The OncoMouse or Harvard mouse is a type of mus musculus laboratory mouse that has been Genetic engineering genetically modified using modifications designed by Philip Leder and Timothy A Stewart ref EPO Register appno 85304490 patno 0169672 patent yes , under Inventor s . Consulted on February 22, 2008. ref of Harvard University to carry a specific gene called an activated oncogene . The activated oncogene significantly increases the mouse s susceptibility to cancer , and thus makes the mouse suitable for cancer research . The rights to the invention are owned by DuPont . OncoMouse is a registered trademark . ref Trademark USPTO serial number 75797027 ref Patent applications on the OncoMouse were filed back in the mid 1980s in numerous countries such as in the United States , in Canada , in Europe through the European Patent Organisation European Patent Office EPO and in Japan . Patent procedures Canada In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada Supreme Court in 2002 rejected the patent in Harvard College v. Canada Commissioner of Patents , overturning a Federal Court of Appeal Canada Federal Court of Appeal verdict which ruled in favor of the patent by overturning a lower court s rejection. However, on 7 October 2003, Canadian patent 1,341,442 Cite patent CA 1341442 was granted to Harvard College. The patent was amended to omit the composition of matter claims on the transgenic mice. The Supreme Court of Canada Supreme Court had rejected the entire patent application on the basis of these claims, but Canadian patent law allowed the amended claims to grant under pre GATT rules and the patent remains valid until 2020. Europe through the EPO European Patent Organisation European patent application 85304490.7 was filed in June 1985 by The President and Fellows of Harvard College . It was initially refused in 1989 by an Examining Division of the European Patent Office EPO among ... cite journal last Sharples first Andrew date April 2003 title The EPO and the Oncomouse good news ... more details
LMO stands for living modified organisms , which are those organisms that have been genetically modified through the application of biotechnology including organisms that have been modified by novel recombinant DNA techniques as well as those that have been modified by mutagenesis or classical breeding and selection techniques. Genes are not invented but LMOs are patentable because they are covered by DNA patents viewed as created by human endeavour rather than nature. The first and most famous LMO case that set the precedent was Diamond v. Chakrabarty . In 1971 Professor Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty , then a scientist for General Electric , created a genetically modified microorganism that ate hazardous waste. General Electric then went to the United States patent office claiming they had invented this bacteria and needed a patent the first patent on a Genetically modified organism genetically engineered organism . The Patent Office immediately turned down the request citing a living organism cannot be patented. In 1980 the U.S Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chakrabarty General Electric. The Supreme Court finding in favor of artificial products over natural products in the Chakrabarthy case was the basis of the 1988 patent grant for the Harvard mouse or Oncomouse OncoMouse developed as a cancer research tool. ref Travels in the Genetically Modified Zone ref The rights to the invention are owned by DuPont . References references DEFAULTSORT Lmo Biology Category Biotechnology biology stub ar ... more details
subject matter. ref Id . at 309. ref But the Court never said which one it was. The oncomouse Main Oncomouse In 1988, the United States Patent and Trademark Office USPTO granted US patent 4736866 ... claiming a mouse the oncomouse as a transgenic non human mammal whose germ cells and somatic cells contain a re combinant activated oncogene sequence introduced into said mammal ref See Oncomouse . ref The European Patent Office EPO concluded that the usefulness of the oncomouse in furthering cancer ... en 2006 03 article 0006.html WIPO Magazine , Bioethics and Patent Law The Case of the Oncomouse June 2006 . ref The oncomouse has been patented in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany ... more details
Biobreeding rat also known as the BB or BBDP rat is an inbred laboratory rat strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes . Like the NOD mice , BB rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes . The strain re capitulates many of the features of human type 1 diabetes, and has contributed greatly to the research of T1D pathogenesis. ref Mordes JP, Poussier P, Blankenhorn EP, Greiner DL Rat models of type 1 diabetes Genetics, environment and autoimmunity. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2007 ref Two genes have been identified the MHC Class II gene and Gimap5, causing a severe T cell lymphopenia. Recently, 8 further loci on rat chromosomes 1,2,3,6 2 loci , 12 and 14 have been shown to be linked to Type 1 Diabetes in the BB rat. ref Wallis RH, Wang K, Marandi L, Hsieh E, Ning T, Chao GY, Sarmiento J, Paterson AD, Poussier P. Type 1 diabetes in the BB rat a polygenic disease. Diabetes. 2009 Apr 58 4 1007 17. Epub 2009 Jan 23 ref References reflist See also Oncomouse Category Animal testing rodent stub ... more details
