Infobox journal title NatureStructural & Molecular Biology cover Image Nat Struct Mol Biol cover.gif editor discipline Structural biology , molecular biology peer reviewed language English language English abbreviation Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., NSMB publisher Macmillan Publishers Macmillan country United States frequency 12 year history NatureStructural Biology 1994 2003 NatureStructural & Molecular Biology 2004 present openaccess No license impact 12.273 impact year 2009 website http www.nature.com nsmb index.html link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1545 9993 eISSN 1545 9985 boxwidth NatureStructural & Molecular Biology is an academic journal publishing research articles, reviews, news and commentaries in structural biology and molecular biology , with an emphasis on papers that further a functional and mechanistic understanding of how molecular components in a biological process work together . ref name about http www2.nature.com catalog nsmb NatureStructural & Molecular Biology About the Journal accessed 5 January 2011 ref One of the group of Nature journal Nature journals, it is published by the Nature Publishing Group , a division of Macmillan Publishers Macmillan Publishers Ltd . Founded in 1994 under the title NatureStructural Biology ISSN 1072 8368 , the journal was renamed to the present title in January 2004. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... of the review process. ref name about NatureStructural & Molecular Biology is published monthly. Articles ... factor was 12.273. ref http www2.nature.com catalog nsmb NatureStructural & Molecular Biology Guide ... index.html NatureStructural & Molecular Biology website Category Biology journals Category Publications established in 1994 Category Nature Publishing Group academic journals Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group fr NatureStructural & Molecular Biology ru NatureStructural & Molecular Biology ... 2008 ref Like other Nature journals, there is no external Editorial Board, with editorial decisions ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Structural deficit forms part of the public sector deficit . Structural deficit differs from cyclical deficit in that it exists even when the economy is at its potential. Structural deficit issues can only be addressed by explicit and direct government policies reducing spending including entitlements , increasing the tax base, and or increasing tax rates. It can be described as more chronic or long term in nature hence needing government action to remove it. In Structural Deficit, the government spends money on the future of the country for example Infrastructure. If the government thinks that the investment in Infrastructure now may yield better returns in the long run, they borrow money and spend on it. This borrowed money, if continued to be more than the revenues generated by the government through tax and other means , cause the Structural Deficit for the country. The opposite of a structural deficit is a structural surplus . Likewise, the opposite of a cyclical deficit is a cyclical surplus . See also Fiscal theory of the price level Output gap Rubinomics External links http lexicon.ft.com term.asp?t structural deficit structural deficit FT lexicon http www.investorschronicle.co.uk Columnists ChrisDillow article 20100215 1b8f8020 1a1e 11df b0bd 0015171400aa The myth of the structural deficit.jsp The myth of the structural deficit DEFAULTSORT Structural Deficit Category Fiscal policy Category Public finance Category Economics terminology econ policy stub ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
analysis. Nature Biotechnology 18 283 287. External links div col Structural Genomics Consortium ... PSI Structural Genomics Knowledgebase A Nature Gateway http www.nesg.org Northeast Structural Genomics ...Structural genomics seeks to describe the Protein Structure 3 dimensional structure of every protein ... . The principal difference between structural genomics and protein structure prediction traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein ... is closely linked with protein function, the structural genomics has the potential to inform knowledge of protein function. In addition to elucidating protein functions, structural genomics can be used to identify novel protein folds and potential targets for drug discovery. Structural genomics ... using genomic sequences or modeling based approaches based on sequence or homology modeling structural ... with no homology to any known structure. As opposed to traditional structural biology , the determination of a protein structure through a structural genomics effort often but not always comes before anything is known regarding the protein function. This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics , i.e. determining protein function from its Three dimensional space 3D structure. Structural ... in dedicated Protein Structure Initiative External links centers of structural genomics . While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural ... from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field. ref cite journal author Chandonia JM, Brenner SE title The impact of structural genomics expectations and outcomes journal Science journal ... url http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 311 5759 347 ref One advantage of structural genomics .... This requires new ways of communicating this structural information to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural genomics JCSG has recently developed ... more details
