Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Brain Name Optictract Latin tractus opticus GraySubject 189 GrayPage 814 Image Gray773.png Caption The left optic nerve and the optic tracts. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Visual system Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 443 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Optictract NeuroLexID birnlex 1684 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817061 The optictract is a part of the visual system in the brain . It is a continuation of the optic nerve and runs from the optic chiasm where half of the information from each eye crosses sides, and half stays on the same side to the lateral geniculate nucleus . Right vs. left The relationships of the retinal fibers to the optic tracts are illustrated below, with the nasal retinal fibers in blue and the temporal retinal fibers in red. File Gray722.png thumb Click for a larger image. class wikitable optictract temporal retinal fibers nasal retinal fiber right optictract from the right eye from the left eye left optictract from the left eye from the right eye In split brain patients whom have undergone a corpus callosotomy usually to treat severe epilepsy the information from one optictract does not get transmitted to both hemispheres. In carefully controlled experiments, split brain patients shown an image in his or her left left visual field that is, the left half of what both eyes see , will be unable to vocally name what he or she has seen as the speech control center is in the left brain hemisphere in most people. See the main article, split brain . Pathology A lesion in the left optictract will cause right sided homonomous hemianopsia . Additional images gallery Image Hippocampus brain .jpg Diagram of hippocampus Image lateral geniculate nucleus.png Schematic diagram of the primate ... anterior view gallery Visual system Sensory system Cranial nerves DEFAULTSORT OpticTract Category ... of the optic nerve s and optic tracts. Image Gray724.png Base of brain. Image Gray730.png ... more details
Wiktionary Optic may mean Alcoholic spirits measures optic , a British term for a device for dispensing fixed amounts of alcoholic spirits Optics , the study of the behavior and properties of light An optical element or component, such as a Lens optics lens , Prism optics prism , or mirror Disambiguation ... more details
wiktionary Tract may refer to Land lot , a section of land Census tract , a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census Tract literature , a short written work, usually of a political or religious nature Tract liturgy , a component of Roman Catholic liturgy A collection of related anatomic structures, such as Gastrointestinal tract Genitourinary tract Reproductive tract A grouping of feathers , e.g. primaries, auriculars, scapulars See also Tractate , a section of the Mishnah many relevant google results for tract mishnah or tract tractate, abbreviating tractate to tract Neural tract , fibres of white matter which connect different parts of the brain disambig fr Tractus nl Tractus sk Tractus fi Traktaatti ... more details
optic nerve and the optictract s. Innervates from which the eye stands alone. Special Contributions ... . The name optic nerve is, in the technical sense, a misnomer, as the optic system lies within the central nervous system and therefore should be named the optic Neural tracttract , as nerves exist ...Unreferenced date January 2011 about the anatomical structure the comic book series Optic Nerve comic the album about David Wojnarowicz Optic Nerve CD ROM Infobox nerve Name Optic Nerve Latin nervus opticus ... MeshName Optic Nerve MeshNumber A08.800.800.120.680 Cranial nerves short The optic nerve , also called cranial nerve II , transmits visual information from the retina to the brain . Anatomy The optic ... like Guillain Barr syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three ..., and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, whence a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex . The optic nerve is composed of retina l ganglion cell axons and support cells. It leaves the Orbit anatomy orbit eye via the optic canal , running postero medially towards the optic ... visual fields of both eyes. Most of the axon s of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate ... about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53 of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body. From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex ... of the absence of Photoreceptor cell photoreceptor s in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Each optic nerve contains around 1.2 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Optic radiation Latin radiatio optica GraySubject GrayPage Image ERP optic cabling.jpg Caption Colour coded diagram showing radiations in quadrants from retinal disc through the brain Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 529 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 01 DorlandsSuf 12686139 The optic radiation also known as the geniculo calcarine tract or as the geniculostriate pathway is a collection of axon s from relay neuron s in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus carrying visual information to the visual cortex also called striate