The origin of replication also called the replicationorigin is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. ref http www.blackwellpublishing.com wagner glossary.pdf Technical Glossary ... each unique replicationorigin is called a replicon genetics replicon . Origins of replication are typically ... begins at a single origin of replication. Replicationorigin is known as oriC . In Escherichia coli ... protein complex. Once assembled, this complex of proteins indicates that the replicationorigin is ready for activation. Once the replicationorigin is activated, the cell s DNA will be replicated ... more than once each cell cycle . See also OriDB OriDB the DNA ReplicationOrigin Database References ... of bacterial and archaeal oriC s MeshName ReplicationOrigin DNA replication DEFAULTSORT Origin Of Replication Category DNA replication cs Replika n po tek de Replikationsursprung es Origen ..., Blackwell publishing, 2007 ISBN 1 4051 4715 6 ref This can either be DNA replication in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or RNA replication in RNA virus es, such as double stranded RNA viruses . DNA replication may proceed from this point bidirectionally or unidirectionally. The specific structure of the origin of replication varies somewhat from species to species, but all share some common characteristics such as high AT content. The origin of replication binds the pre replication complex , a protein complex that recognizes, unwinds, and begins to copy DNA. Types The two types of replicationorigin are Narrow or broad host range High or low copy number There are also significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins of replication Bacteria have a single circular molecule of DNA, and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome. ref cite journal author Mott ML, Berger JM title DNA replication initiation mechanisms and regulation ... of replication along this circular chromosome. ref cite journal author Kelman LM, Kelman Z title Multiple ... more details
Wiktionary replicationReplication may refer to Science Replication scientific method is one of the main principles of the scientific method, a.k.a. reproducibility Replication statistics , the repetition of a test or complete experiment Self replication , the process in which an entity a cell, virus, program, etc makes a copy of itself. DNA replication or DNA synthesis, the process of copying a double stranded DNA molecule Semiconservative replication , mechanism of DNA replication Self replicating machine s Computing Replication computer science , the use of redundant resources to improve reliability, fault tolerance, or performance Replication stochastic simulation , an individual run of a stochastic simulation model Replication optical media , the manufacture of CD and DVD discs by means other than burning writable discs Other Replication metallography , the use of thin plastic films to duplicate the microstructure of a component Option replication, a trading strategy to ensure at a certain date the payoff of an option without trading this option disambig fr R plication pl Replikacja ru ... more details
Origin means the beginning, starting point, cause, or ultimate source, from which a thing is derived or generated. Origin , origins , or original may also refer to wiktionarypar origin TOC right Beginning ... matter Cosmogony , any theory concerning the origin of the universe Cosmology , the study of the universe ... and technology Dalsa Origin , a digital movie camera Original equipment manufacturer OEM , manufactures ... in the Cartesian coordinate system The pole in the polar coordinate system Origin mathematics , a fixed ... , the study of human originOrigin of humanity , the study of human evolution Origin anatomy , the place or point at which a part or structure arises Origin of replication , the location at which DNA replication is initiated The Origin of Species , Charles Darwin s 1859 book Pedigree dog , registered ancestry Language, culture, philosophy, and religion Genealogy , origin of families The birth of a living entity, thought, belief or idea Epistemology , origin of knowledge Origin myth , a story or explanation that describes the beginning of some feature of the natural or social world Origin ... sin , in Christian theology Etymology , origin of words Toponymy , origin of place names Organizations Career Origin , a career development company specialising in the development of resumes, cover letters, Government applications, interview coaching and career counselling Atos Origin , the company formed with the merger of BSO and Philips C&P Communications & Processing division Origin Energy ... company of Est e Lauder Origins Institute , a department at McMaster University Origin Systems , a computer ... Wars , a media franchise Origin Instruments , a Texas assistive technology company People Origen , an early Christian scholar and theologian. Books, comic books, and magazines Origin magazine Origin magazine , an American poetry magazine Origin story , in comic books, describing how a character gained their special abilities and or how they became a superhero or supervillain Origin comics Origin comics ... more details
