of the voltage applied, a current limiter in effect. References references Category Charge carriers Electron stub de Geschwindigkeitss ttigung ... more details
Saturation fire is a level of intensity of artillery or machine gun fire that is very high and is designed to fill a enemy position with artillery shells or machine gun fire. Artillery Image German Barrage Fire at Night Ypres .jpg thumb right 200px A German barrage falling on Allied trenches at Ypres, probably during the Second Battle of Ypres second battle in 1915. Saturation fire might be used to bombard an area just before an Offensive military offensive . Another kind of intensity that is also used to bombard an area during an offensive is creeping barrage . Saturation fire is used most of the time before an offensive to bombard an enemy area and lower enemy morale and ability to fight. In the Battle of the Bulge , German troops used Werfel rocket batteries to do saturation fire on Allied positions, particularly prior to an attack. ref Battle of the Bulge Hitler s Ardennes Offensive, 1944 1945 . Danny S. Parker 2004 ref Benjamin Colby claims that the U.S. did saturation fire bombing of Dresden in 1945. ref Benjamin Colby. Twas a Famous Victory. Deception and Propaganda in the War With Germany . Arlington House First edition. edition January 1, 1974 ref During the Vietnam War, the US used saturation fire against the Vietnamese forces. In one example in 1972, US air forces did saturation fire around a bunker where seven US advisers and a number of South Vietnamese troops were .... A history of German military doctrine states that ...laying down saturation fire with small ... them to provide area saturation fire as the aircraft circled over a target. Another use of saturation ... M 60 machine gunners would ... provide a rapid, retaliatory saturation fire within the critical first ... 130 fires its Gatling gun s during twilight operations in 1988 The use of automatic weapons for saturation ... an automatic rifle such as his company s AR 15 for saturation fire can waste ammunition, a situation ... of saturation fire and general abandonment of the principles of individual marksmanship and weapon ... more details
Image Logisticgrowth.png thumb 350px Logistic growth is an example for a bounded growth which is limited by saturation The graph shows an imaginary market with logistic growth. In that example, the blue curve depicts the development of the size of that market. The red curve describes the growth of such a market as the first derivative of the market volume. The yellow curve illustrates the growth weighted by the size of the market. As for logistic growth, the yellow curve shows, that even a large market size cannot strengthen growth when approaching saturation. Logistic growth never is negative, but in the saturation area, the growth is as small as before the market took off. In the example all curves are scaled to cover the range between 0 and 1. In economics , market saturation is a term used to describe a situation in which a product business product has become diffused distributed within a market ref http www.energyrating.gov.au library pubs 2007 factsheet computer monitor.pdf Equipment Energy Efficiency Computers and Monitors ref the actual level of saturation can depend on consumer purchasing power as well as competition , price s, and technology . For example, in advanced economies an extremely high percentage of households own refrigerators more than 97 of households i.e. the diffusion rate is more than 97 , and the market is said to be saturated i.e. further growth of sales of refrigerators will occur basically only as a result of population growth and in cases where one manufacturer is able to gain market share at the expense of others. To give another example, in advanced western households, and depending on the economy, the number of automobiles per family is greater than 1. To the extent that further market growth i.e. growth of the demand for automobiles is constrained the main buyers already own the product , the market is said to be basically saturated. Future sales depend on several factors including the rate of obsolescence at what age car ... more details
Saturation current is a term used in relation to semiconductor diode s. It is more fully named reverse saturation current and is part of the reverse current in a diode caused by diffusion of minority carriers from the neutral regions to the depletion region. This current is almost independent of the reverse voltage. Steadman 1993, 459 I sub S sub , the reverse bias saturation current for an ideal p n diode is given by, Schubert 2006, 61 math I mathrm S e A left sqrt frac D mathrm p tau mathrm p frac n mathrm i 2 N mathrm D sqrt frac D mathrm n tau mathrm n frac n mathrm i 2 N mathrm A right , , math where I sub S sub is the reverse bias saturation current, e is elementary charge A is the cross sectional area D sub p,n sub are the diffusion coefficient s of holes and electrons, respectively, N sub D,A sub are the donor and acceptor concentrations at the n side and p side, respectively, n sub i sub is the intrinsic carrier concentration in the semiconductor material, math