cortex along the calcarine fissure . There is one such tract on each side of the Human brain brain . Parts A distinctive feature of the optic radiations is that they split into two parts on each side class wikitable Source Path Information Damage Fibers from the inferior retina also called Meyer s loop or Archambault s loop must pass through the temporal lobe by looping around the Lateral ventricles inferior horn of the lateral ventricle . Carry information from the superior part of the visual field A lesion in the temporal lobe that results in damage to Meyer s loop causes a characteristic loss of Visual perception vision in a superior quadrant quadrantanopia . Fibers from the superior retina also called Baum s loop travel straight back through the parietal lobe to the occipital lobe in the internal capsule retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule to the visual cortex. Carry information from the inferior part of the visual field Taking the shorter path, these fibers are less .... Image Gray746.png Diagram of the tracts in the internal capsule. Image ERP optic cabling.jpg 3D schematic representation of optic tracts gallery External links eMedicineDictionary Optic radiation cite ... s Loop of the Optic Radiation journal Am J Neuroradiology volume 25 pages 677 691 date 1 May 2004 ... Optic Radiation Category Visual system Category Central nervous system neuroscience stub fr ... more details
principal subarachnoid cistern . Image Gray773.png The left optic nerve and the optictract ... Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 ref Optic chiasm in cats In Siamese cat Siamese ... Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerve s and optic tracts. Image Gray724.png ... Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic. Image ERP optic cabling.jpg 3D schematic representation of optic tracts Image Human brainstem anterior view 2 description.JPG ... author Jeffery G title Architecture of the optic chiasm and the mechanisms that sculpt its development ... more details
Wiktionary Optic Nerve may refer to Optic nerve , the anatomical structure Optic Nerve comic , the comic book series Optic Nerve 1999 , a Red Hot Benefit Series tribute to David Wojnarowicz Disambiguation ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Optic crystals are crystals that can be used to direct a beam of light . Optic crystals can work as directional guides to the light in photonic devices. Opticmechanics deals with the grinding, polishing and refining of optic crystals. DEFAULTSORT Optic Crystals Category Fiber optics optics stub ... more details
Infobox disease Name Optic atrophy Image Gray773.png Caption The left optic nerve and the optic tracts ... eMedicineTopic 1217760 MeshID D009896 Optic atrophy is the loss of some or most of the fibers of the optic nerve . ref http www.kellogg.umich.edu patientcare conditions optic.atrophy.html Optic Atrophy ... usually means shrunken but capable of regrowth , so some argue that optic atrophy as a pathological term is somewhat misleading and use optic neuropathy instead. Prognosis The optic nerve is part of the brain and has no capability for regeneration. Hence, there can be no recovery from optic atrophy and the term may refer to serious or mild, but always irreversible visual loss due to damage to the optic ... eMedicine.com Optic Atrophy. Gandhi RA, Muthiaih GA.http emedicine.medscape.com article 1217760 overview ... there may be a particular difficulty with colour vision . Bilateral Optic Atrophy Loss of vision and discoloration ... Causes Optic atrophy can be congenital or acquired. Congenital If congenital, it is usually hereditary ... nystagmus . Leber s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, LHON or Leber Optic Atrophy is hereditary, but typically ... is passed exclusively through the mothers. Dominant optic atrophy or Kjer s optic neuropathy ...?cmd Search&db omim&term Optic atrophy&doptcmdl Titles OMIM Optic Atrophy search ref Alternatively, congenital optic atrophy can be caused by a lack of oxygen during pregnancy, labor or in the early days of a child s life. Some drugs taken during pregnancy are also associated with optic atrophy. Genetic associations include class wikitable Type OMIM Gene Locus OPA1 Kjer s optic neuropathy Kjer ... 612989 TMEM126A 11q14.1 q21 Acquired The acquired type of optic atrophy may be due to blood supply changes in the eye or optic nerve anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or posterior ischemic optic neuropathy , may be secondary to inflammation or swelling within the optic nerve optic neuritis , may be a result of pressure against the optic nerve such as from a tumour , or may be related to metabolic ... more details
