refimprove date April 2008 A monophthong Ancient Greek Greek mon phthongos ref LSJ mono fqoggos ref ref from m nos single and phth ngos sound is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not semivowel glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The opposite is a diphthong , where the vowel quality changes within the same syllable, and hiatus linguistics hiatus , where two vowels are next to each other in different syllables. Sound changes The conversion of monophthongs to diphthongs diphthongization or of diphthongs to monophthongs monophthongization , is a major element of language change and is likely the cause of further changes. English Some sounds that may be perceived by native speakers as monophthongs in English are, in fact, diphthongs the vowel sound in pay &mdash pronounced IPA pe is an example of this. Some dialects of English make monophthongs out of former diphthongs. Also, the speech of the southern United States tends to alter the diphthong IPA a as in eye to an IPA a somewhere between IPA and IPA . On the other hand, former monophthongs have become diphthongs in American English such as the IPA in words like pin changing to IPA in some American dialects. Sanskrit Historically, some languages treat vowel sounds that were formerly diphthongs as monophthongs. Such is the case in Sanskrit , in whose grammar the sounds now realised as IPA e and IPA o are conceptually ai and au , and are written that way in the Devanagari and related alphabets. The sounds IPA ai and IPA au exist in Sanskrit, but are written as if they were i and u , with long initial vowels. Similar ... Triphthong Vowel Vowel cluster Vowel breaking References reflist wikt monophthong Category Vowels af Monoftong als Monophthong br Monoftongenn de Monophthong fr Monophtongue is Einhlj it Monottongo ... simple Monophthong fi Monoftongi sv Monoftong uk ... more details
Summary I am the author User Aleksandar u njar . Notes 1. Serbian Cyrillic letters , , and can be transliterated into Russian Cyrillic as represented here, by adding a soft sign after the base letter or by following it by one of Russian iotated vowels. 2. Serbian Cyrillic letter E denotes a monophthong sound and does not have a direct Russian equivalent. Russian letter E is an iotated vowel that starts with Russian , English Y and ends in Serbian E . Russian letter denotes a slightly different sound that is not a phoneme in Serbian. 3. These lowercase italic letters have different glyphs in Russian. 4. Serbian Cyrillic letter is a monophthong without direct equivalent in Russian Cyrillic, where it is commonly represented as two letters. Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
wiktionary Contraction may refer to In physiology Muscle contraction , one that occurs when a muscle fiber lengthens or shortens Uterine contraction , contraction of the uterus , such as during childbirth Wound healing Contraction Contraction , a stage in wound healing In linguistics Synalepha , merging of two syllables of adjacent words Elision , the loss of a sound Syncope phonetics , the loss of sounds inside a word Contraction grammar , the shortening of a word or words by loss of a sound or sounds Synaeresis , the pronunciation of two vowels as a diphthong Crasis , contraction of two vowels into one monophthong In science Lanthanoid contraction , the decrease in size of the ionic radius of lanthanide elements with their growing atomic number series of Rare Earth Elements REE in the Mendeleev Table The reverse of thermal expansion In mathematics Contraction mapping , in mathematics, a type of function on a metric space Contraction operator theory Edge contraction or vertex contraction, graph operations used in graph theory Tensor contraction in tensor theory Other Economic contraction or recession , a reversal of economic growth the opposite of economic expansion A structural rule in proof theory see idempotency of entailment disambig cs Kontrakce de Kontraktion es Contracci n fr Contraction nl Contractie pl Kontrakcja sv Kontraktion ... more details
unreferenced date September 2008 Hamburgisch is a group of Northern Low Saxon variety linguistics varieties spoken in Hamburg , Germany . Occasionally, the term Hamburgisch is also used for Hamburg Missingsch , a variety of standard German with Low Saxon substrates. These are urban dialects that have absorbed numerous English language English and Dutch language Dutch loanwords, for instance T rn trip turn and suutje gently Dutch zoetjes . Hamburg is pronounced IPA de hamb r in these dialects, with a ch similar to that in the standard German word Milch . Typical of the Hamburg dialects and other Lower Elbe dialects is the pronunciation and spelling eu pronounced oi for the diphthong IPA written , h or , e.g. class wikitable in Hamburg elsewhere English keupen IPA k pm k pen IPA k pm to buy scheun IPA n sch n IPA n beautiful However, as in most other Low Saxon languages Low Saxon Low German dialects, the long monophthong IPA is pronounced IPAblink as in French peu , for instance K m K m IPA k m caraway . The Low Saxon language in Hamburg is divided in several subdialects, e.g. Finkwarder Platt Olwarder Platt Veerlanner Platt with many sub sub dialects Barmbeker Platt The Hamborger Veermaster is a famous sea shanty sung in the regional dialect. Literature Citation first1 Walther last1 Christoph first2 Agathe last2 Lasch first3 Hans last3 Kuhn first4 Ulrich last4 Pretzel first5 K the last5 Scheel last6 Meier last7 M hn year 1985 2006 title Hamburgisches W rterbuch location Neum nster publisher K. Wachholtz oclc 182559541 edition 2 first6 J rgen first7 Dieter de icon nds icon