The term moralobligation has a number of meanings in moral philosophy , in religion , and in layman s terms. Generally speaking, when someone says of an act that it is a moralobligation, they refer to a belief that the act is one prescribed by their set of Value personal and cultural value s. Moral philosopher s differ as to the origin of moralobligation, and whether such obligations are external to the agent that is, are, in some sense, objective and applicable to all agents or are internal that is, are based on the agent s personal desires, upbringing, conscience, and so on . See also Duty Ethics Kohlberg s stages of moral development Metaethics Norm philosophy Obligation External links http plato.stanford.edu entries special obligations Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Special Obligations Category Morality Category Ethics philo stub es Obligaci n moral fr Obligation morale can anyone give a skit on this topic. ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 An obligation is a requirement to take some course of action, whether law legal or morality moral . There are also obligations in other normative contexts, such as obligations of etiquette , social obligations, and possibly in terms of politics , where obligations are requirements which must be fulfilled. These are generally law legal obligations, which can incur a penalty for unfulfilment, although certain people are obliged to carry out certain actions for other reasons as well, whether as a tradition or for social reasons. Obligations vary from person to person for example, a person holding a political office will generally have far more obligations than an average adult citizen, who themselves will have more obligations than a child. Citation needed date April 2010 Obligations are generally granted in return for an increase in an individual s rights or power. The word obligation can also designate a written obligation, or such things as bank notes, coins, checks, bonds, stamps, or securities. There is also the condition of familial obligations. The primary income earner of a household is legally required to provide 77 93 of all household expenses. The supplementary income earner, may if he she chooses, optionally supply the remaining expense. Other uses The term obligate can also be used in a biological context, in reference to species which must occupy a certain niche or behave in a certain way in order to survive. In biology, the opposite of obligate is facultative , meaning that a species is able to behave in a certain way and may do so under certain circumstances, but that it can also survive without having to behave this way. For example, species of salamanders in the family Proteidae are obligate paedomorphosis paedomorphs , whereas species belonging to the Ambystomatidae are facultative paedomorphosis paedomorphs . In the Catholic Church, Holy Days of Obligation or Holidays of Obligation, less commonly called Feasts of Precept ... more details
about the use of the moral in storytelling morality Unreferenced date December 2009 A moral from Latin mor lis is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a narrative story or wikt event event . The moral may be left to the hearer, reader or viewer to determine for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim literature maxim . As an example of the latter, at the end of Aesop s Fables Aesop s fable of the Tortoise and the Hare , in which the plodding and determined tortoise wins a race against the much faster yet extremely arrogant hare, the stated moral is slow and steady wins the race . However, other morals can often be taken from the story itself for instance, that arrogance or overconfidence in one s abilities may lead to failure or the loss of an event, race, or contest . The use of stock characters is a means of conveying the moral of the story by eliminating complexity of personality and so spelling out the issues arising in the interplay between the characters, enables the writer to generate a clear message. With more rounded characters, such as those typically found in Shakespeare s Play theatre plays , the moral may be more nuanced but no less present, and the writer may point it up in other ways see, for example, the Prologue to Romeo and Juliet . Throughout the history of recorded literature, the majority of fictional writing has served not only to entertain but also to instruct, inform or improve their audiences or readership. In Ancient Greek theatre classical drama , for example, the role of the Greek chorus chorus was to comment on the proceedings and draw out a message for the audience to take away with them while the novel s of Charles Dickens are a vehicle for morals regarding the social and economic system of Victorian morality Victorian ... being introduced with the phrase The moral of the story is . Such explicit techniques have grown increasingly ... weakness . Moral is also understood as an individual understanding or translation of mannerisms at which ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 For the Monty Python album Monty Python s Contractual Obligation Album Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Contractual Obligation Type album Artist Humpers Cover Humpers contract cover.jpg Released May 10, 1996 Recorded Genre Punk rock Punk Length Label Epitaph Records Producer Last album This album Contractual Obligation Next album Contractual Obligation is one of two EPs released by the punk rock band, the Humpers . Track listing Wake Up and Lose Protex Blue 13 Forever My Machine Say Goodbye Fable of Love Loser s Club Fast, Fucked, and Furious For Lovers Only Category The Humpers albums Category 1996 albums 1990s punk album stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 A general obligation is a legal pledge in United States municipal finance, in which an entity pledges its full faith and credit to repay its debt, typically a general obligation bond . References Unreferenced date February 2007 references Category Finance in the United States US law stub economics stub ... more details