Infobox disease Name Optic neuropathy Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 H 46 h 46 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID The optic nerve contains axons of nerve cells that emerge from the retina, leave the eye at the optic disc, and go to the visual cortex where input from the eye is processed into vision. There are 1.2 million optic nerve fibers that derive from the retinal ... 6, 353 361. ref Optic neuropathy refers to damage to the optic nerve due to any cause. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteristic features of optic neuropathy .... On medical examination, the optic nerve head can be visualised by an ophthalmoscope. A pale disc is characteristic of long standing optic neuropathy. In many cases, only one eye is affected and patients .... Causes The optic neuropathy may be caused by any of the following Ischemic optic neuropathy Optic neuritis Compressive optic neuropathy Infiltrative optic neuropathy Traumatic optic neuropathy Mitochondrial optic neuropathies Nutritional optic neuropathies Toxic optic neuropathies Hereditary optic neuropathies Each of these topics is discussed in a subsection below. Ischemic optic neuropathy In ischemic optic neuropathies, there is insufficient blood flow ischemia to the optic nerve. The anterior optic nerve is supplied by the short posterior ciliary artery and choroidal circulation, while the retrobulbar optic nerve is supplied intraorbitally by a pial plexus, which arises from the ophthalmic .... Ischemic optic neuropathies are classified based on the location of the damage and the cause of reduced ... Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy AION includes diseases that affect the optic nerve head and cause swelling of the optic disc. These diseases often cause sudden rapid visual loss in one eye. Inflammatory ... majority of AIONs are nonarteritic AIONs NAION . The most common acute optic neuropathy in patients ... common. The pathophysiology of NAION is unknown, but it is related to poor circulation in the optic ... more details
Gray880.png Caption2 The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the human eye eyeball , in horizontal section. System MeshName Optic Disk MeshNumber A08.800.800.120.680.660 The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the human eye eye to form the optic nerve . There are no light sensitive Photoreceptor cell rods or cones to respond to a light ... spot or the physiological blind spot . The Optic Disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve second cranial nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The Optic ... spot ref The optic nerve head in a normal human eye carries from 1 to 1.2 million neuron s from the eye towards the brain. Anatomy The optic disc is placed 3 to 4 mm to the nasal side of the fovea ..., of variable size, called the Optic cup ophthalmology optic cup . Clinical examination The eye ... with appropriate optical equipment and lenses. Using a modern direct ophthalmoscope gives a view of the optic ... for a detailed stereoscopic view of the optic disc and structures inside the eye. A biomicroscopic exam can give an indication of the health of the optic nerve. In particular, the eye care physician ..., notching in the optic disc and any other unusual anomalies. It is useful for finding evidence corroborating the diagnosis of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, optic neuritis , anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or papilledema i.e. optic disc swelling produced by raised intracranial pressure , and optic disc drusen . Women in advanced stage of pregnancy with pre eclampsia should be screened by an ophthalmoscopic examination of the optic disc for early evidence of rise in intracranial pressure ... , with the optical disc, or blind spot, at the bottom. Pale disc A normal optic disc is orange to pink in colour. A pale disc is an optic disc which varies in colour from a pale pink or orange colour to white. A pale disc is an indication of a disease condition. Imaging of the optic disc Traditional ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Optic foramen Latin canalis opticus, foramen opticum ossis sphenoidalis GraySubject 35 GrayPage 147 Image Orbita mensch.jpg Caption 1 Ethmoidal foramina Foramen ethmoidale BR 2 Optic foramen Canalis opticus BR 3 Fissura orbitalis superior BR 4 Fossa sacci lacrimalis BR 5 Infraorbital groove Sulcus infraorbitalis BR 6 Inferior orbital fissure Fissura orbitalis inferior BR 7 Infraorbital foramen Foramen infraorbitale Image2 Gray193.png Caption2 Base of the skull. Upper surface. On the left, Optic foramen is the 12th label from the top. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 04 DorlandsSuf 12208747 The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal . The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove optic groove , above and behind which lies the optic chiasma the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery with accompanying sympathetic nerve fibres into the orbital cavity . The left and right optic canals are 25mm apart posteriorly and 30mm apart anteriorly. They are funnel shaped narrowest anteriorly . Additional images center gallery Image Orbital bones.png The seven bones which articulate to form the orbit. Image Gray145.png Sphenoid bone . Upper surface. Image Gray192.png Medial wall of left orbit. Image Gray787.png Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure. gallery center See also Foramina of skull External links SUNYAnatomyLabs 29 os 05 01 UMichAtlas eye 6 look for 3 PSUAnatomy skel internal2 look for 10 Gray s Skull Foramina of skull Category Foramina of the skull musculoskeletal stub pl Kana wzrokowy sk Optick kan l anat mia ... more details