External links http www.plattmaster.de Hamburg Category Hamburg culture Category Low German Category German dialects Category Languages of Germany de Hamburger Platt nds Hamborger Platt sv Hamburgska ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The name, Chaemae , is a Latinization of an ancient Germanic tribal name cited by Ptolemy in his Geography 2.10 as Chaimai , which also can be written in English, Khaimai . Ptolemy tells us next to nothing about them, only that they were next to the Bructeri . That little turns out to be a great deal. It is often suggested that the Chaemae and the Banochaemae are alternative names for the Chamavi , based on a common derivation. We know, however, that the Chamavi and their neighbors forcibly expelled the Bructeri from their original lands, which became Hamaland after the Chamavi moved in. The two peoples are not likely to have had neighborly feelings for each other now. All three names probably come from common Germanic haimaz, home , from Indo European tkei , settle. Where the Cham avi reflect the ham form English ham let , the other two reflect the heim form as in Bo haem ia . The monophthong ization was an Ingvaeonic innovation. We are more familiar with ham because a large part of the lowlanders moved to Britain. The Chaemi may reflect a more ancient distribution of people calling themselves settlers or natives. Why they would have done so remains obscure, but the name is of the same type as hed English heath , human and possibly but less certainly man and Aryan . See also Portal Ancient Germanic culture List of Germanic peoples Germanic peoples Category Ancient peoples Category Ancient Germanic peoples Category Germanic peoples Category Ethnic groups in Europe Category History of the Germanic peoples Category Iron Age Europe Euro ethno group stub it Chemi ... more details
About synaeresis in linguistics syneresis in chemistry syneresis chemistry Refimprove date December 2009 In linguistics , synaeresis or syneresis see American and British English spelling differences Simplification of ae and oe American and British spelling differences is a sound change metaplasm by which two vowel s are pronounced together rather than separately. The opposite is diaeresis . Examples Ancient Greek In Ancient Greek , synaeresis is the pronunciation of two separate vowels as a diphthong IPA ai , and diaeresis is the separation of a diphthong into two vowels IPA a.i . Certain words in Proto Indo European had two vowels separated by the consonant s or y esu good . In Greek, this consonant changed to h ehu , and was lost between vowels eu . In Homer , the two vowels were sometimes pronounced separately diaeresis polytonic and sometimes together synaeresis polytonic . Later in Attic Greek , they were always pronounced together. Modern Greek In Modern Greek, where original diphthongs are pronounced as monophthongs, synaeresis is the pronunciation of two vowel sounds as a monophthong IPA e , and diaeresis is the pronunciation of the two vowels as a diphthong IPA ai . English Synaeresis often occurs with English reduced vowel s, as in Asia IPA en e zi. IPA e . Etymology Synaeresis comes from Greek syna resis a taking or drawing together , ref LSJ sunai resis ref ref from synair ref LSJ sunaire w ref LSJ sun with and LSJ ai re w grasp . References Reflist See also Diaeresis Metaplasm Synalepha Crasis Elision Contraction grammar Contraction Synizesis Category Figures of speech Category Phonetics Category Poetic devices Ling stub br Sinairezenn de Kontraktion Linguistik es Sin resis m trica fr Syn r se gl Sin rese nl Syneresis taalkunde pl Synereza j zykoznawstwo pt Sin rese ru ... more details
Distinguish Koro language India Koro language New Guinea Infobox Language name Koro states Vanuatu region Gaua speakers 280 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso2 map iso3 krf Koro is an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua Gaua island in Vanuatu . Its 280 speakers live in the village of Koro Vanuatu Koro , on the south coast of Gaua. ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref Koro is a distinct language from its immediate neighbours, Dorig language Dorig 300 sp. and Olrat language Olrat 4 sp. . ref http alex.francois.free.fr AF field.htm List of Banks islands languages . ref Phonology Koro has 8 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 7 monophthong s i a u and one diphthong a . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 445 ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf External links http alex.francois.free.fr AlexFrancois Torba languages map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Koro on Gaua . Category Languages of Vanuatu Category East Vanuatu languages Category Torba Province Vanuatu stub au lang stub fr Koro langue du Vanuatu pms Lenga Koro, Vanuatu ... more details
Infobox Language name Dorig states Vanuatu region Gaua speakers 300 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso2 map iso3 wwo Dorig sometimes called Wetamut is an Oceanic language spoken on Gaua Gaua island in Vanuatu . Its 300 speakers live mostly in the village of Dorig Vanuatu Dorig IPA xx d ri , on the south coast of Gaua. Smaller speaker communities can be found in the villages of Qteon east coast and Qtevut west coast . Dorig s immediate neighbours are Koro language Vanuatu Koro and Mwerlap language Mwerlap . ref http alex.francois.free.fr AF field.htm Vanuatu List of Banks islands languages . ref Phonology Dorig has 8 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 7 short monophthong s i a u and one long vowel a . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 445 ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf External links http alex.francois.free.fr AlexFrancois Torba languages map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Dorig on Gaua . http alex.francois.free.fr AFtxt drg elves e.htm A story in Dorig, with audio recording and translation . DEFAULTSORT Dorig Language Category Languages of Vanuatu Category East Vanuatu languages Category Torba Province Vanuatu stub au lang stub fr Dorig pms Lenga Wetamut ... more details