and other molecules. External links WVD http www.nature.com nsmb NatureStructural & Molecular Biology magazine website http www.biochemweb.org structural.shtml Structural Biology The Virtual Library ...Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology , biochemistry , and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecule s, especially protein s and nucleic acid s, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cell biology cells , and because it is only by coiling into specific three dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the tertiary structure of molecules, depends in a complicated way on the molecules basic composition, or primary structure s. File Hemoglobin t r state ani.gif thumb Hemoglobin , the oxygen transporting protein found in red blood cells Biomolecule s are too small to see in detail even with the most advanced light microscope s. The methods that structural biologists use to determine their structures generally involve measurements on vast numbers of identical molecules at the same time. These methods include X ray crystallography Biological macromolecular crystallography Macromolecular crystallography , Protein NMR NMR , Cryo electron microscopy cryo EM Multiangle light scattering , Biological small angle scattering Small angle scattering , Ultra fast laser spectroscopy , and Dual Polarisation Interferometry and circular dichroism . Most often researchers use them to study the static native state s of macromolecules. But variations ... assume or reassume their native states. See protein folding . A third approach that structural .... See also Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure Structural domain Structural motif Protein subunit Molecular model Cooperativity Chaperonin Structural genomics ... more details
. Nature Genet. 37, 129 137 2005 . ref Other structural variants In addition to the most common ...Structural variation also genomic structural variation consists of many kinds of variation in the genome of one species , and usually includes microscopic and submicroscopic types, such as deletions, duplications, copy number variants, insertions, inversions and translocations. Typically a structure ... abnormality though the definition have some overlapping . ref Structural variation in the human genome Lars Feuk, Andrew R. Carson and Stephen W. Scherer 2006 Nature 7 85 97 ref The definition of structural variation do not imply about the frequency or phenotypical effects. Many of structural ... more than 800 independent genes. Rapidly accumulating evidence indicates that structural variations ... an important contribution to human diversity and disease susceptibility. Microscopic structural variation .... Human genome sequence variation and the influence of gene history, mutation and recombination. Nature ... due to that some of these are not actually easy to identify. These structural abnormalities ... Copy number variation Copy number variation CNV is a large category of structural variation, which .... et al. Detection of large scale variation in the human genome. Nature Genet. 36, 949 951 2004 ... of CNV creation. ref James R. Lupski Retrotransposition and Structural Variation in the Human Genome ... A. Nature Genet. 5, 236 41 1993 . ref and smaller inversions affecting idunorate 2 sulphatase IDS ... associated with segmental duplications. ref Tuzun, E. et al. Fine scale structural variation of the human genome. Nature Genet 37, 727 732 2005 . The first description of a clone end sequencing strategy to discover mainly intermediate sized structural variants in the human genome. ref One 900 ... them. Structural variation and phenotypes Some genetic diseases are suspected to be caused by structural ..., one study ref Christian R. Marshall et al. Structural Variation of Chromosomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder ... more details
Structural film was an experimental film movement prominent in the US in the 1960s and which developed into the Materialist film Structural materialist films in the UK in the 1970s. Overview The term was coined by P. Adams Sitney who noted that film artists such as Michael Snow , Hollis Frampton , George Landow filmmaker George Landow aka Owen Land , Paul Sharits , Tony Conrad , Joyce Wieland , Ernie Gehr , Birgit Hein Birgit and Wilhelm Hein , Kurt Kren , and Peter Kubelka had moved away from the complex and condensed forms of cinema practiced by such artists as Sidney Peterson and Stan Brakhage . Structural film artists pursued instead a more simplified, sometimes even predetermined art. The shape of the film was crucial, the content peripheral. This term should not be confused with the literary and philosophical term structuralism . Characteristics Sitney identified four formal characteristics common in Structural films, but all four characteristics are not usually present in any single film fixed camera position an apparently fixed framing flicker effect strobing due to the intermittent nature of film loop printing rephotography off the screen It has been noted by George Maciunas that these characteristics