Wikify date March 2010 Infobox disease Name Papillitis Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB 9579 ICD10 H46 ICD9 ICD9 377.31 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Papillitis is the term for a specific type of optic neuritis . If ocular inflammation is restricted to the optic nerve head the condition is called papillitis or intraocular optic neuritis , and if it is located in the orbital portion of the nerve it is called retrobulbar optic neuritis or orbital optic neuritis . ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com papillitis Medical Dictionary ref Papilledema , a bulging of the optic disc, is a consequence of elevated intracranial pressure. There are some important differences between papillitis and papilledema, notably, that papillitis is more often associated with substantial losses in visual fields, pain on moving the globe, and sensitivity to light pressure on the globe. Papillitis is often an early sign of multiple sclerosis. ref Pretest Neurology Edition 6 p.259 ref References Reflist Category Neurological disorders Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa eye stub ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 224 GrayPage 1001 Image Gray864.png Caption Transverse section of head of chick embryo of fifty two hours incubation. Image2 Gray865.png Caption2 Optic cup and choroidal fissure seen from below, from a human embryo of about four weeks. Optic stalk labeled at center left. System CarnegieStage 14 Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk . External links EmbryologyUNC eye 012 http www.vision.ca eye o.cup.l.vesicle.html Overview at vision.ca eye stub Gray s Development of eye and ear Category Embryology Category Developmental neuroscience Category Eye ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin recessus supraopticus GraySubject 189 GrayPage 816 Image Gray721.png Caption The hypophysis cerebri , in position. Shown in sagittal section. Optic recess labeled at upper right. Image2 Gray720.png Caption2 Median sagittal section of brain. The relations of the pia mater are indicated by the red color. Optic recess labeled at lower left. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 440 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 05 DorlandsSuf 12696889 At the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle , immediately above the optic chiasma , the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum, the optic recess or supraoptic recess . Additional image gallery Image Gray736.png Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from the side. gallery Gray s neuroscience stub Diencephalon Category Nervous system ... more details
Infobox disease Name Optic neuritis ICD10 ICD10 H 46 h 46 , G44.848 ICD9 ICD9 377.3 ICDO Image Caption OMIM MedlinePlus 000741 eMedicineSubj radio eMedicineTopic 488 DiseasesDB 9242 MeshID D009902 Optic neuritis is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision. Causes The optic nerve comprises axon s that emerge from the retina of the Human eye eye and carry ... cortex of the Human brain brain to be processed into vision. Inflammation of the optic nerve ... the optic nerve. Direct axonal damage may also play a role in nerve destruction in many cases. The most common etiology is multiple sclerosis . Up to 50 of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20 30 of the time optic neuritis is the presenting Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms ... of optic neuritis is the strongest predictor for developing clinically definite MS. Almost half of the patients with optic neuritis have white matter lesions consistent with multiple sclerosis ... name pmid18541792 cite journal author last1 Optic Neuritis Study first1 Group title Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis final optic neuritis treatment trial follow up journal Arch. Neurol ... ref ref cite journal author Beck RW, Trobe JD title What we have learned from the Optic Neuritis ... ref ref cite journal author title The 5 year risk of MS after optic neuritis experience of the optic ... ref Some other causes of optic neuritis include infection e.g. Syphilis , Lyme disease , herpes ... eye. Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their color Visual perception vision ... in 39.5 of cases. ref cite journal author Boomer JA, Siatkowski RM title Optic neuritis in adults ... doi 10.1080 08820530390895172 ref On medical examination the head of the optic nerve can easily ... in optic neuritis, though it may be swollen in some patients. In many cases, only one eye is affected ... of how optic neuritis affected one eye of a patient with multiple sclerosis Epidemiology Optic neuritis ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin v. ophthalmica GraySubject 224 GrayPage 1001 Image Gray863.png Caption Transverse section of head of chick embryo of forty eight hours incubation. Optic vesicle labeled at lower right. Image2 Gray977.png Caption2 Human embryo about fifteen days old. Brain and heart represented from right side. Digestive tube and yolk sac in median section. Optic vesicle labeled at center top. System CarnegieStage 11 Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre v 07 DorlandsSuf 12855707 The Human eyes eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain . These diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube after the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles . They project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk . Additional images gallery Image Gray460.png Head of chick embryo of about thirty eight hours incubation, viewed from the ventral surface. X 26 gallery External links EmbryologyUNC eye 012 http www.vision.ca eye o.cup.l.vesicle.html Overview at vision.ca http isc.temple.edu neuroanatomy lab embryo eye2.htm Overview at temple.edu eye stub Gray s Development of eye and ear Category Embryology Category Developmental neuroscience Category Eye ja ... more details