tau mathrm p,n math are the carrier lifetimes of holes and electrons, respectively. References Steadman, J. W. 1993 . Electronics in R. C. Dorf, The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton CRC Press. Schubert, E. Fred. 2006 . LED basics Electrical properties in Light Emitting Diodes Cambridge Press. DEFAULTSORT Saturation Current Category Diodes ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Saturation Type Album Artist Urge Overkill Cover Urge Overkill Saturation.jpg Released June 8, 1993 Recorded December 17, 1992 January 9, 1993 Genre Alternative rock Length 42 43 Label David Geffen Company Geffen Producer Butcher Bros. , Andy Kravitz Reviews Allmusic Rating 5 5 Allmusic class album id r170190 pure url yes link Rolling Stone Rating 3.5 5 http www.rollingstone.com artists urgeoverkill albums album 88525 review 5942187 saturation link Last album The Supersonic Storybook br 1991 This album Saturation br 1993 Next album Exit the Dragon br 1995 Saturation is the fourth album by American alternative rock group Urge Overkill , released in 1993 and produced by the Butcher Bros. Saturation was Urge Overkill s debut on Geffen Records , and a deliberate attempt at a hit record. The label released Sister Havana and Positive Bleeding as singles in the U.S. and Europe. Sister Havana charted highly on both the Modern Rock Tracks modern rock and Mainstream Rock Tracks mainstream rock charts, peaking at 6 and 10, respectively, while Positive Bleeding became a minor rock radio hit. Track listing Sister Havana Tequila Sundae Positive Bleeding Back on Me Woman 2 Woman Bottle of Fur Crackbabies The Stalker Dropout Erica Kane Nite and Grey Heaven 90210 br Operation Kissinger hidden track Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Saturation Album Category 1993 albums Category Urge Overkill albums Category Geffen Records albums 1990s album stub ... more details
Image Magnetization curves.svg thumb Magnetization curves of 9 ferromagnetic materials, showing saturation. 1.Sheet steel, 2.Silicon steel, 3.Cast steel, 4.Tungsten steel, 5.Magnet steel, 6.Cast iron, 7.Nickel ..., saturation is the state reached when an increase in applied external magnetizing field H cannot .... Introduction Saturation is most clearly seen in the magnetization curve also called BH curve ... field increases, the B field approaches a maximum value asymptote asymptotically , the saturation level for the substance. Technically, above saturation, the B field continues increasing, but at the paramagnetic ... the ferromagnetic rate seen below saturation. ref name Bozorth harvnb Bozorth 1993 ref The relation ..., then as it approaches saturation inverts and decreases toward zero. ref name Bozorth Different materials have different saturation levels. For example, high permeability iron alloys used in transformers reach magnetic saturation at 1.6 2.2 tesla unit tesla s T , ref harvnb Laughton Warne ... like iron that show saturation are composed of microscopic regions called magnetic domain s that act ... the external magnetic field, the more the domains align. Saturation occurs when practically ... of the domains. Effects and uses Saturation limits the maximum magnetic fields achievable in ferromagnetic ... nonlinearly when the current through them is large enough to drive their core materials into saturation ... in some kinds of transformer cores. ref harvnb Elliott 2010 ref On the other hand, saturation is exploited in some electronic devices. Saturation is employed to limit current in saturable core transformers ... into its saturation region, limiting further increases in secondary current. In a more sophisticated ... winding moves the operating point up and down in the saturation curve, controlling the AC current ... of a material having a high saturation magnetic flux density gdate 1992 inventor Yoshihiro Hamakawa ... publisher McGraw Hill ref harvnb DEFAULTSORT Saturation Magnetic Category Magnetism ar ... more details
A saturation patrol is a police or military patrol tactic method tactic wherein a large number of officers are concentrated into a small geographic area ref name safernm http www.safernm.org Top FAQs DWI FAQs.html dwi3 Safer New Mexico FAQ Page. What is a saturation patrol? Safer New Mexico Now. Retrieved January 19, 2009. ref . Saturation patrols are used for hot spot crime reduction ref name PrevCrime http www.ncjrs.gov works Preventing Crime What Works, What Doesn t, What s Promising . Chapter 8 Policing for Crime Prevention. 1996. Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park . ref , DUI checkpoints, and other location specific patrols. The methodology employs overwhelming force presence, via large concentration of patrol officer s, to create a real or perceived omnipresence ref name PrevCrime , in the hopes that it deters crime inside and outside the actual patrol location. See also Random checkpoint Force concentration Patrol References Reflist 2 External links http www.duiblock.com DUI Checkpoint Alerts DUI Checkpoint Laws, Rights, News, Checkpoint Alerts, and more. Category Law enforcement techniques Police stub ... more details