are also present in Fluxus films. Key Films The Flicker 1965 Tony Conrad Wavelength 1967 film Wavelength 1966 67 Michael Snow T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G 1968 Paul Sharits One Second in Montreal 1969 Michael Snow Zorns Lemma film Zorns Lemma 1970 Hollis Frampton Serene Velocity 1970 Ernie Gehr Remedial Reading Comprehension 1971 George Landow filmmaker George Landow Bibliography de Lauretis, Teresa and Stephen Heath eds . The Cinematic Apparatus . Macmillan, 1980. Heath, Stephen. Questions of Cinema . Bloomington Indiana UP, 1981. Maciunas, George. Some Comments on Structural Film by P. Adams Sitney. Film Culture, No. 47, 1969. O Pray, Michael. The British Avant Garde Film 1926 to 1995 An Anthology of Writings . Indiana University Press, 2003. Sitney, P. Adams. Visionary Film ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Structural loads are force s applied to a component of a structure or to the structure as a unit. ref citebook title Handbook of Structural Engineering first1 Wai Fah last1 Chen first2 E. M. last2 Lui publisher CRC Press year 2005 isbn 0849315697 ref In structural design , assumed loads are specified in national and local design code s for types of structures, geographic locations, and usage. In addition to the load magnitude, its frequency of occurrence, distribution, and nature static or dynamic are important factors in design. Loads cause Stress physics stress es, deformation engineering deformation s and displacement vector displacement s in structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural analysis . Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure , and hence such possibility should be either considered in the design or strictly controlled. In the Eurocode s, the term actions has a similar meaning to loads, but encompasses applied deformations as well as forces. The following lists the common loading types primarily for civil infrastructure and land machinery. Structures for aerospace e.g. aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, etc... and marine environments e.g. boats, submarines, etc. have their own particular design loads and consideration includes dead loads but also includes forces set up by irreversible changes in a structure s constraints for example, loads due to settlement construction settlement , the secondary effects of prestressed concrete prestress or due to shrinkage and creep deformation creep in concrete . Dead load File dEAD lOAD .jpg thumb Dead load File IMPOSED lOAD.jpg thumb Imposed load File SNOW LOAD.jpg thumb Live snow load The dead load includes loads that are constant ... over time, or with negligible dynamic effects. Since structural analysis for static loads is much ... of the structure under different probable loading scenarios. References refs Category Structural engineering ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to structural load load resisting sub system of a structure. Structural system transfers load s through interconnected List of structural elements structural components or members. See also Base isolation Body on frame Shear wall Double wishbone MacPherson strut Monocoque Outrigger Space frame Staggered Truss System Superleggera Tube structure DEFAULTSORT Structural System Category Structural system Engineering stub Architecture stub Systemstheory stub ar de Tragwerk Bauwesen es Sistema estructural eo Portilaro konstrufako fr Gros uvre ja ... more details
Two other uses structural studies in engineering social science usage structuralism other uses structure disambiguation Mechanical failure modes Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predict the behavior of structures. The subjects of structural ... loads they commonly include buildings, bridges, aircraft, ships and cars. Structural analysis ... perspective the primary goal of structural analysis is the computation of deformation engineering deformation s, internal force s, and stress analysis stress es. In practice, structural analysis ... and environmental constraints. Classification of Structures It is important for a structural engineer ... structures as to their form and function. Some of the structural elements are tie rods, rod, bar, angle, channel, beams, and columns. Combination of structural elements and the materials from which they are composed is referred to as a structural system. Each system is constructed of one or more basic ... of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure ..., and other natural loads. Analytical methods To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as structural load s, List of structural elements geometry , support ... to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis may examine ... structural elements under relatively simple loading conditions. The structural elements and loading ... of elasticity allows the solution of structural elements of general geometry under general loading ... upon other structural theories such as the other two discussed here for equations to solve. It does ... method is available for simple structural members subject to specific loadings such as axially ... equations. Due to the nature of the mathematics involved, analytical solutions may only be produced ... for structural analysis. This is usually done using numerical approximation techniques. The most commonly ... more details