The retinohypothalamic tract is a photic input pathway involved in the circadian rhythms of mammal s. ref name pmid11713469 cite journal author Gooley JJ, Lu J, Chou TC, Scammell TE, Saper CB title Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract journal Nat. Neurosci. volume 4 issue 12 pages 1165 year 2001 pmid 11713469 doi 10.1038 nn768 ref The origin of the retinohypothalamic tract is the photosensitive ganglion cell intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ipRGC , which contain the photopigment melanopsin . The axons of the ipRGCs belonging to the retinohypothalamic tract project directly, monosynaptically, to the suprachiasmatic nuclei via the optic nerve and the optic chiasm . ref from the retina to the optic chiasm, the ipRGC axons follow the same path as the axons of regular retinal ganglion cell RGCs i.e. RGCs that are not intrinsically photosensitive ref ref cite book last Afifi first A.K. last2 Bergman first2 R.A. title Functional Neuroanatomy url http www.mhprofessional.com product.php?cat 116&isbn 0071408126&cat 116 format paperback edition 2nd date 2005 01 28 publisher McGraw Hill isbn 9780071408127 page 271 doi 10.1036 0071408126 ref The suprachiasmatic nuclei receive and interpret information on environmental light, dark and day length, important in the entrainment chronobiology entrainment of the body clock . They can coordinate peripheral clocks and direct the pineal gland to secrete the hormone melatonin . References reflist Category Eye Category Sleep physiology Category Circadian rhythms biology stub nl Tractus retinohypothalamicus ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Vestibulocerebellar tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 611 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Vestibulocerebellar tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1009 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12816750 The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex . External links http vestibular.wustl.edu vestibular4.html Pons Cerebellum Neural tracts Neuroanatomy stub Category Brainstem Category Central nervous system pathways ... more details
multiple issues orphan June 2010 context June 2010 unreferenced June 2010 The interstitiospinal tract is one of ten descending neuronal tract s in humans that provides motor control to specific upper cervical somatic segment s. The origin of the this uncrossed tract is in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal related to the oculomotor nucleus which is subsequently found in the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the midbrain . This tract also contributes to the make up of the medial longitudinal fasciculus MLF . Within the terminal segments of the upper cervical segments the interstitiospinal tract synapses in rexed laminae VII and VIII. It is believed to function in head and neck reflex movements in response to primarily visual and possibly vestibular stimuli. Category Nerves of the head and neck ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Reticulospinal tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Reticulospinal tract is labeled in red, near center in figure text tag at left . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 802 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Reticulospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1471 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817131 The reticulospinal tract or anterior reticulospinal tract is an extrapyramidal motor tract which travels from the reticular formation . Functions 1. Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture. 2. Facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement, influences muscle tone. 3. Mediates autonomic functions 4. Modulates pain impulses 5. Influences blood flow to lateral geniculate Components The tract is divided into two parts, the medial or pontine and lateral or medullary reticulospinal tracts MRST and LRST . The MRST is responsible for anti gravity muscles. The fibers of this tract arise from the caudal pontine reticular nucleus and the oral pontine reticular nucleus and project to the lamina VII and lamina VIII of the spinal cord BrainInfo The LRST is responsible for the muscles of movement. The fibers of this tract arise from the medullary reticular formation, mostly from the gigantocellular nucleus, and descend the length of the spinal cord in the anterior part of the lateral column. The tract terminates in the gray spinal laminae BrainInfo . The sensory tract conveying information in the opposite direction is known as the spinoreticular tract . Clinical significance If the superior colliculus is damaged, it is called decerebration and causes ... motor neuron External links BrainInfo reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts hiercentraldirectory.aspx?ID 802 , pontine reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID 975 , and medullary reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu ... more details