The Renewables Obligation RO ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk Sustainability Environment RenewablObl Pages RenewablObl.aspx Ofgem and ROC Ofgem What is the Renewables Obligation ref is designed to encourage generation ... in England and Wales and in a different form the Renewables Obligation Scotland in Scotland in April 2002 and in Northern Ireland in April 2005. The RO places an obligation on licensed ... by presenting Renewables Obligation Certificates ROCs . Where suppliers do not have sufficient ROCs to cover their obligation, a payment is made into the buy out fund. The buy out price suppliers ... into the buy out fund. Obligation periods run for one year, beginning on 1 April and running to 31 ... to cover their obligation, or to submit sufficient payment to the buy out fund to cover the shortfall ... by Year class wikitable Obligation period age of Supply Price MWh Effective Price per Unit ... renewables obligation.pdf Ofgem First annual report 2002 2003 on Renewable Obligation ref ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk ... 2003 2004 on Renewable Obligation ref ref http www.ofgem.gov.uk Sustainability Environmnt RenewablObl Documents1 Buy out and mutualisation press release1.pdf THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE ... 202010 2011 20FINAL 20FINAL.pdf THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION BUY OUT PRICE AND MUTUALISATION CEILING 2010 11 ref Renewables Obligation Certificates A ROC is the green wikt certificate certificate ... or in the case of generating stations subject to a NFFO non fossil fuels obligation , Scottish Renewables Obligation or Northern Ireland NFFO contract, to the nominated electricity supplier . It is worth noting that the Scottish Renewables Obligation was superseded by the Renewables Obligation ... RENEWABLOBL Documents1 Supplierguidance.pdf Renewables Obligation Guidance for licensed electricity ... from renewable sources. A Renewables Obligation Order is issued annually detailing the precise level of the obligation for the coming year long period of obligation and the level of the buy out ... more details
Orphan date February 2010 In law , a reciprocal obligation , also known as a reciprocal agreement is a duty owed by one individual to another and vice versa. It is a type of agreement that bears upon or binds two parties in an equal manner. ref http pinoy business.com content view 709 145 ref ref http www.answers.com topic reciprocal ref See also reciprocal contract reciprocal law civil conscription References Reflist External links http www.springerlink.com content n22xg62462574553 The principle of reciprocal obligations Category Contract law Law stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life was an essay by the philosopher William James , which he first delivered as a lecture to the Yale Philosophical Club, in 1891. It was later included in the collection, The Will to Believe and other Essays in Popular Philosophy. James essay anticipated theories of value pluralism later associated with Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Raz . Fact date December 2008 He drew a distinction between three questions in ethics philosophy ethics psychological , Metaphysics metaphysical , casuistic. The psychological question asks after the historical origin of our moral ideas and judgments the metaphysical question asks what the very meaning of the words good, ill, and obligation are the casuistic question asks what is the measure of the various goods and ills which men recognize, so that the philosopher may settle the true order of human obligations. The psychological question As James sees it, the psychological question is whether human ideas of good and evil arise from the association of certain ideals with act of simple bodily pleasures and reliefs from pain. He believes that some elements of our moral sentiment do have such a source, and that Jeremy Bentham and his followers have done the world a lasting service by pointing ... wanted them, others wouldn t. It could even have moral conflict of a sort, as that one thinker may have ... that claim and obligation are two sides of the same coin. Without a claim actually made by some concrete person there can be no obligation, but there is obligation wherever there is a claim. The casuistic ... could want of me, or that I could want from myself, be considered an obligation, then my obligations ... history James, William The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life International Journal of Ethics ..., 1897. External links http www.philosophy.uncc.edu mleldrid American mp&ml.htm Text of The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life DEFAULTSORT Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life, The Category 1891 essays ... more details