Structural estimation is a technnique for estimating deep structural parameter Statistics and econometrics parameter s of theoretical model economics economic models . In this sense, structural estimation is contrasted with reduced form estimation, which generally provides evidence about partial equilibrium relationships in a regression analysis regression framework. Specific structural estimation techniques include generalized method of moments and maximum likelihood . Structural estimation is used by economist s, econometrician s, and statistician s. Category Economics models Econometrics stub ... more details
. ref http www.nature.com nature journal v289 n5795 abs 289276a0.html ref Methods Structural geologists ...Refimprove date October 2008 Structural geology is the study of the three dimensional distribution of Rock geology rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structural ... the structural evolution of a particular area with respect to regionally widespread patterns ... petroleum geology and mining mining geology . ref cite book last Russell first William L title Structural ... in structurally complex areas. Structural geology is a critical part of engineering geology , which is concerned with the physical and mechanical properties of natural rocks. Structural fabrics ... earthquake risk can only be investigated by inspecting a combination of structural geology and geomorphology ... or hydrology hydrologists need to understand structural geology because structures are sites ... of crustal plates. It is in a sense structural geology on a planet scale, and is used throughout structural ... data sets for structural geology are collected in the field. Structural geologists measure a variety ... all the other structural information you may be recording about folds, lineations, etc., although ... data. Plane, fabric, fold and deformation conventions The convention for analysing structural geology ... to the structural features for which they are responsible, eg M sub 2 sub . This may be possible .... Stereographic projections Stereographic projection of structural strike and dip measurements is a powerful method for analyzing the nature and orientation of deformation stresses, lithological units and penetrative fabrics. Rock macro structures On a large scale, structural geology is the study ... or within geological regions. This branch of structural geology deals mainly with the orientation ... and airborne magnetics can provide information on the nature of rocks imaged in the deep crust ... or texture of rocks is studied by structural geologists on a small scale to provide detailed information ... more details
A structural drawing , a type of technical drawing , shows information about architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details. See also Architectural drawing Working drawing engineering stub Category Technical drawing ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Company company name By Nature company logo Image By Nature logo.png centre 250px company type Private company Private foundation flagicon United States Londonderry, New Hampshire location Londonderry, New Hampshire key people area served United States and Canada industry Pet food owner http www.blueseal.com Blue Seal Feeds products Dog food, cat food, dog treats company slogan homepage http www.bynaturepetfoods.com www.ByNaturePetFoods.com By Nature is a small manufacturer of natural and organic farming organic dog food and cat food located in Londonderry, New Hampshire , USA . ref http www.bynaturepetfoods.com ref Products For dogs, By Nature makes dry formulas for adults, large breeds and puppies an active formula a pork & sweet potato flavor a salmon, ocean fish and yogurt flavor a duck & sweet peas flavor and an organic product organic formula. In canned foods they make four varieties of 95 meat, grain free formulas and four varieties of organic farming organic canned food. They also make four varieties of all natural, hand cut cat food called Goldleaf Selects. They also make five varieties of dog biscuits . For cats, By Nature makes a dry kitten formula, dry adult formula, dry seven seafood formula, dry weight control formula, dry grain free chicken and potato flavor and organic dry formula. In cans, they make four varieties of 95 meat, grain free formulas and four organic farming organic canned formulas. They also make eight varieties of all natural, hand cut cat food called Goldleaf Selects. Ingredients By Nature foods contain no maize ... pet food companies do not include. Some of By Nature s ingredients include chicken meal , lamb ... When organic By Nature hits our shelves It will be the first certified organic pet food in any major ... By Nature Organics is the first certified organic pet food. In addition to the dry formulas, By Nature ... Flavor References refs External links http www.bynaturepetfoods.com By Nature site Category Pet food ... more details
Notability date November 2007 Structural proteomics is an international collaboration project for solving 3D protein structures at a proteome scale. It is similar to structural genomics project. See also Proteomics Structural genomics Omics External links http www.uhnres.utoronto.ca centres proteomics University of Toronto Structural Proteomics Category Genomics Category Proteins Category Proteomics ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation.Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions,including structural proteins,enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