Genetic saturation is the reduced appearance, which occurs over time, of Divergence sequence sequence divergence rate that results from reverse mutation s, homoplasies and other multiple changes occurring at single sites along two lineage genetic lineages . Genetic saturation is a cause of reticulation in genetic trees, where diverging genetic branches might fuse back into one another before splitting. Two other causes are sequence errors and recombination. Genetic saturation occurs most rapidly on rapidly evolving sequences, such as the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA, or in Short tandem repeat such as on the Y chromosome. See also Molecular clock Human mitochondrial molecular clock Convergent evolution External links cite journal url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 26 3 713 a title Characterizing the Time Dependency of Human Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Rate Estimates year 2009 last Henn et al. cite journal url Time Dependency of Molecular Rate Estimates and Systematic Overestimation of Recent Divergence Times year 2005 last Ho et al. url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 22 7 1561 doi 10.1093 molbev msi145 pmid 15814826 volume 22 issue 7 pages 1561 8 Category Phylogenetics Category Mitochondrial genetics Category Genetic genealogy ... more details
Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a semiconductor , generally an electron , attains in the presence of very high electric field s ref Fundamentals of Semiconductors Physics and Materials Properties , Peter Y. Yu, Manuel Cardona, pp.227 228, Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 3 540 25470 6 ref . Charge carrier s normally move at an average drift speed proportional to the electric field strength they experience temporally. The proportionality constant is known as mobility of the carrier, which is a material property. A good Electrical conductor conductor would have a high mobility value for its charge carrier, which means higher velocity, and consequently higher current values for a given electric field strength. There is a limit though to this process and at some high field value, a charge carrier can not move any faster, having reached its saturation velocity, due to mechanisms that eventually limit the movement of the carriers in the material ref GaAs Devices and Circuits , Michael Shur, pp.310 324, Plenum Press, NY 1987, ISBN 0 306 42192 5 ref . Saturation velocity is a very important parameter in the design of semiconductor devices, especially field effect transistors , which are basic building blocks of almost all modern integrated circuits . Typical values of saturation velocity may vary greatly for different materials, for example for Si it is in the order of 1 10 sup 7 sup cm s, for GaAs 1.2 10 sup 7 sup cm s, while for SiC 6H SiC , it is near 2 10 sup 7 sup cm s. Typical electric field strengths at which carrier velocity saturates is usually on the order of 10 100 kV cm. Both saturation field and the saturation velocity of a semiconductor material are typically strong function of impurities, crystal defect s and temperature. For extremely ... nanotubes and graphene , offers new hope. Though in a semiconductor such as Si saturation velocity ... conduction band which presents a lower drift velocity and eventually a lower saturation velocity ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Transferrin saturation , abbreviated as TSAT and measured as a percentage, is a medical laboratory value. It is the ratio of serum iron and total iron binding capacity , multiplied by 100. Of the transferrin that is available to bind iron, this value tells a clinician how much serum iron is actually bound. For instance, a value of 15 means that 15 of free iron is being carried by transferrin. For an explanation of some clinical situations in which this ratio is important, see Total iron binding capacity . The three results are usually reported together. Usual values Normal Reference ranges for blood tests Electrolytes and Metabolites reference range s are Serum iron 60 170 g dl 10 30 mol L TIBC 240 450 g dl Transferrin saturation 15 50 males , 12 45 females g dl micrograms per deciliter. Laboratories often use different units and normal may vary by population and the lab techniques used. Look at the individual laboratory reference values to interpret a specific test for instance, your own . File Blood values sorted by mass and molar concentration.png thumb 550px center Reference ranges for blood tests , comparing blood content of iron and related compounds shown in brown and orange with other constituents. Hematology Blood tests DEFAULTSORT Transferrin Saturation Category Hematology Category Iron metabolism Med stub de Transferrins ttigung sv J rnm ttnad ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Saturation attack is a military tactic in which the attacking side hopes to gain an advantage by overwhelming the defending sides technological, physical and mental ability to respond effectively. During the Cold War and after the conventional saturation missile attack against naval and land targets was and is a much feared eventuality. Theoretical calculations Taking the design of an anti ship