Mergeto DNA replication discuss Talk DNA replication Merge from Replication fork date May 2009 Image Replication fork.svg right thumb Scheme of the replication fork. br a template, b leading strand, c lagging strand, d replication fork, e primer, f Okazaki fragments The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication . It is created by helicase s, which break the hydrogen bond s holding the two DNA strands together. The resulting structure has two branching prongs , each one made up of a single strand of DNA. These two strands serve as the template for the leading ... strand template. Replication Image DNA replication en.svg thumb 450px right DNA replication ... replication fork . DNA has a ladder like structure imagine a ladder broken in half vertically ... of replication goes differently for the two strands comprising the DNA double helix . Leading strand ... that is being continuously polymerized towards the replication fork. All DNA synthesis occurs 5 3 ... in Leading Strand DNA Replication journal Science volume 317 page 127 130 pmid 17615360 doi 10.1126 ... the replication fork and it is synthesized discontinuously. Because the strand is growing away from the replication fork, it needs to be replicated in fragments because the Primase that adds the RNA primer has to wait until the fork opens to be able to put the primer. The RNA Polymerase reaches the origin of replication and stops replication until a new RNA primer is placed. These fragments of DNA ... on the lagging strand prevents continual synthesis. As a result, replication of the lagging strand is more complicated than replication of the leading strand. On the lagging and leading strand templates ... journal author Elizabeth R. Barry Stephen D. Bell date 12 2006 title DNA Replication in the Archaea ... different kinds of nucleotides . DNA ligase joins the fragments together. See also DNA replication The replication ... chp30.htm DNA Replication and Repair DNA replication Category DNA replication cs Replika n vidlice ... more details
segment. Replication does not necessarily start at exactly the same origin sites every time ..., Kosiyatrakul S, Norio P, Sen R, et al. 2009 Decreased replicationorigin activity in temporal transition ... Synthesis not in ring G sub 0 sub G0 phase Gap 0 Resting . Replication Timing refers to the order in which segments of DNA along the length of a chromosome are duplicated. DNA Replication Image ReplicationDomains.jpg thumb left 210px Figure 2 Replication proceeds via the nearly synchronous firing of clusters of replication origins that replicate segments of chromosomal DNA Replication domains at defined ... sequence of replication. In eukaryotic cells cells that package their DNA within a nucleus , chromosomes ... cells after the next cell division. The process of duplicating DNA is called DNA replication ... DNA replication origins, followed by an unzipping process that unwinds the DNA as it is being copied. However, replication does not start at all the different origins at once. Rather, there is a defined ... each segment replication starts. Figure 2 shows a cartoon of how this is generally envisioned to occur ... cell. Replication Timing Profiles Image ReplicationTimingProfile.jpg thumb left 250px Figure 4 Example of a Replication Timing Profile . Each data point grey dot represents a different DNA sequence position ... replication timing. The temporal order of replication of all the segments in the genome, called its replication timing program, can now be easily measured in two different ways ref Gilbert DM 2010 Evaluating genome scale approaches to eukaryotic DNA replication. Nat Rev Genet 11 673 684. ref ... called microarray hybridization. In any case, the temporal order of replication along the length of each chromosome can be plotted in graphical form to produce a replication timing profile . Figure ... conserved replication timing profiles predict long range chromatin interactions and distinguish ..., Gilbert DM 2011 Genome Scale Analysis of Replication Timing from Bench to Bioinformatics. doi 10.1038 ... more details
bv.fcgi?rid mboc4.chapter.747 Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination ref In a cell biology cell , DNA replication begins at specific locations in the genome, called origin of replication ... 1 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mboc4.section.754 Chapter 5 DNA Replication Mechanisms ref This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA, known as origin of replicationorigin ... coli replicationorigin, oriC journal The EMBO Journal volume 16 issue 21 pages 6574 83 year 1997 month ... per active origin of replication while the lagging strand receives several these several fragments ... fork with two prongs. In bacteria, which have a single origin of replication on their circular ... are also required for DNA replication &mdash each time the origin is copied, the number of binding ...Merge from Replication fork discuss Talk DNA replication Merge from Replication fork date May 2009 Image DNA replication split.svg thumb 200px right DNA replication. The double helix is unwound and each ... replication is a biological process that occurs in all life on Earth living organisms and copies their DNA ... fidelity for DNA replication. ref cite book author Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND title ... books bv.fc,kgi?rid stryer.chapter.3740 Chapter 27 DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair ref ... bofghoks bv.fcvbngi?rid stryer.section.3794 Chapter 27, Section 4 DNA Replication of Both Strands Proceeds Rapidly from Specific Start Sites ref Unwinding of DNA at the origin, and synthesis of new strands, forms a replication fork . In addition to DNA polymerase , the enzyme that synthesizes the new ... with the fork and assist in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis. DNA replication can .... DNA polymerase s are a family of enzyme s that carry out all forms of DNA replication. ref cite ..., the energy source that usually provides energy to add a new nucleotide is also lost. Replication process Main Prokaryotic DNA replication Eukaryotic DNA replication Origins For a cell to divide, it must ... more details