Orphan date July 2010 BLP sources date April 2010 Timothy A Stewart b Sep 30 1952, Christchurch, New Zealand is a molecular biologist. He graduated from the University of Otago BScHons, PhD. He was a pioneer in the technique of transferring recombinant genes to mice transgenic mice and in 1988 he and Philip Leder were granted a patent on a genetically engineered mammal. This oncomouse patent was the first to be issued covering a higher life form. Citation needed date March 2010 From 1984 to 2003 Stewart was a scientist at Genentech were he developed the concept that the type I interferons might be a significant component in the initiation or progression of type I diabetes . He has published 61 peer reviewed papers listed in Scopus the most highly cited has 1013 citations to it, ref An essential role for interferon in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection Flynn, J.L., Chan, J., Triebold, K.J., Dalton, D.K., Stewart, T.A., Bloom, B.R Journal of Experimental Medicine Volume 178, Issue 6, 1993, Pages 2249 2254 DOI 10.1084 jem.178.6.2249 ref and he has 31 papers with 34 citations or more. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Stewart, Timothy A Category 1952 births Category Living people Category New Zealand biologists Category University of Otago alumni NewZealand scientist stub biologist stub ... more details
SCCInfoBox case name Harvard College v. Canada Commissioner of Patents full case name Commissioner of Patents v. President and Fellows of Harvard College heard date May 21, 2002 decided date December 5, 2002 citations 2002 SCC 76, 219 D.L.R. 4th 577, 21 C.P.R. 4th 417, 2004 235 F.T.R. 214 docket 28155 history Judgment for Harvard from the Federal Court of Appeal. ruling Gov t appeal allowed ratio Higher life forms are not patentable under the meaning of invention in section 2 of the Patent Act SCC 2000 2002 Majority Bastarache J. JoinMajority L Heureux Dub , Gonthier, Iacobucci, and LeBel JJ. Dissent Binnie J. JoinDissent McLachlin, Major, Arbour JJ. NotParticipating LawsApplied Harvard College v. Canada Commissioner of Patents Case citation Canada 2002 4 S.C.R. 45, 2002 SCC 76 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada case concerning the patentability of higher organism life form s, in particular, the Harvard oncomouse . Background Harvard researchers developed a process by which it could breed genetically altered mice that would possess a cancer promoting gene. The school applied for a patent for the genetically altered mice they called the oncomouse as well as a patent for the process by which they created the oncomice. The Commissioner of Patents rejected their application to patent the mice on grounds that higher life forms were not inventions under section 2 of the Patent Act Canada Canadian Patent Act which defines an invention as any new and useful improvement, in an art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter. Ruling The Court found in favour of the government, ruling that higher life forms are not patentable. The opinion of the Court was written by Bastarache with L Heureux Dub , Gonthier, Iacobucci, and LeBel JJ concurring. Though the Court believed that the Commissioner went beyond his powers in ruling against a patent on public policy reasons, the Court came to the same conclusion. The sole issue before the Court was whether the word manufact ... more details
Metabolic supermice are mice which as a result of genetic modification have up to 100 times the concentration of the PEPCK C enzyme in their muscle s, compared to ordinary mice . They were created by a team of United States American scientists led by Richard Hanson, professor of biochemistry at Case Western Reserve University at Cleveland, Ohio , ref cite web url http news.independent.co.uk sci tech article3121157.ece title The mouse that shook the world first Steve last Connor publisher The Independent date 2007 11 02 ref ref cite web url http www.telegraph.co.uk earth main.jhtml?view DETAILS&grid &xml earth 2007 11 01 scimice101.xml title Genetically engineered mighty mouse is the rodent Lance Armstrong first Roger last Highfield publisher Telegraph date 2007 11 02 ref to gain a greater understanding of the PEPCK C enzyme, which is present mainly in the liver and kidney s. Professor Hanson noted that the supermice are metabolically similar to Lance Armstrong biking up the Pyrenees . They utilize mainly fatty acid s for energy and produce very little lactic acid . They are not eating or drinking and yet they can run for four or five hours. They are 10 times more active than ordinary mice in their home cage. They also live longer up to three years of age and are reproductively active for almost three years. In short, they are remarkable animals. However, they eat twice as much as Scientific control control mice, but they are half the weight, and are very aggressive. Why this is the case, we are not really sure. See also Oncomouse Knockout mice References Cite journal doi 10.1016 j.biochi.2008.03.009 author Hanson, R. W. & Hakimi, P. year 2008 title Born to run the story of the PEPCK Cmus mouse journal Biochimie volume 90 issue 6 pages 383 42 pmid 18394430 pmc 2491496 reflist Category Bioethics Category Genetically modified organisms Category Mice ... more details