missile as a theoretical example, one can begin with the goal of creating a missile which will get through and destroy its target 100 of the time. However as a designer one knows that with time an opponent will develop counter measures that means that your missile will at some later date not be 100 effective. So given that a missile will only ever be less than perfect why not design a missile that will get through to the target say only 70 or even only 50 of time, with a cost saving benefit on each missile produced. Launched singly a missile with a 50 chance of getting through to its target will only get to its target 50 of the time, but with a salvo two such missiles the chance of at least one missile getting through is 75 , with three missiles 87.5 etc, with the probability that at least one missile will get through to its target becoming closer to certainty with each missile fired. If each missile has a warhead capable of destroying the target, then no individual missile can be ignored by the target warship and counter measures. Thus, Surface to air missile SAMs and Close in weapon system CIW resources will have to be expended to defend the target. To further overload a target s ability to defend itself, an attacker can attempt to launch multiple missiles from multiple directions using different guidance options. The main subscribers to the concept of the saturation missile attack were the Soviet Union and its client states. The Komar class missile ... enough fighters. See also Human wave attack Force concentration Swarming military DEFAULTSORT Saturation ... more details
Innovation Saturation was introduced by American economist and historian Tom Osenton in his 2004 book THE DEATH OF DEMAND FINDING GROWTH IN A SATURATED GLOBAL ECONOMY Financial Times Prentice Hall . Innovation Saturation is a business cycle theory that posits that every company experiences two major growth trends during its life an uptrend and a downtrend. Innovation Saturation represents the point at which growth rates stop increasing and start decreasing. The Law of Innovation Saturation According to Osenton, The Law of Innovation Saturation applies to every product, in every corporation, in every industry, in every sector, in every economy in the world, and states that Every product or service has its own natural consumption level. That is to say, there are relative limits to the number of consumers that will engage in an ongoing relationship with a product or service. This is commonly known as The Theory of Natural Limits . Because there are natural consumption limits, every product or service experiences just two major growth trends during its life cycle An Uptrend A period usually about 20 to 25 years, but many more decades for older companies such as P&G during which the rate ... growth shifts from an uptrend to a downtrend is known as Innovation Saturation and is reached when ... Saturation in the mid to late 1970s. First viewed as a temporary event, re engineering or downsizing ... cycle theory known as Innovation Saturation . While many point to the fact that innovation ... better more efficient and more effective technologies. The implications of innovation saturation ... one percent. Examples of Innovation Saturation More often than not we are issued and consume ... after reaching Innovation Saturation sometime in the mid 1970s after the baby Boom. After reaching Innovation Saturation , a company s revenue and cost focus must shift in order to deliver expected earnings ... Another example of Innovation Saturation helps to explain quite clearly the underlying reasons ... more details
Saturation pollination is a Pollination management pollination technique for agriculture agricultural Crop agriculture crops in areas dominated by non crop plant species that are preferred by pollinators. The technique involves keeping a larger number of bee colonies than normally maintained for honey production so as to exhaust the preferred plants and ensure visitation of the crop plants by the bees. ref McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants. USDA http gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov book ref The technique is applied in areas that are normally avoided by beekeepers because of poor honey yields. Saturation pollination is especially important for those with special pollination problems, such as crops with flower s that are unattractive to Western honey bee s kiwifruit , for example , that have nectar that is low in sugar s, or crops that have been moved from their native areas without the corresponding movement of their normal pollinators. The keel of alfalfa flowers knock young honey bees on the head when they attempt to take the nectar and the bees soon learn Citation needed date July 2010 to come in from the side to avoid getting hit with the keel s pollen bearing structure while still getting the nectar. Thus only young, inexperienced bees are doused with pollen and able to pollinate alfalfa. Saturation pollination is becoming increasingly required for many crops due to decline of wild pollinators and monoculture d crops. History of the technique The concept was developed by commercial California beekeeper Harry J. Whitcombe and University of California entomology entomologist George H. Vansell in conjunction with alfalfa seed production. ref Whitcombe ... to six hives per acre and see if the yield responded. It was called saturation pollination. But beekeepers ... spread quickly and in four seasons California tripled its alfalfa seed production. The saturation ... large scale saturation pollination had become the norm in US agriculture for many more crops which ... more details