Moral economy is a phrase used in a number of contexts to describe the interplay between moral or cultural beliefs and economic activities. A just economy A moral economy , in one interpretation, is an economy ... network, the free rider problem lacks a solution and a moral economy becomes harder to maintain. In traditional ... acquire the force of law . The Efficient Society by Joseph Heath discusses the nature of a moral economy ... freedom , and as such comes close to being a moral economy. Other economists such as John P. Powelson relate the concept of a moral economy to the balance of economic power in their view, a moral ... s ecosystem. They argue that such a moral economy is essential if we are to avoid systemic collapse ... affluence within those populations. Economics and social norms In a related sense, moral ... of the moral economy. Law s that determine what sort of contract s will be given effect by the judiciary , and what sort of contracts are void law void or voidable , often incorporate concepts of a moral ... of moral economy. According to the beliefs which inspired these laws, economic transactions were supposed to be based on mutual obligation, not individual gain. In colonial Massachusetts ... Horwitz. Transformations in American Law . Other forms of moral economy are more informal. In the sixteenth ... of a pre capitalist moral economy was used to justify popular action against unscrupulous ... on the Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century 1971 . Later historians and sociologists ... as a method of resisting authority in The Moral Economy of the Peasant Subsistence and Rebellion in Southeast Asia 1976 . It must be remembered, however, that sometimes a moral economy may not act in conformity ... pressures imposing economic inefficiency, and therefore fall within the purview of moral economy. ref Van Tessel, Only the Law ref Utopian moral economies In modern times, utopian moral economies have arisen to systematically reorganize their economic system to reflect a particular moral or ethical ... more details
Moral superiority is the belief or attitude that one s position and actions are justified by having higher moral values than one s political, religious or moral opponent see just war concept. The idea that moral superiority is possible is opposed by those who espouse moral equivalence , either in a specific conflict or in general. See also Self righteousness Demonization Victor s justice moral relativism Moral absolutism & Moral objectivism God complex Messiah complex self concept Superiority complex Category Religious behaviour and experience psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 A moral hierarchy is a hierarchy by which actions are ranked by their morality , with respect to a moral code . The notion of a moral hierarchy tends to be thin and untenable in cases spanning multiple cultures, because moral codes are not equal, or that certain codes are Moral superiority superior to others. Philo stub Category Morality Category Ethics ... more details
Image Map of Puerto Moral Huelva .png thumb right 150px Map of Puerto Moral, Huelva province Huelva Puerto Moral is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva province Huelva , Spain . According to the 2008 census , the municipality had a population of 273 inhabitants. Municipalities in Huelva coord 37 53 N 6 28 W source kolossus itwiki display title Category Municipalities in Huelva andalusia geo stub ca Puerto Moral es Puerto Moral eo Puerto Moral eu Puerto Moral it Puerto Moral ht Puerto Moral Huelva pt Puerto Moral ru tr Puerto Moral vi Puerto Moral war Puerto Moral ... more details
Freedom Moral responsibility usually refers to the idea that a person has moralobligation s in certain situations. Disobeying moral obligations, then, becomes grounds for justified punishment. Deciding what justifies punishment, if anything, is a principle concern of Ethics . People who have moral responsibility for an action are usually called moral agents . Agents are creatures that are capable ... that they deserve praise or blame for what they do. However, many believe that moral responsibility ... points out that a person can never be wholly responsible for an outcome. Moreover, moral responsibility ... on moral responsibility. Metaphysical libertarianism File DeterminismXFreeWill.jpg thumb left 220px ... it that individual moral culpability lies in individual character. That is, a person with the character ... that moral culpability lies in either individual character or freely willed acts. The insanity defense ... luck is a criticism against the Libertarian conception of moral responsibility. It suggests that any ... plato.stanford.edu entries moral luck ref Thomas Nagel suggests that four different types of luck including ... along his path getting hit by the car . ref Nagel, Thomas. 