Multiple issues unreferenced August 2009 globalize February 2010 Wiktionarypar paramountcy The doctrine of paramountcy is the legal principle that reconciles contradicting or conflicting laws in a Federalism federalist state. Where both the central government and the provincial or state governments have the power to create laws in relation to the same matters, the laws of one government will be given priority over the other through the doctrine. Citation needed date August 2009 See also Paramountcy Canada Paramount chief Implied repeal Federal preemption Supremacy Supremacy Clause Category Legal doctrines and principles Law term stub fr Pr pond rance ... more details
The Mthethwa Paramountcy , sometimes referred to as the Mthethwa Empire , was a Southern African state that arose in the 18th century south of Delagoa Bay and inland in eastern southern Africa. It consisted of more than 30 Nguni tribes, and perhaps others. Unlike its successor, the Zulu Kingdom, the Mthethwa Paramountcy was a confederation of like tribes and clans. ref Morris, page 42 ref After Shaka Zulu became king, he forged a nearly homogeneous nation with a single king nkosi . The Mthethwa Paramountcy was consolidated and extended under the rule of Dingiswayo . The chief entered into an alliance with the Tsonga to the north in the early 19th century and began trading with the Portugal Portuguese in Mozambique . About 1811, the Buthelezi and the other Zulu tribes, including that led by Senzangakona , were integrated into a sort of confederacy with the Mthethwa clan predominating. Dingiswayo was killed in a battle with the Ndwandwe in 1817. The Mthethwa Paramountcy was superseded by the Zulu Kingdom under Shaka , a former lieutenant in the Mthethwa army. Sources cite book author Bryant, Alfred T. title A History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Tribes publisher C. Struik location Cape Town year 1964 http www.worldcat.org oclc 3182218 OCLC 3182218 cite book author Morris, Donald R. title The Washing of the Spears The Rise of the Zulu Nation nation under Shaka and its fall in the Zulu War of 1879 publisher Simon and Schuster location New York year 1965 , http www.worldcat.org oclc 408488 OCLC 408488 , reprinted in 1998 by Da Capo Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0 30680 866 8 See also Mfecane Zulu Kingdom Zululand References references Category Former monarchies of Africa Category States and territories established in the 18th century Category History of KwaZulu Natal SouthAfrica stub de Mthethwa Konf deration pt Mtetwa ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 In Canadian constitutional law, the doctrine of paramountcy establishes that where there is a conflict between valid provincial and federal laws, the federal law will prevail and the provincial law will be inoperative to the extent that it conflicts with the federal law. This model of paramountcy is often known as federal paramountcy. Historically, the doctrine was interpreted very strictly. When there was any overlap between federal or provincial laws the federal law would always render the provincial law inoperative even where there was no conflict. It was over time that courts and academics began to interpret the power as only applying where conformity to one law would necessarily violate the other. The Supreme Court of Canada adopted the latter interpretation in the decision of Smith v. The Queen , 1960 S.C.R. 776. The Court held that there must be an operational incompatibility between the laws in order to invoke paramountcy. The modern use of the paramountcy doctrine was articulated in Multiple Access v. McCutcheon . Both the provincial and federal governments enacted virtually identical insider trading legislation. The Court found that statutory duplication does not invoke paramountcy as the court had the discretion to prevent double penalties. Instead, paramountcy can only be invoked when then compliance with one means the breach of the other. A later example of this doctrine was in the decision of Law Society of British Columbia v. Mangat where the Court found an operational conflict between the provincial Law Society Act prohibiting non lawyers from appearing in front of a judge and the Immigration Act which allowed non lawyers to appear before the immigation tribunal. Frustrating the Legislative Purpose Rothmans, Benson & Hedges v Saskatchewan expands the paramountcy doctrine to state that a provincial enactment must not frustrate the purpose of a federal enactment, whether by making it impossible to comply with the latter or by some ... more details