Merge Mechanics of structures date September 2010 Structural mechanics is the computation of deformation engineering deformation s, deflection s, and internal force s or stress physics stress es stress equivalents within structures, either for design or for performance evaluation of existing structures. It is one subset of structural analysis. Structural mechanics analysis needs input data such as structural load s, the List of structural elements structure s geometric representation and support conditions, and the materials properties. Output quantities may include support reactions, Stress physics stresses and Displacement vector displacements . Advanced structural mechanics may include the effects of stability and non linear behaviors. There are three approaches to the analysis the Energy principles in structural mechanics energy methods , flexibility method or direct stiffness method which later developed into finite element method in structural mechanics finite element method and the plastic analysis approach. Energy method Energy principles in structural mechanics Flexibility method Flexibility method Stiffness methods Direct stiffness method Finite element method in structural mechanics Plastic analysis approach Plastic bending Plastic Analysis Unreferenced date December 2007 External links http www.structuralmechanics.com Structural Mechanics Corporation Advanced Engineering Analysis, Design, Testing, and Consulting http www.comsol.com products sme Structural Mechanics Module Comsol Multiphysics DEFAULTSORT Structural Mechanics Category Building engineering Category Structural engineering Category Solid mechanics de Strukturmechanik ko it Meccanica delle strutture ru sr uk zh ... more details
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research List of structural elements structural components and structural system s to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants ..., but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered ..., most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineer s, but the situation varies from state to state. In the UK, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers . Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include building s, towers , stadium stadia ... may also be designed by a structural engineer. ref Institution of Structural Engineer, http www.istructe.org structuralengineers db 35.asp What do they do? , viewed on 22 May 2007 ref Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace ... surveyors , and Construction management construction managers . Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural .... Education The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor s degree, and often a master s degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are strength of materials or solid mechanics , statics , Dynamics mechanics dynamics , material science , numerical analysis and conceptual structural design . Reinforced concrete , composite structure , timber , masonry and structural steel designs are the general structural design courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include structural mechanics , Structural Dynamics structural dynamics and structural failure analyses are designed to build up the fundamental analyses ... more details
On Nature was a philosophy philosophical poem which details Anaximander s theories about the evolution of the Earth , plant s, animal s and humankind . Anaximander described his theory that humans and other animals descended from fish once the world s oceans began to dry up. Also he described a theory of abiogenesis in his book in the way that he believed that the first life forms formed from mist. We know little about his book because it has been lost or destroyed, however it still remains important today because it describes one of the world s earliest theories of evolution. External links http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu history ancient.html Ionia Evolution and paleontology in the ancient world poem stub philosophy stub Category Presocratic philosophy Category Philosophical poems Category Science books Category History of evolutionary biology ... more details
linguistics Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure . De Saussure s Course in General Linguistics , published posthumously in 1916, stressed examining language as a static system of interconnected units. He is thus known as a father of modern linguistics for bringing about the shift from Diachronic linguistics diachronic ... task was to seek out language s necessary and universal structural features, those features ... what connection to an external reality those experiences might have. Structural linguistics thus ..., according to their contrast with the other units in the system. Structural linguistics are now overwhelmingly ... Evans, Dylan. 