The Ludwig Fleck Prize is awarded annually for the best book in the area of science and technology studies. It was created by the 4S Council Society for the Social Studies of Science in 1992. The Ludwik Fleck Prize is named after microbiologist Ludwik Fleck 1896 1961 , author of Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact and an influence on the conception of the history of science developed by Thomas Kuhn . History The Ludwik Fleck Prize is named after microbiologist Ludwik Fleck 1896 1961 , author of the Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact . Fleck s case history of the discovery of the Wassermann test for syphilis, was originally published in German language German in 1935, and republished in English language English in 1979 after having been cited by Thomas Kuhn as an important influence on his own conception of the history of science. Both Fleck s history of discovery, and the history of his book s re discovery, exemplify a view of progress that continues to inform research in the science and technology studies fields. Prize Winners 2009. Steven Epstein academic Steven Epstein . Inclusion Politics of Difference in Medical Research 2008. Michelle Murphy . Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty 2007. Geoffrey Bowker . Memory Practices in the Sciences 2006. Philip Mirowski . The Effortless Economy of Science? 2005. Peter Keating historian Peter Keating and Alberto Cambrosio . Biomedical Platforms 2004. Annemarie Mol . The Body Multiple 2003. Helen Verran . Science and an African Logic 2002. Randall Collins . The Sociology of Philosophies A Global Theory of Intellectual Change 2002. Lily E. Kay . Who Wrote the Book of Life? A History of the Genetic Code 2001. Karin Knorr Cetina Epistemic Cultures How the Sciences Make Knowledge 2000. Adele E. Clarke Disciplining Reproduction Modernity, American Life Sciences, and the Problems of Sex 1999. Donna J. Haraway . 1996. Modest Witness, Second Millennium Femaleman Meets Oncomouse Feminism and Techno ... more details
Infobox Scientist name Philip Leder box width image Replace this image male.svg image size 150px caption Philip Leder birth date November 19, 1934 birth place Washington, D.C. death date death place residence citizenship nationality United States American ethnicity field genetics work institutions alma mater Harvard University doctoral advisor doctoral students known for Nirenberg and Leder experiment br genetic code author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced prizes religion footnotes signature Philip Leder b. November 19, 1934 is an United States American geneticist . He was born in Washington, D.C. and studied at Harvard University , graduating in 1956. In 1960, he graduated from Harvard Medical School . He is known for his early work with Marshall Nirenberg in the elucidation of the genetic code and the Nirenberg and Leder experiment . Since that landmark experiment, he has made many seminal contributions in the fields of molecular genetics , immunology and the genetic basis of cancer. In 1988, Leder and Timothy Stewart were granted the first patent on a genetically engineered animal. This animal, a mouse which had genes injected into its embryo to increase susceptibility to cancer, became known as the oncomouse and has been used in the laboratory study of cancer therapy. Dr. Leder is a recipient of the Lasker Award and the National Medal of Science . He was the founding Chairman of the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. References cite journal year 1984 month February title The AAMC Award for Distinguished Research in the Biomedical Sciences. Philip Leder, M.D journal Journal of medical education volume 59 issue 2 pages 105 6 publisher location UNITED STATES issn 0022 2577 pmid 6363701 bibcode oclc id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote External links http www.laskerfoundation.org awards kwood leder timeline.shtml Biographical information from the Lasker Foundation http www.dfhcc.harvard.edu membership ... more details
invasive in vivo optical imaging , OncoMouse studies, and in vivo compound evaluations for safety assessment ... research in vivo onomouse studies.htm OncoMouse Studies for Oncomouse Cancer Cell Line Profiling for Cell ... more details
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