The States Department , later States Ministry , was a department of the Government of India headed by the Minister of States. Its responsibility was to deal with the princely states and manage their relationship with independent India . The department was formed in May 1947 to replace the Political Department of the British Government, which had administered relations between the British Crown and British India on the one side and the princely states on the other. The Political Department had exercised its power on the basis of paramountcy . Since the British did not intend the government of India to acquire paramountcy, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Lord Mountbatten of Burma , the last viceroy of India, proposed that a department that would replace the Political Department avoid that name, and instead call itself the States Department. Vallabhbhai Patel , who was to be the first home minister of India, was also made Minister of States. V.P. Menon was appointed the administrative head of the department. The States Department had principal responsibility for bringing about the political integration of India by securing the accession of the princely states to India. Subsequently, it supervised the conduct of their affairs, their democratisation, and their administrative integration into India. References Citation last Menon first V.P. title The Story of the Integration of the Indian States publisher Macmillan place New York year 1956 Category Constitutional history of India india gov stub ... more details
SCCInfoBox case name Multiple Access Ltd. v. McCutcheon full case name Multiple Access Limited, by The Ontario Securities Commission v. John O. McCutcheon, David K. Lowry, John Craig, Fred W. Gibbs and Dickson Jarvis heard date November 25, 26, 1981 decided date August 9, 1982 citations 1982 2 S.C.R. 161 history ruling Multiple Access appeal allowed ratio SCC 1980 1982 Majority Dickson J. JoinMajority Laskin C.J. and Martland, Ritchie, McIntyre and Lamer JJ. Concurrence Dissent Estey J. JoinConcurrence Dissent Beetz and Chouinard JJ. Multiple Access Ltd. v. McCutcheon , 1982 2 S.C.R. 161 is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the resolution of overlapping federal and provincial laws under the doctrine of double aspect . Background A company incorporated under the federal Canada Corporations Act was charged with insider trading under the Ontario Securities Act . In its defence, the company argued that the provisions of the provincial securities Act were inoperative under the paramountcy Canada paramountcy doctrine as it overlapped with insider trading provisions in the federal Competition Act . The issues before the Supreme Court were whether ss. 100.4 and 100.5 of the Canada Corporations Act are ultra vires Parliament whether ss. 113 and 114 of The Securities Act are ultra vires the Ontario Legistature, and if both are intra vires, whether ss. 113 and 114 of the Ontario Act are suspended and inoperative by reason of the doctrine of paramountcy. Reasons of the court Brian Dickson Justice Dickson wrote for the majority and held that the Acts were valid and the doctrine of paramountcy did not apply. Dickson first considered the definition of paramountcy. It first requires that each law be valid and second, that the laws be inconsistent with each other. Dickson examined the Securities Act using the Lederman Approach of judicial review . He found that the Act was valid under the provincial authority over matters of property and civil right ... more details
the paramountcy doctrine or the inter jurisdictional immunity doctrine to resolve the conflict. He found that the paramountcy doctrine was more appropriate as there was a clear double aspect in the law. ref para. 52 ref The first part of the paramountcy test asks whether there is an operational ... for a fee, but the provincial law made exercise of the authority impossible. Consequently, the paramountcy ... more details
infobox historic subdivision Name Province of Natal br Provinsie Natal HQ Pietermaritzburg Status Provinces of South Africa Province of South Africa Origin Colony of Natal Start 31 May 1910 End 31 May 1994 Replace KwaZulu Natal Map File Map of the provinces of South Africa 1976 1994 with Natal highlighted.svg 200px Image File Natal Provincial Arms.png 100px Arms Civic Motto Government Natal Provincial Council Divisions Districts DivisionsNames DivisionsMap CodeName Code Natal , meaning Christmas in Portuguese language Portuguese , was a province of South Africa from 1910 until 1994. Its capital was Pietermaritzburg . The Natal Province included the bantustan of KwaZulu . Natal Province was the only province to vote no to the creation of a republic in the South African referendum, 1960 . ref http select.nytimes.com gst abstract.html?res F20D1FFF3B5912738DDDA80994DD405B818AF1D3 ref In the latter part of the 1980s, Natal was in a state of violence that only ended with the first democratic elections in 1994. ref http www.nytimes.com 1990 10 19 world de klerk lifts emergency rule in natal province.html ref The entire Natal province became the province of KwaZulu Natal in 1994, following the re incorporation of the KwaZulu bantustan . See also Mtetwa Empire c. 1750&ndash 1817 Zulu Kingdom Zululand 1816&ndash 1897 Natalia Republic 1839&ndash 1843 