The Origin is an opera oratorio composed by Richard Einhorn to a libretto by Richard Einhorn and Catherine Barnett based on the writings of Charles Darwin . The oratorio takes its title from Darwin s 1859 On the Origin of Species . The work was commissioned by the Artswego program and the Music Department of State University of New York at Oswego for the worldwide Darwin Bicentennial. The Origin had its world premiere on 6 February 2009 at the university s Waterman Theatre. Premiere performance The premiere performance of The Origin was conducted by Julie Pretzat and featured soprano Jacqueline Horner from the a cappella quartet, Anonymous 4 tenor Todd Graber Bass voice type bass Eric Johnson the women s vocal ensemble, Kitka the SUNY Oswego College Choir Oswego College Community Orchestra and the Oswego Festival Chorus. Of the over 200 performers, about 80 were students at SUNY Oswego. The projected video images which served as a backdrop to the performance were by filmmaker Bill Morrison director Bill Morrison . References Johnson, Melinda, http www.syracuse.com cny index.ssf? base entertainment 2 123382786918160.xml&coll 1 On the origins of Origin , The Post Standard Syracuse, New York Syracuse , 5 February 2009. Accessed 8 February 2008. Kates, William http www.syracuse.com newsflash index.ssf? base entertainment 0 123394947665880.xml&storylist state Composer s opera oratorio honors Charles Darwin , Associated Press , 6 February 2009. Accessed 8 February 2008. Kushner, Daniel J., http www.syracuse.com entertainment index.ssf? base entertainment 2 1234000723113220.xml&coll 1 Darwin s work evolves into insightful music review , The Post Standard Syracuse , 7 February 2009. Accessed 8 February 2008. State University of New York at Oswego, http www.oswego.edu news index.php site news story premiering origin Premiering Origin , 14 January 2009. Accessed 8 February 2008 ... 2009. Accessed 8 February 2008. DEFAULTSORT Origin, The Category Oratorios classical composition ... more details
Citations missing date May 2008 Geo replication systems improve the distribution of data across geographically distributed Computer networking data networks . This enables improved end user experience of data heavy applications such as web portal s. Geo replication can be achieved using software, hardware or a combination of the two. Geo replication software Geo replication software is a network performance enhancing technology that is designed to provide improved access to portal or intranet content for uses at the most remote parts of large organizations. It is based on the principle of storing complete replicas of portal content on local servers, and then keeping the content on those servers up to date using heavily compressed data updates. Portal acceleration Geo replication technologies are used to provide replication of the content of portals, intranets, web applications, content and data between servers, across wide area networks Wide area network WAN to allow users at remote sites to access central content at Local area network LAN speeds. Geo replication software can dramatically increase the performance of data networks that suffer limited Bandwidth computing bandwidth , Latency ... over a WAN giving remote sites rapid access to web applications. Geo replication software solutions ... experience of a portal by accelerating its performance. Portal replication Remote users of web portals .... Geo replication technology is deployed to accelerate the remote end user portal performance ... data updates across a portal, geo replication systems often use differencing engine technologies ..., at the byte level, is ever sent to a server twice. Offline portal replication on laptops Advert date May 2008 Geo replication systems are often extended to deliver local replication beyond the server and down to the laptop used by a single user. Server to laptop replication enables mobile users to have ... forces. Geo replication systems col begin col 2 Infonic Syntergy Colligo Contributor See also Load ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Wikify date April 2010 Replication , in metallography , is the use of thin plastic films to nondestructively duplicate the microstructure of a component. The film is then examined at high magnifications. Replication is a method of copying the topography of a surface by casting or impressing material onto the surface. It is the commonly used technique to duplicate surfaces that are inaccessible in metrology an NDT. Category Metallurgy Category Nondestructive testing Industry stub ... more details