1976, Moral Luck , Proceedings of the Aristotelian ... s argue that determinism is a prerequisite for moral responsibility, and that society cannot ... to act . By using Liberty rather than a free will in moral considerations, Compatibilist ethical ... in practical moral considerations, rather than a notion of a free will. Indeed, faced with the possibility that determinism requires a completely different moral system, some proponents say So much ... addresses the question of moral responsibility as follows Hath not the potter power over the clay ... , argue, on the basis of such cases, that our current notion of moral responsibility is founded on libertarian ... and well known, jurors interpretations of free will and moral responsibility will move away from ... of moral responsibility may be a purely metaphysical hankering . ref name DD1 Dennett, D., 1984 ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A moral community is a group of people drawn together by a common interest in living according to a particular morality moral philosophy . Moral communities are typically associated with a religion and advocate that religion s conception of a good life. The congregation of a Church body church , synagogue , or mosque is a typical moral community. However, some moral communities, such as the Fellowship of Reason , are secular and advocate a secular ethics . DEFAULTSORT Moral Community Category Morality Category Intentional living Philo stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Moral perception is a term used in ethics to denote the discernment of the morally salient qualities in particular situations. Moral perception s are argued to be necessary to moral reasoning see practical reason , the deliberation of what is the right thing to do. Moral perception is variously conceptualized by Aristotle , Hannah Arendt , and Martha C. Nussbaum . Lawrence Blum 1994 distinguishes moral perception from moral judgment. Whereas a person s judgment about what the moral course of action is the result of a conscious deliberation, the basis for that process is the perception of aspects of one s situation, which is different for each person. Moral perceptions are furthermore particular in nature. ref Blum, Lawrence. 1994. Moral Perception and Particularity. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. ref References reflist Category Ethics Category Perception philo stub ... more details
Moral objectivism may refer to Robust moral realism , the meta ethical position that ethical sentences express factual propositions about robust or mind independent features of the world, and that some such propositions are true. Moral universalism also called minimal or moderate moral realism , the meta ethical position that some system of ethics or morality is universally valid, without any further semantic or metaphysical claim. The ethical branch of Ayn Rand s Objectivism Ayn Rand Objectivist philosophy. See also Moral absolutism disambig fi Eettinen objektivismi ... more details
Moral order may refer to Moral order is the name given to the conservative and monarchic French government of Patrice de Mac Mahon in the late 19th century. Argument from morality Moral order is the name given to Immanuel Kant s rendering of the metaphysical argument from morality . disambiguation ... more details
About the meta ethical position other uses Nihilism disambiguation Moral nihilism also known as ethical nihilism or amoralism , is the meta ethics meta ethical view that nothing is Morality moral or immoral . For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing someone, for whatever reason, is neither .... 292 ref Moral nihilism must be distinguished from ethical subjectivism and moral relativism , which do allow for moral statements to be true or false in a non objective sense, but do not assign any static truth value s to moral statements. Insofar as only true statements can be known, moral nihilists are moral skepticism moral skeptics . Some prominent, recent moral nihilists are J. L. Mackie ... Main Non cognitivism Non cognitivism in ethics is the view that moral statements lack truth value and do ... moral philosophies, that moral statements seek to describe some feature of the world Garner 1967, 219 220 . This position on its own is logically compatible with realism about moral values themselves. That is, one could reasonably hold that there are objective moral values but that we cannot know them and that our moral language does not seek to refer to them. This would amount to an endorsement of a type of moral skepticism, rather than nihilism. Typically, however, the rejection of the cognitivist thesis is combined with the thesis that there are, in fact, no moral facts van Roojen, 2004 . But if moral statements cannot be true, and if one cannot know something that is not true, non cognitivism implies that moral knowledge is impossible Garner 1967, 219 220 . Moral nihilism does not mean ... of sentences about morality. Many noncognitivists still believe in moral behavior, Hare has even tried to establish objectivity of moral reasoning without truth values. Amoralism Amoralists can share noncognitivists views on metaethics, but make further claims against moral thinking. Forms of moral nihilism According to Sinnott Armstrong 2006a , the basic thesis of moral nihilism is that nothing ... more details
Moral skepticism denotes a Class philosophy class of Meta ethics metaethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger, Modal logic modal , claim that moral knowledge is impossible. Moral skepticism is particularly opposed to moral realism the view that there are knowable, mind independent moral truths. Defenders of some form of moral skepticism include J. L. Mackie 1977 , Max Stirner , Friedrich Nietzsche , Richard Joyce ... of a kind of moral relativism , not moral skepticism. However, he has influenced some contemporary moral skeptics. Forms of moral skepticism Moral skepticism divides into three subclasses moral error theory or moral nihilism , epistemological moral skepticism, and Non cognitivism noncognitivism . ref http plato.stanford.edu entries skepticism moralMoral Skepticism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ... in believing that moral claims claims of the form state of affairs