Colony of Natal 1843&ndash 1910 KwaZulu Natal 1994&mdash References references Coord missing South Africa SA1910Provinces Territories of the British Empire Category Former provinces of South Africa Category States and territories established in 1910 Category States and territories disestablished in 1994 KwaZuluNatal geo stub af Natal provinsie cs Natal de Natal Provinz es Provincia de Natal fr Natal Afrique fy Natal ga Natal, an Afraic Theas id Provinsi Natal it Natal provincia he ka lt Natalio provincija nl Natal provincie ja pl Natal prowincja pt Prov ncia de Natal zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Ndwandwe clan are a subgroup of the Nguni people who populate sections of Southern Africa. The Ndwandwe, with the Mtetwa Empire Mthethwa , were a significant power in present day Zulu Kingdom Zululand at the turn of the nineteenth century. Under the leadership of King Zwide , the Ndwandwe nation destroyed the Mthethwa under their king Dingiswayo , and the power vacuum was filled by Shaka and his then small Zulu people Zulu tribe. In a common front against the Ndwandwe, Shaka collected the remains of the Mthethwa and other regional tribes, and survived the first encounter of the Zulu Civil War with Zwide at the Battle of Gqokli Hill in 1818. In 1819, Zwide made another expedition against the Zulus, but Shaka again changed his tactics, letting the Ndwandwe army penetrate his territory and responding with guerrilla warfare. Shortage of supplies caused the Ndandwe to return home, but when they were crossing the river Mhlatuze in early 1820, their forces were split and defeated at the Battle of Mhlatuze River . This led to the disintegration of the Ndwandwe nation as Zwide s generals and sons led sections of the Ndwandwe northwards. One such group, under Soshangane , formed the Gaza Empire in present day central Mozambique while another, under Zwangendaba , established rule as the waNgoni in present day Malawi . Others established themselves as chiefs of note in Swaziland and Zambia to create a Ndwandwe legacy of enduring power that is scattered across Southern Africa. They speak an Nguni dialect and their nations official languages are English language English in Zambia and Zimbabwe , and Portuguese language Portuguese in Mozambique . Category Ethnic groups in Africa Category History of KwaZulu Natal pt Ndwandwe ... more details
Beauty pageant photo caption winner Tatum Keshwar date December 15, 2008 presenters venue Sun City, North West Sun City Superbowl , Rustenburg , South Africa broadcaster South African Broadcasting Corporation SABC Miss South Africa 2008 was held on December 15, 2008 in Sun City, North West Sun City , South Africa . The winner will represent South Africa at Miss Universe 2009 and Miss World 2009 . 12 contestants competed for crown. Results class wikitable border 1 RESULT CONTESTANT Miss South Africa 2008 Tatum Keshwar 1st Runner up Anja van Zyl 2nd Runner up Buyi Shongwe Top 5 Michelle Gildenhuys Cara Burger Contestants class sortable wikitable bgcolor CCCCCC Contestant Age Height in. Height mt. Hometown Michelle Gildenhuys 20 5 5 165 Cape Town Jodi Balfour 21 5 9 175 Cape Town Sarah Kate Seaward 25 5 11 181 Johannesburg Cara Burger 20 5 7 173 Vereeniging Sian Ryan 21 5 9 176 Johannesburg Tatum Keshwar 24 5 11 182 Durban Nthabiseng Marie 22 6 1 185 Balgowan, KwaZulu Natal Balgowan Buyi Shongwe 24 5 10 179 Nelspruit, Mpumalanga Nelspruit Anja van Zyl 20 6 0 183 Cape Town Dorah Mtetwa 23 5 8 174 Soweto Mpho Sithole 20 5 10 178 Johannesburg Bridgette Maasch 23 5 6 169 Cape Town External links http www.misssa.co.za finalists2008.php Miss South Africa Contestants Miss South Africa Category Miss South Africa Category 2008 beauty pageants South Africa Category 2008 in South Africa ... more details
1807 1818 Mtetwa Empire Mtetwa Empire Expansion MtetwaParamountcy Other Tribes 1807 1814 ... remnants of the MtetwaParamountcy 1819 1820 Bol var s campaign to liberate New Granada br Part of the Spanish ... more details
The History and Culture of the Indian People is a series of eleven volumes on the history of India , from prehistoric times to the establishment of the modern state in 1947. Historian R.C. Majumdar was the general editor of the series, as well as a major contributor. The entire work took 26 years to complete. The set was published in India by the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai. The volume titles are as follows Volume 1 The Vedic Age Prehistory to 600 B.C. Volume 2 The Age of Imperial Unity 600 B.C. to 320 A.D. Volume 3 The Classical Age 320 750 A.D. Volume 4 The Age of Imperial Kanauj 750 1000 A.D. Volume 5 The Struggle for Empire 1000 1300 A.D. Volume 6 The Delhi Sultanate 1300 1526 Volume 7 The Mughul Empire 1526 1707 Volume 8 The Maratha Supremacy 1707 1818 Volume 9 British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Part 1 1818 1905 Volume 10 British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Part 2 1818 1905 