In engineering , science , and statistics , replication is the repetition of an experiment al condition so that the variability associated with the phenomenon can be estimated. ASTM , in International standard standard E1847, defines replication as the repetition of the set of all the treatment combinations to be compared in an experiment. Each of the repetitions is called a replicate . Replication is not the same as repeated measurement s of the same item they are dealt with differently in statistical experimental design and data analysis . For proper Sampling statistics sampling , a process or batch of products should be in reasonable statistical control inherent random variation is present but variation due to assignable special causes is not. Evaluation or testing of a single item does not allow for item to item variation and may not represent the batch or process. Replication is needed to account for this variation among items and treatments. Example As an example, consider a continuous process which produces items. Batches of items are then processed or treated. Finally, tests or measurements are conducted. Several options might be available to obtain ten test values. Some possibilities are One finished and treated item might be measured repeatedly to obtain ten test results. Only one item was measured so there is no replication. The repeated measurements help identify observational error . Ten finished and treated items might be taken from a batch and each measured once. This is not full replication because the ten samples are not random and not representative of the continuous nor batch processing. Five items are taken from the continuous process based on sound statistical sampling. These are processed in a batch and tested twice each. This includes replication of initial ... twice each. This plan includes proper replication of initial samples and also includes batch to batch ... collection state collapsed Experimental design DEFAULTSORT Replication Statistics Category Design ... more details
Pfam box Symbol RPA C Name Replication protein A C terminal Pfam PF08784 InterPro IPR014892 PROSITE PDB PDB 1dpu Replication protein A RPA is a protein that binds single stranded DNA in eukaryotic cells. ref cite journal title Replication protein A heterotrimeric, single stranded DNA binding protein required for eukaryotic DNA metabolism last Wold first MS journal Annual Review of Biochemistry year 1997 volume 66 issue 1 pages 61 92 doi 10.1146 annurev.biochem.66.1.61 pmid 9242902 ref During DNA replication , RPA prevents single stranded DNA ssDNA from winding back on itself or from forming secondary structures. This keeps DNA unwound for the polymerase to replicate it. RPA also binds to ssDNA during the initial phase of homologous recombination , an important process in DNA repair and Meiosis Prophase I prophase I of meiosis . Like its role in DNA replication, this keeps ssDNA from binding to itself self complementizing so that the resulting nucleoprotein filament can then bound by RAD51 Rad51 and its cofactors. ref cite journal title Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance last1 Xuan first1 L last2 Wolf Dietrich first2 H journal Cell Research year 2008 volume 18 issue 99 pages 99 113 doi 10.1038 cr.2008.1 pmid 18166982 ref References reflist Category Genetics genetics stub DNA replication DNA repair es Prote na de replicaci n A fr Prot ine de R plication A ru ... more details
, the virus is able to continue infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly ..., which in turn have differing replication strategies themselves. David Baltimore , a Nobel Prize ... viruses based on their unique replication strategy. There are seven different replication strategies ... or herpes viruses, encode their own replication factors. However, in either cases, replication of the viral genome is highly dependent on a cellular state permissive to DNA replication ... during replication. A human Circovirus called Transfusion Transmitted Virus TTV is included within ... viruses with RNA genomes, double stranded RNA viruses do not rely on host polymerases for replication ... as other classes. This class includes two major families, the Reoviridae and Birnaviridae . Replication ... 4 & 5 Single stranded RNA viruses These viruses consist of two types, however both share the fact that replication is primarily in the cytoplasm, and that replication is not as dependent on the cell cycle ... nonsegmented genomes for which the first step in replication is transcription from the negative stranded ... strand genome is then produced. Replication is within the cytoplasm. Viruses with segmented genomes for which replication occurs in the Cell nucleus nucleus and for which the viral RNA dependent ... the two is the location of replication. Examples in this class include the families Orthomyxoviridae ... integrase . Replication can then commence with the help of the host cell s polymerases. A well studied ... more details