x is good, action y is morally obligatory, etc. are true and, even more so b we never know that any moral claim is true. However, each gets to a and b by different routes. Moral error theory holds that we do not know that any moral claim is true because i all moral claims are false, ii we have reason to believe that all moral claims ..., we are therefore not justified in believing any moral claims. Epistemological moral skepticism is a subclass of theory, the members of which include Pyrrhonian moral skepticism and dogmatic moral skepticism. All members of epistemological moral skepticism share two things in common first they acknowledge that we are unjustified in believing any moral claim, and second, they are agnostic on whether i is true i.e. on whether all moral claims are false . Pyrrhonian moral skepticism holds that the reason we are unjustified in believing any moral claim is that it is irrational for us to believe either that any moral claim is true or that any moral claim is false. Thus, in addition to being agnostic ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup February 2010 essay like February 2010 Moral psychology is a field of study in both philosophy and psychology . Some use the term moral psychology relatively narrowly to refer to the study of moral development . ref See, for example, Lapsley 2006 and moral psychology 2007 . ref ... . Wallace writes Moral psychology is the study of morality in its psychological dimensions p. 86 . ref Some of the main topics of the field are moral judgment, moral reasoning , moral responsibility , moral development , moral character especially as related to virtue ethics , altruism , psychological egoism , moral luck , and moral disagreement. ref See Doris & Stich 2008 , 1. ref Some psychologists ... conceptual analysis about the ways in which people make decisions about issues that raise moral concerns. Moral psychological issues have been central theoretical issues explored by philosophers ... work in moral psychology, and much of the empirical research of the 20th century in this area was completed by academics working in psychology departments. Today moral psychology is a thriving area of research ... processes when they were faced with a moral dilemma , citation needed date September 2008 producing one of many very useful empirical studies in the area of moral psychology. As another example ... problem is phrased dramatically affects an individual s intuitions about the proper moral response ... have a single, environment independent moral character. As a further example, Shaun Nichols 2004 examines how empirical data on psychopathology suggests that moral rationalism is false Contemporary Theories Recent attempts to develop an integrated model of moral motivation ref Leffel 2008 ref have identified at least six different levels of moral functioning, each of which has been shown to predict some type of moral or prosocial behavior moral intuitions, moral emotions, moral virtues vices behavioral capacities , moral values, moral reasoning, and moral willpower. This Social Intuitionist ... more details
About moral realism in the robust sense moral realism in the moderate or minimal sense Moral universalism Moral realism is the meta ethics meta ethical view which claims that Ethical Sentence linguistics ... by objective features of the world, independent of subjective opinion. This makes moral realism a non moral nihilism nihilist form of Cognitivism ethics cognitivism . Moral realism stands in opposition to all forms of moral anti realism , including ethical subjectivism which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts , error theory which denies that any moral propositions are true , and non cognitivism which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all . Within moral realism ... to Be a Moral Realist editor last Sayre McCord editor first Geoffrey title Essays on Moral Realism publisher Cornell University Press pages 181 228 isbn 0 8014 2240 X ref moral realism means that cquote Moral statements are the sorts of statements which are or which express propositions which are true or false or approximately true, largely false, etc. The truth or falsity approximate truth... of moral statements is largely independent of our moral opinions, theories, etc. Ordinary canons of moral ... many circumstances at least, a reliable method for obtaining and improving approximate moral knowledge. Most philosophers today lean towards moral realism, as do most meta ethicists. ref PhilPapers survey, 2009, http philpapers.org surveys ref Some examples of robust moral realists include David Brink, John McDowell , Peter Railton , ref name Railton Railton, Peter 1986 . Moral Realism . Philosophical ... 2005 . Moral Realism , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2005 Edition , Edward N. Zalta ed. . http plato.stanford.edu entries moral realism link ref Michael A. Smith philosopher Michael Smith , Terence Cuneo, ref name Cuneo Cuneo, Terence 2007 . The Normative Web An Argument for Moral ... Moral Realism A Defense , Oxford, ISBN 0199259755. ref G.E. Moore , ref name Moore Moore, G. E. 1903 ... more details