Volume 11 Struggle for Freedom 1905 1947 An overview The first volume 1951 is about the Vedic period . It has 27 chapters by 11 contributors. Three chapters and part of a fourth were written by R.C. Majumdar. Other contributors to the first volume are V.M. Apte, A.D. Puslker and B.K. Gosh. The volume discusses the archaeology, geology, flora, fauna and other aspects of this period. It includes a chapter on the palaeolithic, neolithic and copper ages by H.D. Sankalia. The sixth volume 1960 is on the sultanate period of medieval India. This volume consists of 19 chapters by 19 contributors. Six chapters and parts of four other chapters were written by R.C. Majumdar. Other significant contributors to this volume are S.Roy, A.K. Majumdar, P.M. Joshi, N. Venkataramanya, S.K. Chatterjee and S.K. Saraswati. The seventh volume 1974 is on the Mughal era . This volume has 24 chapters by 28 contributors. Only parts of two chapters were written by R.C. Majumdar. The most significant contributors to this volume are J.N. Chaudhuri, G.S. Sardesai, A.L. Srivastava, Abdur Rashid and S. Ro ... more details
Politics of Fiji two other uses the Fiji an party the United Kingdom party of the same name New Nationalist Party United Kingdom the New National Party of South Africa New National Party South Africa The New Nationalist Party is a Fiji an List of political parties in Fiji political party with a strongly nationalism nationalist platform, arguing for the paramountcy of Fijian people indigenous Fijian interests and of the Christianity Christian faith, professed by the great majority of indigenous Fijians but relatively few Indo Fijian s, who comprise some Demographics of Fiji 38 percent of the country s population. The party, a splinter from the Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party , was registered on 1 June 2001 and claims to be the heir to the legacy of the late Sakeasi Butadroka and the Fiji Nationalist Party . In a surprise announcement on 20 January 2006, the party announced that it was dropping its demand for the repatriation of Indo Fijians to India . Citizens of Indian descent would now be welcome to join the party, said party President Saula Telawa , and to contest the Fiji election of 2006 forthcoming election under its banner provided that they were Christians. Aspiring candidates would need to submit references from a Ratu Fijian chief and their local pastor , to prove that they had been Born again Christianity born again Christians for a minimum period of three years, Telawa told the Fiji Sun . Political parties in Fiji Category Nationalist parties Category Political parties in Fiji Fiji stub Oceania party stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image YYZ Aerial.jpg thumb right GTAA v. Mississauga held that interjurisdictional immunity protected Toronto Pearson International Airport from municipal development fees, due to federal jurisdiction over aeronautics . In Canadian Constitutional law , interjurisdictional immunity is the legal doctrine that prevents a law from being applied to matters outside of the constitutional jurisdiction of the enacting head of power. For example, where a provincial law is found to intrude into a matter in the jurisdiction of the federal government the law will be interpreted through the reading down doctrine to exclude that matter. Traditionally, the immunity doctrine was invoked when it was found that legislation sterilized or impaired the other order of government s legislative authority in a given head of power. However, the scope of the doctrine was expanded in Commission du Salaire Minimum v. Bell Telephone Co. of Canada Bell 1 in 1966 when it was determined that a valid law could not apply if it merely affected not impaired a vital part of the other order of government s jurisdictional authority. In response to this more classical approach to settling matters of constitutional law, the necessary degree of infringement was revisited in Canadian Western Bank v. Alberta in 2007, where the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that, in the absence of outright impairment of the vital or essential part , Interjurisdictional Immunity would not apply. Additionally, though the doctrine was textually justified in the Canadian Western Bank ruling, the court also expressed a preference for relying on the doctrine of Federal Paramountcy over Interjurisdictional Immunity when attempting to resolve federalism disputes after the impugned legislation had been found valid . Though there remains some debate, it has generally been accepted that the doctrine applies to both the federal and provincial governments equally. Nevertheless, virtually all of t ... more details