Madhupur tract a large upland area of 4,244 km in north central of Bangladesh , stretching from east of Jamalpur, Bangladesh Jamalpur in the north, to Fatullah and Narayanganj , in the south. The tract is mostly one large tract, unlike the Barind Tract . It is approximately one to ten metres above the nearby floodplain s. ref cite web year month url http banglapedia.search.com.bd HT M 0028.htm title Madhupur Tract publisher Asiatic Society of Bangladesh accessdate 2007 08 18 ref The tract is considered an area of jungle covered old alluvium . ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb topic 355785 Madhupur Tract title Madhupur Tract region, Bangladesh publisher Encyclopedia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref It is an elevated plateau , with hillocks of varying height, ranging from 30 to 60 feet. There are also cultivated valleys. ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb article 9109737 Bangladesh 33422.toc title Bangladesh publisher Encyclopedia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref See also Bhawal National Park Geology of Bangladesh Geography of Bangladesh Footnotes reflist This is the same as reflist External links http banglapedia.search.com.bd Maps MM 0028.GIF Map coord missing Bangladesh Category Geography of Bangladesh Bangladesh geo stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Rubrospinal tract Latin tractus rubrospinalis GraySubject 192 GrayPage 870 Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Rubrospinal tract is labeled in red at left. Image2 Gray678.png Caption2 Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories Rubrospinal tract not labeled, but red nucleus visible near center System MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Rubrospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1476 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817153 The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system . It is a part of the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms lateral indirect extra pyramidal tract . Function It is the main route for the mediation of voluntary movement. It is responsible for large muscle movement such as the arms and the legs as well as for fine motor control. It facilitates the flexion and inhibits the Extension kinesiology extension in the upper extremities see decorticate posture . It is small and rudimentary in humans . In some other primates, however, experiments have shown that over time, the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned. Path In the midbrain , it originates in the magnocellular red nucleus , crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum . In the spinal cord , it travels through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the company of the lateral corticospinal tract . See also Upper motor neuron External links BrainInfo hier 803 Spinal cord Neural tracts DEFAULTSORT Rubrospinal Tract Category Central nervous system pathways Category Motor system pl P czek czerwienno rdzeniowy ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin tractus vestibulospinalis GraySubject 185 GrayPage 760 Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Vestibulospinal tract is labeled, in red at bottom left. Image2 Gray672.png Caption2 Diagram of the principal fasciculi of the spinal cord. Vestibulospinal fasciculus labeled at bottom right. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Vestibulospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1643 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817329 The vestibulospinal tract is one of the descending spinal tracts of the ventromedial pathway. It originates from the vestibular nuclei of the medulla oblongata medulla , which conducts information from the Vestibular system vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear . Motion of fluid in the vestibular labyrinth activates hair cells that signal the vestibular nuclei via cranial nerve VIII . Function Lateral vestibulospinal tract The lateral vestibulospinal tract descends ipsilaterally through the entire spinal cord. It terminates in lamina VII and VIII and is excitatory to motor neurons of paravertebral and proximal limb extensors antigravity muscles . The primary termination is on interneurons, but there is some evidence for direct connections to motor neurons. Medial vestibulospinal tract The medial vestibulospinal tract descends ipsilaterally in the medial portion of the ventral funiculus in a tract also called the medial longitudinal fasciculus MLF . This tract extends only to cervical and upper thoracic levels neck muscles . Vestibulo Ocular tract The VOT ascends bilaterally from vestibular nucleii superior and medial nucleii to synapse on CN III, IV, VI to adjust eye movements and gaze control. See also Upper motor neuron External links http faculty.etsu.edu currie images neuro2.jpg Diagram at etsu.edu http vestibular.wustl.edu vestibular6.html Overview at wustl.edu BrainstemWisconsin 13VNAN neuro stub Spinal cord Medulla Pons Neural tracts Auditory and vestibular pathways Category Central nervous system pathways Categ ... more details
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