About moral absolutism as a theory of normative ethics moral absolutism as a theory of meta ethics Moral universalism Moral absolutism is the ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong .... Moral absolutism stands in contrast to other categories of normative ethics normative ethical theories ... on the consequences or the context of the act. Moral absolutism is not the same as moral universalism also called moral objectivism . Universalism holds merely that what is right or wrong is independent of custom or opinion as opposed to moral relativism relativism , but not necessarily that what is right or wrong is independent of context or consequences as in absolutism . Moral universalism is compatible with moral absolutism, but also positions such as consequentialism. Louis Pojman gives the following ... of Ethical Objectivism p. 50 ref cquote Moral absolutism There is at least one principle that ought never to be violated. Moral objectivism There is a fact of the matter as to whether any given action ... , such as the deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant , are often forms of moral absolutism, as are many religion religious moral codes, particularly those of the Abrahamic religions . Moral absolutism and religion Moral absolutism may be understood in a strictly secular context, as in many forms of deontological ethics deontological moral rationalism . However, many religion s have morally absolutist ... commands . Therefore, they regard such a moral system as absolute, usually perfect, and unchangeable ... even in self defense. For another example, under some religious moral absolutist beliefs, homosexual ... of religious moral absolutism. On the other hand, the fact that some moral changes, such as from .... See also Antinomianism Divine command theory Ethics Kantianism Morality Moral realism Moral universalism Moral dilemma Notes reflist External links http www.ucalgary.ca nurelweb papers other monism 1.html Christ in Creation and Ethical Monism by Augustus Hopkins Strong, 1899. Ethics DEFAULTSORT Moral ... more details
Citations missing date August 2010 Moral rationalism , also called ethical rationalism , is a view in meta ethics specifically the epistemology of ethics according to which moral truths or at least general moral principles are knowable A priori and a posteriori philosophy a priori , by reason alone. Some prominent figures in the history of philosophy who have defended moral rationalism are Plato and Immanuel Kant . Perhaps the most prominent figure in the history of philosophy who has rejected moral rationalism is David Hume . Recent philosophers who defended moral rationalism include Richard Hare , Christine Korsgaard , Alan Gewirth , and Michael A. Smith philosopher Michael Smith 1994 . Moral ... views. Moral rationalism is neutral on whether basic moral beliefs are known via inference or not. A moral rationalist who believes that some moral beliefs are justified non inferentially is a Ethical intuitionism Rational intuition versus moral sense rationalist ethical intuitionist . So, rationalist ethical intuitionism implies moral rationalism, but the reverse does not hold. Emotions and Reason There are two main forms of moral rationalism, associated with two major forms of reasoning. If moral ... can also arrive at moral truths, but needn t rely upon their emotions to do so. Many moral rationalists believe that moral reasoning is based on practical reason , which involves choices about what ... place. In this view, moral reasoning always involves emotional states and hence be intrinsically ... and universal, without having to appeal to questionable metaphysical assumptions. Criticisms Moral sense theory Moral sense theorists or sentimentalists , such as David Hume , are the key opponents of moral rationalism. In Book 3 of A Treatise of Human Nature and in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles ..., not reason. Hume takes it as a fact about human psychology and morality that moral judgments have ... 1982 . Moral Thinking. Hume, David 1739 1740 . A Treatise of Human Nature , various printings. Hume ... more details
Moral reasoning is a study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy . It is also called Moral development . Prominent contributors to theory include Lawrence Kohlberg and Elliot Turiel . The term is sometimes used in a different sense reasoning under conditions of uncertainty, such as obtain in a court of law . It is this sense that gave rise to the phrase, To a moral certainty ref Victor v. Nebraska 92 8894 , 511 U.S. 1 1994 , from the syllabus, holding c and throughout, available in the http www.law.cornell.edu supct html 92 8894.ZS.html Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection ref however, this sense is now seldom used outside of charges to juries. Although all moral choice can be seen as personal choice, some choices can be seen as an economic choice, or an ethical choice described by some ethical code or regulated by ethical relationship s with others. This branch of psychology is concerned with how these issues are perceived by ordinary people, and so is the foundation of descriptive ethics . There are so many different moral reasonings. Moral reasoning is culturally defined, and thus is difficult to apply yet human relationships define our existence and thus defy cultural boundaries. See also Kohlberg s stages of moral development Notes reflist External links http wik.ed.uiuc.edu index.php Moral Reasoning WikEd Moral Reasoning http plato.stanford.edu entries reasoning moral Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Moral Reasoning Category Morality Category Educational psychology Category Moral psychology Category Critical thinking Category Reasoning psych stub simple Moral reasoning ... more details
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