Paramount derived from the Anglo Norman language Anglo French word paramont , which means up above , or par a mont , meaning up or on top of the mountain , is the highest authority, or that being of the greatest importance. The word was first used as a term of feudal law , of the lord , the lord paramount , who held his fief from no superior lord, and was thus opposed to mesne lord , one who held from a superior. To those who held their fiefs from one who was not a lord paramount was given the correlative term paravail , from par d val , meaning in the valley . The word was confused by English lawyers with avail, help, assistance, profit, and applied to the actual working tenant of the land, the lowest leasehold estate tenant or occupier. ref cite web title An historical introduction to the land law page 105 to 107 author Sir William Searle work Google Books Preview url http books.google.co.uk books?id NscKQr aqNIC&pg PA105&lpg PA105&dq mesne lord&source bl&ots hgjzUJlaII&sig kcA1p8sAx4037Hn5imxTY5RCg1A&hl en&ei tKxMTMPuLJKy0gSYoOmECw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CBQQ6AEwADgK v snippet&q subinfeudation&f false ref A well documented example of paramountcy is the Lordship of Bowland . In 1311, it was subsumed as part of the Honor of Clitheroe into the Earldom of Lancaster . After 1351, it was administered as part of the Duchy of Lancaster , with the Duke from 1399, the Sovereign acknowledged lord paramount over the Forest of Bowland and the ten manors of the Liberty division Liberty of Bowland. As lord paramount, he was styled Lord King of Bowland . ref http www.forestofbowland.com files uploads Escutcheon.pdf Cambridge History of the Lordship of Bowland ref References references 1911 article Paramount url http www.1911encyclopedia.org Paramount Category Noble titles Category Feudalism ... more details
Dingiswayo c.1780 1817 was a Mtetwa chief, best known for his mentorship over a young Zulu Kingdom Zulu general, Shaka Shaka Zulu , who rose to become the greatest of the List of Zulu kings Zulu kings . He was born Godongwana , son of Mthethwa chief Jobe. We first hear of him during the wanderings of Nandi mother of Shaka Nandi and her illegitimate son Shaka , who settled with the Mthethwa under chief Jobe. clarify I suppose this means that we know of him because we have the bio of Shaka. This needs rewording. Forget Shaka for the moment. Needs rewording in third person. rm first person. Yes, we need Shaka here someplace since he winds up general in a few paragraphs. That isn t explained date November 2010 Godongwana and his brother, Tana, plotted agsinst Jobe. The plot was discovered. Tana was killed. Godongwana made his escape. Nursed back to health by a sister, the young man found refuge amongst the foothills of the Drakensberg . He changed his name to Dingiswayo, which means he who is troubled , or The Wanderer . Upon the death of his father, he returned to claim the chieftainship. He found his brother Mawewe in power. He displaced him without resistance. Mawewe fled, but was lured back and killed. He observed a troop of Hottentots under Lieutenant Donovan which had accompanied Dr Cowan. Cowan was murdered by Chief Phakathwayo. Dingiswayo subsequently acquired Cowan s horse and gun. Dingiswayo s new military tactics were an adoption of western techniques of drills and formation movements under a chain of command. ref MacKeurtan, G. The Cradle Days of Natal 1497 1845 . Pietermaritzburg. 1948. ref With Shaka as his general, he attacked the Amangwane under Matiwane about 1812 and drove them across the Buffalo river. It was the first of the Mfecane migrations tribes displaced, latterly by the Zulus, and who in turn displaced others in a series of inter necine wars. Dingiswayo combined a number of smaller tribes to oppose his chief rival to the north, Chief Zwide of the Ndwandwe ... more details
The CPJ International Press Freedom Awards honour journalists around the world who show courage in defending press freedom in the face of attacks, threats or imprisonment. Created in 1991, the awards are administered by the Committee to Protect Journalists . Every November, awards are usually given to four individuals, who are feted at a banquet in New York City . One of the aims of the awards is to focus local and international News media media coverage on countries where press freedom violations are particularly serious. List of Award Recipients 2010 Mohammad Davari Iran Nadira Isayeva Russia Dawit Kebede Ethiopia Laureano M rquez Venezuela 2009 Mustafa Haji Abdinur Somalia Naziha R jiba Tunisia Eynulla Fatullayev Azerbaijan J. S. Tissainayagam Sri Lanka 2008 Bilal Hussein Iraq Danish Karokhel and Farida Nekzad Afghanistan Andrew Mwenda Uganda H ctor Maseda Guti rrez Cuba 2007 Mazhar Abbas Pakistan Dmitry Muratov Russia Adela Navarro Bello Mexico Gao Qinrong China 2006 Jes s Abad Colorado Colombia Jamal Amer Yemen Madi Ceesay Gambia Atwar Bahjat Iraq posthumous 2005 Galima Bukharbaeva Uzbekistan Beatrice Mtetwa Zimbabwe L cio Fl vio Pinto Brazil Shi Tao China 2004 Svetlana Kalinkina Belarus Aung Pwint and Thaung Tun Nyein Thit Burma Alexis Sinduhije Burundi Paul Klebnikov United States posthumous 2003 Abdul Samay Hamed Afghanistan Aboubakr Jamai Morocco Musa Muradov Russia Manuel V zquez Portal Cuba 2002 Ignacio G mez Colombia Tipu Sultan Bangladesh Irina Petrushova Kazakhstan Fesshaye Yohannes Eritrea 2001 Jiang Weiping China Geoffrey Nyarota Zimbabwe Horacio Verbitsky Argentina Mazen Dana Palestine 2000 Zeljko Kopanja Bosnia Herzegovina Modeste Mutinga Democratic Republic of Congo Steven Gan Malaysia Mashallah Shamsolvaezin Iran 1999 Jes s Joel D az Hern ndez Cuba Baton Haxhiu Kosovo Jugnu Mohsin and Najam Sethi Pakistan Mar a Cristina Caballero Colombia 1998 Gr mah Boucar Niger Gustavo Gorriti Peru Goenawan Mohamad Indonesia Pavel Sheremet Belarus Ruth Simon Er ... more details