Optimistic replication ref name saito2005 Cite journal last1 Saito first1 Yasushi last2 Shapiro first2 Marc title Optimistic replication journal ACM Computing Surveys volume 37 issue 1 pages 42 81 year 2005 doi 10.1145 1057977.1057980 postscript None ref also known as lazy replication ref name Ladin1992 cite journal author Ladin, R. coauthors Liskov, B. Shrira, L. Ghemawat, S. year 1992 title Providing high availability using lazy replication journal ACM Transactions on Computer Systems volume 10 issue 4 pages 360 391 doi 10.1145 138873.138877 ref ref name Ladin1990 cite conference author Ladin, R. coauthors Liskov, B. Shrira, L. year 1990 title Lazy replication exploiting the semantics of distributed services booktitle Proceedings of the Ninth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing pages 43 57 doi 10.1145 93385.93399 ref is a strategy for Replication 28computer science 29 replication in which replicas are allowed to diverge. Traditional pessimistic replication systems ... a single copy of the data all along. Optimistic replication does away with this in favor ... either difficult or even insoluble. Algorithms An optimistic replication algorithm consists of five .... Examples One well known example of a system based on optimistic replication is the Concurrent Versions ... the changes which a user pushes, they are permanently committed. A special case of replication ..., and then to Merge 28revision control 29 merge these two datasets together. Note, however, that replication ... See http tools.ietf.org html rfc677 Rfc677 Multi master replication Multi master database replication ..., P. Patrick O Neil O Neil, P. Dennis Shasha Shasha, D. year 1996 title The dangers of replication and a solution ... in which replication delays become particularly noticeable is when the database system is at a high .... The replication behaviour of such an installation may differ from a live environment in ways that mean that replication lag is unlikely to be observed in testing masking replication sensitive ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 Synthetic replication is the process by which a financial asset s payoff is exactly replicated by trading other securities. ref citebook title Applied Equity Valuation author T. Daniel Coggin, Frank J. Fabozzi year 1998 publisher John Wiley and Sons isbn 1883249511 ref For instance Black Scholes theory claims vanilla option pricing can be achieved through the use of stock and zero coupon bond . References refs Category Finance Business stub ... more details
Self replication is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical ... already present on computers. Self replication in robotics has been an area of research ... system is probably better characterized as something like a crystal . Classes of self replication ... 137 design dimensions grouped into a dozen separate categories, including 1 Replication Control, 2 Replication Information, 3 Replication Substrate, 4 Replicator Structure, 5 Passive Parts, 6 Active Subunits, 7 Replicator Energetics, 8 Replicator Kinematics, 9 Replication Process, 10 Replicator Performance ... code, so the program is trivially self reproducing. Self replicating tiling Image Self replication of sphynx ... per weight of wood or other biological substances, because self replication avoids the costs of labour ... replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar chicken and egg problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler phenotype can be applied on the compiler s own ... self replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself. Mechanical self replication main self replicating machine An activity in the field of robots is the self replication of machines. Since all robots at least in modern times have a fair number of the same ... . The Foresight Institute has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self replication ... study of self replication Most of the research has occurred in a few areas Biology studies natural replication and replicators, and their interaction. These can be an important guide to avoid design ... replication, capital and assembly costs of molecular machines become impossibly large. Space resources ... of time and give users their results much quicker, as long as they don t get out of control. Self replication in industry Space exploration and manufacturing The goal of self replication in space systems ... figure 5 29.gif thumb right A simple form of machine self replication See also Artificial life Astrochicken ... more details
. According to the semi conservative theory, after one replication of DNA, we should obtain ... that only one line appeared after one replication. In order to conclude between those two, DNA ... of abnormal base O 6 ethylguanine, which is further misrecognized during DNA replication and paired ... one should expect the segregation between daughter strands into different cells after replication, which ... of Nucleic Acids References references Category DNA replication cs Semikonzervativnost ko ja ... more details