saved book title Oxygen subtitle An overview cover image Gase in Entladungsroehren.jpg cover color Oxygen An overview Overview Oxygen Dioxygen in biological reactions Oxygen toxicity Isotopes Isotopes of oxygenOxygen isotope ratio cycle Compounds Compounds of oxygen Allotropes Allotropes of oxygen Miscellany Geological history of oxygen Great Oxygenation Event liquid oxygenOxygen therapy Oxygen evolution Category Wikipedia books on chemical elements Category Oxygen ... more details
oxygensaturation levels, based on pulse oximetry with a target level of 94 98 in most patients, or 88 ...File Oxygen piping.png thumb right Oxygen piping and regulator, for oxygen therapy, mounted on the wall of an ambulance Image o2regulator.JPG thumb right Oxygen Regulator for portable D Cylinder, usually carried in an ambulance s resuscitation kit. Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen as a medical ... medicine acute patient care. Oxygen is essential for Cell biology cell metabolism, and in turn, tissue ... Update Oxygen date April 2009 url http www2.warwick.ac.uk fac med research hsri emergencycare prehospitalcare jrcalcstakeholderwebsite clinicalpracticeupdates oxygen guideline combined final published version 22apr09sb.pdf accessdate 2009 06 29 ref Room air only contains 21 oxygen, and increasing the fraction of oxygen in the breathing gas increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. It is often only required to raise the fraction of oxygen delivered to 30 35 and this is done by use of a nasal cannula . When 100 oxygen is needed, it may be delivered via a tight fitting face mask, or by supplying 100 oxygen to an Neonatal intensive care unit Incubator incubator in the case of infants. Oxygen ... oxygen therapy . High blood and tissue levels of oxygen can be helpful or damaging, depending on circumstances and oxygen therapy should be used to benefit the patient by increasing the supply of oxygen to the lungs and thereby increasing the availability of oxygen to the body tissue s, especially ... Oxygen is used as a medical treatment in both chronic and acute cases, and can be used in hospital ... of the medical professional advising. Use in chronic conditions A common use of supplementary oxygen ... , who may require additional oxygen to breathe either during a temporary worsening of their condition ... of Australia title Adult domicilariary oxygen. Position statement of the Thoracic Society of Australia ... ref Use in acute conditions Oxygen is widely used in emergency medicine , both in hospital and by emergency ... more details
and 100 air saturation , it is possible to measure oxygen in the sample. One drawback to this approach ... Volmer relationship . The optode sensors can, however, work in the whole region 0 to 100 oxygenSaturation ... Oxygensaturation Pulse oximeter Pulse oximetry References reflist External links http www.oxygensensor.info ...Mergefrom AFR sensor discuss Talk Oxygen sensor Merger proposal date November 2008 TOCright An oxygen sensor , or lambda sensor , is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen O sub 2 ... of oxygen for internal combustion engine s in automobile s and other vehicles. Scuba diving Diver s also use a similar device to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in their breathing gas . Scientists use oxygen sensors to measure Respiration physiology respiration or production of oxygen and use a different approach. Oxygen sensors are used in oxygen analyzers which find a lot of use in medical applications such as anesthesia monitors, respirator s and oxygen concentrators. There are many different ways of measuring oxygen and these include technologies such as zirconia , electrochemical ... Image Lambda sond till volvo240 etc.jpg thumb 250px right A three wire oxygen sensor suitable for use in a Volvo 240 or similar vehicle Automotive oxygen sensors, colloquially known as O sub ... or lean. Since oxygen sensors are located in the exhaust stream, they do not directly measure the air or the fuel entering the engine. But when information from oxygen sensors is coupled with information ... not actually measure oxygen concentration, but rather the amount of oxygen needed to completely oxidize any remaining combustibles in the exhaust gas. Rich mixture causes an oxygen demand. This demand causes a voltage to build up, due to transportation of oxygen ions through the sensor layer. Lean mixture causes low voltage, since there is an oxygen excess. Modern spark ignited combustion engines use oxygen sensors and catalytic converter s in order to reduce Automobile emissions control exhaust ... more details
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