Paramountcy The provincial laws cannot have a conflicting effect on a federal entity. The party attempting to rely on the federal paramountcy must prove that the provincial law is incompatible ... more details
Princely States topics The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised see below about Kittur by James Andrew Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie Lord Dalhousie , who was the Governor General for the British in India between 1848 and 1856. According to the Doctrine, any principality princely state or territory under the direct influence paramountcy of the British East India Company the dominant imperialism imperial power in the Indian subcontinent subcontinent , as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir . ref name keay John Keay Keay, John . India A History . Grove Press Books, distributed by Publishers Group West. United States 2000 ISBN 0 8021 3797 0, p. 433. ref The latter supplanted the long established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by Indians as illegitimate. At the time of its adoption, the Company had absolute, imperial administrative jurisdiction over many regions spread over the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara 1848 , Jaipur and Sambalpur 1849 , Nagpur and Jhansi 1854 and Awadh Oudh 1856 using this Doctrine. The Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by use of this doctrine. ref name wolpert Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India 3rd ed., 1989 , pp. 226 28. Oxford University Press. ref The British took over Awadh in 1856 with the reason that the ruler was not ruling properly. This led to a revolution. With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered amongst many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian rebellion of 1857 also known as the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 . Following t ... more details
conquered the neighboring clans, and had made the Zulu into the most important ally of the large Mtetwa ... rather than circumstance of birth. After the death of Mtetwa king Dingiswayo around 1818, at the hands of Zwide king of the Ndwandwe, Shaka assumed leadership of the entire Mtetwa alliance. The alliance ... more details
BLP sources date January 2011 Saula Telawa is a Fiji an nationalism nationalist politician who serves as President of the New Nationalist Party Fiji New Nationalist Party , ref cite news title Fiji s New Nationalists say PM should resign url http www.rnzi.com pages news.php?op read&id 21537 accessdate 22 January 2011 newspaper Radio New Zealand International date 11 January 2006 ref which advocates Fijian people indigenous Fijian paramountcy. He has also championed the establishment of Christianity , the faith of most indigenous Fijians, as Fiji s official religion. He claims to be the heir to the legacy of the late nationalist leader Sakeasi Butadroka . Telawa made media headlines on 12 January 2006, in the midst of a Fiji crisis of 2005 2006 virtual breakdown in relations between the government and Military of Fiji Military , which fuelled public fears of a possible coup d tat . The Laisenia Qarase Qarase government s failure to amend the Agriculture, Land, and Tenants Act Fiji Agriculture, Land, and Tenants Act , which he described as the heart and soul of the Fijian people, ref cite news title Nationalist fears conflict among indigenous Fijians url http nl.newsbank.com nl search we Archives?p product NewsLibrary&p multi BBAB&d place BBAB&p theme newslibrary2&p action search&p maxdocs 200&p topdoc 1&p text direct 0 10F1E67724379370&p field direct 0 document id&p perpage 10&p sort YMD date D&s trackval GooglePM accessdate 22 January 2011 newspaper BBC date 12 January 2006 quote If he has failed to pass the Land Bill, which is the heart and soul of the Fijian people, then he should resign ... ref had forfeited its legitimacy with indigenous Fijians, Telawa said, and it should resign. He also called on Commissioner of Police Fiji Police Commissioner Andrew Hughes police Andrew Hughes to stay out of the dispute between the government and the Military, saying that the Australia n Hughes, as a non Fijian, had no right to interfere and in so doing risk the lives of Fij ... more details
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