A pre replication complex pre RC is a protein complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initiation step of DNA replication . The proteins involved in the pre RC are essential for DNA replication. The Prokaryotic Pre RC In prokaryotes , the pre RC is made up of the following factors A replication initiation factor such as dnaA A primase such as dnaG , which generates an RNA primer to be used in DNA replication. A DNA holoenzyme , which is actually a complex of enzymes that performs the actual replication. A more specific explanation of what kind of replication this is should be added, as there are many types of DNA Replication with many different enzymes. The Eukaryotic Pre RC In eukaryotes , the pre RC is made up of the following factors A six subunit complex called Origin Recognition Complex ORC which binds to the origin. Two regulatory proteins called Cdc6 and Cdt1 which are recruited by ORC. The MCMs Minichromosome Maintenance proteins , the putative helicase complex. These proteins assemble on cellular origins in G1 phase of the cell cycle . Once these proteins are assembled, the MCMs are phosphorylated and DNA replication begins. References Eukaryotic DNA replication initiation summary http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov picrender.fcgi?tool pmcentrez&blobtype pdf&artid 138988 DNA replication Cell biology stub Category DNA replication ru ... more details
as licensing, but a licensed pre RC cannot initiate replication in the G1 phase Current models hold that it begins with the binding of the origin recognition complex ORC to the origin. This complex is a hexamer of related proteins and remains bound to the origin, even after DNA replication occurs ...DNA replication in eukaryotes is much more complicated than in prokaryotes , although there are many similar aspects. Eukaryotic cells can only initiate DNA replication at a specific point in the cell cycle, the beginning of S phase . Mechanism Location in cell cycle DNA replication in eukaryotes occurs ... of pre initiation and activation ensures that the origin can only fire once per cell cycle. Due to the sheer size of chromosomes in eukaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple origin of replication origins of replication . Some origins are well characterized, such as the autonomously ... is similar in both the protozoa and metazoa . Preparation in G1 phase The first step in DNA replication is the formation of the Pre replication complex pre initiation replication complex the pre ... to the origin, Cdc6 Cdc18 and Cdt1 coordinate the loading of the MCM Mini Chromosome Maintenance complex to the origin by first binding to ORC and then binding to the MCM complex. The MCM complex is thought ... complex then recruits another protein called Cdc45 , which then recruits all of the DNA replication proteins to the replication fork. At this stage the origin fires and DNA synthesis begins. Activation of a new round of replication is prevented through the actions of the cyclin dependent kinases and a protein ... in the G0 stage of the cell cycle are prevented from initiating a round of replication because the Mcm ... in the replication of DNA in animal cells POL , Pol and POL . Polymerase DNA directed , alpha ... cite journal author Elizabeth R. Barry Stephen D. Bell date 12 2006 title DNA Replication in the Archaea ... Participates in Leading Strand DNA Replication journal Science volume 317 page 127 130 pmid ... more details
D loop replication is a process by which chloroplast s and mitochondria replicate their genetic material. An important component of understanding D loop replication is that many chloroplast s and mitochondria have a single circular chromosome like bacterium bacteria instead of the linear chromosome s found in eukaryote s. However, it should be remembered that many cloroplasts s and mitochondria have a linear chromosome, and D loop replication is not important in these organelles. In many organisms, one strand of DNA in the plastid comprises heavier nucleotide s relatively more purine s adenine and guanine . This strand is called the H heavy strand. The L light strand comprises lighter nucleotides pyrimidine s thymine and cytosine . Replication begins with replication of the heavy strand starting at the D loop also known as the control region . An origin of replication opens, and the heavy strand is replicated in one direction. After heavy strand replication has continued for some time, a new light strand is also synthesized, through the opening of another origin of replication. When diagramed, the resulting structure looks like the letter D. The D loop region is important for phylogeography phylogeographic studies. Because the region does not code for any genes, it is free to vary with only a few natural selection selective limitations on size and heavy light strand factors. The mutation rate is among the fastest of anywhere in either the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes in animals. Mutation s in the D loop can effectively track recent and rapid evolution ary changes such as within species and among very closely related species. See also D loop mtDNA organelle s. References Russell, P. J. 2002. iGenetics. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Category DNA Burger, et al. 2003. Unique mitochondrial genome architecture in unicellular relatives of animals. PNAS 100 3 892 897. genetics stub ... more details