2005 From Lacan to Darwin , in The Literary Animal Evolution and the Nature of Narrative ..., pp.38 55. ref History Structural linguistics begins with the posthumous publication of Ferdinand de ... . After Saussure, the history of structural linguistics branches off in two directions. First ... Hjelmslev . Structural linguistics also had an influence on other disciplines in Europe, including ... theories and methods The foundation of structural linguistics is a sign, which in turn has two ... to the latter. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations provide the structural linguist with a simple ... structural linguistics, with its idealized vision of language, partly because he was aware that it was impossible ... 231 07650 9 ref Criticism Linguist Noam Chomsky maintained that structural linguistics was efficient .... However, he did not believe structural linguistics was sufficient for syntax, reasoning that an infinite ... grammar . One of Chomsky s key objection to structural linguistics was its inadequacy in explaining ... such as cognitive linguistics . In 1972, Chomsky described structural linguistics as an impoverished ... Ed. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 20 ref while in 1984, Marcus Mitchell declared that structural ... back to Saussure. In the 1950s as structural linguistics were fading in importance in linguistics ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image Structural Differential Shadow.jpg thumb right 210px Korzybski s Structural Differential. deletable image caption 1 Tuesday, 24 February 2009 The Structural differential is a physical chart or three dimensional model illustrating the abstracting processes of the human nervous system . In one form, it looks like a pegboard with tags. Created by Alfred Korzybski , and awarded a U.S. patent on May 26, 1925, it is used as a training device in general semantics . The device is intended to show that our knowledge of, or acquaintance with, anything is partial, not total. The model The structural differential consists of three basic objects. The parabola represents a domain beyond our direct observation, the sub microscopic, dynamic world of molecules, atoms, electrons, protons, quarks, and so on a world known to us only inferentially from science. Korzybski described it as an event in the sense of an instantaneous cross section of a process. Thus the event or parabola represents the sub microscopic stuff that, at any given moment, constitutes an apple. In other words, the parabola represents the external cause of what we experience. The disc represents the non verbal result of our nervous systems reacting to submicroscopic stuff, e.g., the apple that we see, hold, bite into, all on the non verbal levels of experience. The disc represents what we experience of our surroundings versus what our surroundings actually are. The labels usually seven or eight are linked together in a chain, with the last one attached back to the parabola, but here we see just one are shaped like suitcase labels, and represent the static world of words, e.g., apple, giving imperfect .... The structural differential was used by Korzybski to demonstrate that human beings abstract from ... e.g., science has conveyed the nature and danger of bacteria to us , and that is why he attached the last ... by Steven Lewis http www.thisisnotthat.com learn sd ovr.html Brief Explanation of Korzybski s Structural ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . In chemistry , a structural analog structural analogue , also known as chemical analog or simply analog , is a chemical compound compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. It can differ in one or more atom s, functional group s, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analog s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug development large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure activity relationship study. See also Derivative chemistry Homology chemistry Homolog , a compound of a series differing only by repeated units Functional analog , compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties Transition state analog DEFAULTSORT Structural Analog Category Chemical nomenclature Physical chemistry stub de Analogon Chemie et Struktuurianaloog ja pl Analog chemia pt An logo qu mico ... more details
Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design and installation requirements ... pits. ref name nina Bassuk, Nina, Jason Grabosky, Peter Trowbrige, and James Urban. Structural Soil ... uhi outreach csc article.html . ref File 1Structural Soil Diagramx800.gif thumb Structural Soil ... thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural soil was researched ... s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil that they claim holds ... amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade of Use in the Urban Environment. www.urban forestry.com. 16 19. Print. ref Composition As discussed above, structural soil .... Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon after delivery. If a stockpile ... irrigation. Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil is safe ... Eds. 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural Soils. Virginia ... thumb left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development of CU Structural Soil, expanding its use as the need for trees and other greenery within ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structural biology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
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