Image Rolling circle.svg thumb 250px Rolling circle replication produces multiple copies of a single circular template. Rolling circle replication describes a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA , such as plasmid s, the genome s of bacteriophage s, and the circular RNA genome of viroid s. Some eukaryotic viruses also replicate their DNA via a rolling circle mechanism. Circular DNA replication Rolling circle DNA replication is initiated by an initiator protein encoded by the plasmid or bacteriophage DNA, which nicks one strand of the double stranded, circular DNA molecule at a site called the double strand origin, or DSO. The initiator protein remains bound to the 5 phosphate end of the nicked strand, and the free 3 hydroxyl end is released to serve as a primer molecular biology primer for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase III . Using the unnicked strand as a template, replication proceeds around the circular DNA molecule, displacing the nicked strand as single stranded DNA. Displacement of the nicked strand is carried out by a host encoded helicase called PcrA the abbreviation standing for plasmid copy reduced in the presence of the plasmid replication initiation protein. Continued DNA synthesis can produce multiple single stranded linear copies of the original DNA in a continuous head to tail series called a concatemer . These linear copies can be converted to double stranded circular molecules through the following process First, the initiator protein makes another nick to terminate ... stranded origin SSO DNA to make another double stranded circle. DNA polymerase I removes the primer ... circular DNA. Rolling circle replication has found wide uses in academic research and biotechnology ... DNA replication systems used with small circular DNA molecules Genomes 2 , T. Brown et al., at National ... MicrobiologyBytes Viroids and Virusoids Category DNA replication fr R plication circulaire ... more details
Replication is the process of sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources .... It could be data replication if the same data is stored on multiple data storage device storage device s, or computation replication if the same computing task is executed many times. A computational ... is typically uniform with access to a single, non replicated entity. The replication itself should ... is hidden as much as possible. It is common to talk about active and passive replication in systems that replicate data or services. Active replication is performed by processing the same request at every replica. In passive replication , each single request is processed on a single replica ... called Multi master replication multi master in the database field . In the multi primary scheme, some ... computing Load balancing is different from task replication, since it distributes a load of different ... of failure. Load balancing, however, sometimes uses data replication esp. multi master internally, to distribute its data among machines. Backup is different from replication, since it saves a copy ... lose any historical state. Replication in distributed systems Replication is one of the oldest ... can respond to queries. Replication models in distributed systems A number of widely cited models exist for data replication, each having its own properties and performance Transactional replication ... properties that transactional systems seek to guarantee. State machine replication . This model assumes ... distributed consensus and has a great deal in common with the transactional replication model. This is sometimes mistakenly used as synonym of active replication . State machine replication is usually ... selected. Transactional replication is slowest, at least when one copy serializability guarantees are desired better performance can be obtained when a database uses log based replication, but at the cost ... model. State machine replication lies somewhere in between the model is faster than transactions ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 DNA replication in prokaryote s is exemplified in E. coli . It is bi directional and originates at a single origin of replication OriC . Initiation The initiation of DNA replication is mediated by DnaA , a protein that binds to a region of the origin known as the DnaA box ... proteins to opposite ends of the melted DNA. This is where the replication fork will form. Recruitment ... replication to continue, Single strand binding protein SSB protein is needed to prevent the single ... is complete, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is loaded into the DNA and replication begins. The catalytic ... strands of DNA is 3 5 while the other is 5 3 . To solve this, replication occurs in opposite directions. Heading towards the replication fork, the Replication fork Leading strand leading strand is synthesized in a continuous fashion, only requiring one primer. On the other hand, the Replication fork laggin strand lagging strand , heading away from the replication fork, is synthesized in a series ... . Termination Termination of DNA replication in E. coli is completed through the use of termination sequences and the Tus protein. These sequences allow the two replication forks to pass through in only one direction, but not the other. DNA replication initially produces two catenated or linked circular ... of semiconservative replication . This catenation can be visualised as two interlinked rings which cannot .... Regulation Regulation of DNA replication is achieved through several mechanisms. Mechanisms involve ... the DnaA ATP complex is able to initiate replication. Thus, in a fast growing cell, there will be more ... are needed to initiate replication, the ratio of DnaA to the number of DnaA boxes in the cell is important. After DNA replication is complete, this number is halved, thus DNA replication cannot occur ... serve to downregulate DNA replication so that it only occurs once per cell cycle, preventing over replication of DNA. DNA replication Category DNA replication ... more details
Weaver TL title Drosophila double parked a conserved, essential replication protein that colocalizes with the origin recognition complex and links DNA replication with mitosis and the down regulation ...PBB geneid 81620 DNA replication factor Cdt1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDT1 gene ... CDT1 in DNA replication and chromatin licensing journal J Cell Sci volume 115 issue Pt 7 pages ... H, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z, Nishimoto T title The human licensing factor for DNA replication ... name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene CDT1 chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 pmid 81620 ... activity during S phase in order to prevent re replication of DNA and prevents it from ubiquitination ..., Dhar SK, Cvetic C, Walter JC, Dutta A title Inhibition of eukaryotic DNA replication by geminin binding ... pmid 11125146 doi 10.1126 science.290.5500.2309 url ref Orthologs CDT1 belongs to a family of replication ... transcription factor requirement for DNA replication and inhibition of mitosis journal EMBO J. volume ... pmid 10766247 url issue 6778 doi 10.1038 35007104 ref Interactions DNA replication factor CDT1 has been ... month Aug. title The SCF Skp2 ubiquitin ligase complex interacts with the human replication licensing ... complex in origin licensing. Null mutations for Cdt1 are lethal in yeast the spores undergo mitosis without DNA replication. The overexpression of Cdt1 causes rereplication in H. sapiens, which ... mechanisms monitoring proper initiation of DNA replication, the journal of biological chemistry, 2005 ... to license DNA for replication in fission yeast. journal Nature volume 404 issue 6778 pages ... DNA replication by geminin binding to Cdt1. journal Science volume 290 issue 5500 pages 2309 ... interacts with the human replication licensing factor Cdt1 and regulates Cdt1 degradation. journal ... promotes pre RC formation and DNA replication by stabilizing CDT1 in mitosis. journal EMBO J. volume ... part of geminin interact with two sites on Cdt1 for replication inhibition. journal Mol. Cell volume ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 The replication factor C , or RFC, is a five subunit ref MeshName Replication Protein C ref protein complex that is required for DNA replication . The Protein subunit subunits of this heteropentamer are named RFC1 Rfc1 , RFC2 Rfc2 , RFC3 Rfc3 , RFC4 Rfc4 , and RFC5 Rfc5 in S. cerevisiae . RFC is used in eukaryotic replication as a clamp loader, similar to the Complex in E. coli . Its role as clamp loader involves catalysing the loading of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen PCNA on to DNA. It binds to the 3 end of the deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and uses ATP hydrolysis to open the ring of PCNA so that it can encircle the DNA. References Reflist DNA replication DEFAULTSORT Replication Factor C Category DNA replication Protein stub ... more details
File Replication Service is a Microsoft Windows Server service for distributing shared files and Group Policy Objects. It replaced the Windows NT Lan Manager Replication service ref http technet.microsoft.com en us library cc960677.aspx ref ,and has been partially replaced by Distributed File System Microsoft Distributed File System Replication. It is also known as NTFRS after the name of the executable file that runs the service. Details When the File Replication Service FRS detects a change to a file, such as the creation of a new file or the modification to an existing file, it replicates it to other Server computing servers in the group. To deal with conflicts when two copies of the files are edited at the same time on different servers the service resolves any issues by using the file with latest date and time. One of the main uses of FRS is for the SYSVOL directory share. The SYSVOL directory share is particularly important in a Microsoft network as it is used to distribute files ... Replication Partners . To control file replication Use the Active Directory Sites and Services ... that are being replicated can be seen. DFS Replication In Windows Server 2003 R2 and Windows Server 2008 , DFS Replication ref cite web url http www.microsoft.com technet windowsvista library gpol ... 2006 08 04 ref is available as well as the File Replication Service . DFS Replication is a state based replication engine for file replication among Distributed File System Microsoft DFS shares , which supports replication scheduling and bandwidth throttling. It uses Remote Differential Compression ... Vista also includes a DFS Replication Service which is limited to peer to peer DFS Replication ... does not participate in the replication process if you add the client computer to a DFS Replication ... FRS is still used for SYSVOL replication, but optionally, DFS replication may be used instead of FRS replication for SYSVOL shares ref http blogs.technet.com b filecab archive 2008 02 08 sysvol migration ... more details
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