Old Norse language map Danish language Old Norse topics The Danish language originates from a common Germanic language . In the 8th century the language of Scandinavia , Proto Norse language Proto Norse , had undergone some changes and evolved into Old Norse . This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects, Old West Norse Norway and Iceland and Old East Norse Denmark and Sweden . Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish , but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries. The dialects are called runic because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto Norse language Proto Norse , which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which only had 16 letters. Due to the limited number of runes, some runes were used for a range of phoneme s, such as the rune for the vowel u which was also used for the vowels o , and y , and the rune for i which was also used for e . A change that separated Old East Norse Runic Swedish Danish from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong i Old West Norse ei to the monophthong e , as in st in to sten . This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dau r into as in d r . This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tau r into tu r . Moreover, the y Old West Norse ey diphthong changed into as well, as in the Old Norse word for island . From 1100 and onwards, the dialect of Denmark began to diverge from that of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries, isogloss es, ranging from Zealand Denmark Zealand to Svealand . Some notable authors of works in Danish are existentialism existential philosopher S ren Kierkegaard , prolific fairy tale aut ... more details
Infobox Language name Oksapmin region Telefomin District , Sandaun , Papua New Guinea speakers 8,000 1991 iso2 paa iso3 opm familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea script Latin alphabet Oksapmin is a Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea language spoken in Telefomin District , Sandaun , Papua New Guinea . It forms an independent branch of Trans New Guinea in the classifications of both Stephen Wurm 1975 and Malcolm Ross 2005 , whereas Loughnane and Fedden 2011 ref name lough3 http dx.doi.org 10.1080 07268602.2011.533635 Loughnane, Robyn and Fedden, Sebastian 2011 Is Oksapmin Ok? A Study of the Genetic Relationship between Oksapmin and the Ok Languages , Australian Journal of Linguistics, 31 1, 1 42. ref and Loughnane 2009 ref name lough2 http repository.unimelb.edu.au 10187 4788 Loughnane, Robyn. 2009 A Grammar of Oksapmin. Doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne. ref propose that it is related to the Ok languages . ref name lough http conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au program.php?cf 19 The Oksapmin Kinship System , retrieved May 21, 2009. ref Oksapmin has dyadic kinship term s. ref name lough Phonology Vowels There are seven monophthong s, IPA i e a o u , and one diphthong , IPA ai . Consonants class wikitable style text align center rowspan 2 colspan 2 rowspan 2 Bilabial consonant Bilabial rowspan 2 Alveolar consonant Alveolar rowspan 2 Palatal consonant Palatal colspan 2 Velar consonant Velar Unrounded Labialization Rounded rowspan 2 Stop consonant Stop Voiceless consonant Voiceless IPA p IPA t IPA k IPA k Voiced consonant Voiced IPA b IPA d IPA IPA colspan 2 Fricative consonant Fricative IPA s IPA x IPA x colspan 2 Nasal consonant Nasal IPA m IPA n IPA IPA colspan 2 Flap consonant Flap IPA colspan 2 Approximant consonant Approximant IPA j IPA w Tone Oksapmin contrasts two tone linguistics tones high and low. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Oksapmin Language Category Trans New Guinea languages Category Language ... more details
Texan English is dialect of English spoken in Texas . It is a subdialect of Southern American English and shares features with other English dialects of the Southern United States such as Ozark English . Phonetics Pin pen merger ref name american Cite web url http www.pbs.org speak seatosea americanvarieties texan drawl title Drawl or Nothin work Do You Speak American? date 2005 publisher PBS accessdate 3 September 2010 ref Monophthong ref name american Cot caught merger ref name american Lexicon Y all a second person plural pronoun a shortened form of you all ref name american Fixin to a future tense modal verb analogous to going to in much of American English ref name american Blue norther storm that comes up as a giant, blue black cloud of cold air comes over the warm gulf air ref name talk Cite web url http www.rice.edu armadillo Texas talk.html title Texas Talk date March 2, 1996 publisher Rice University accessdate 3 September 2010 ref Howdy a general greeting a shortened form of How do you do? ref name talk Looker an attractive woman ref name talk Over Yonder an adverbial used to designate a faraway place analogous to over there ref name talk skunk Pole cat a skunk ref name american Turd blossom a flower sprouting from a deposit of cow manure Di jeet yet Did you eat yet? D yunta Do You Want To? Ol Boy A good friend. Good Ol Boy A good friend with connections. Yep Yes. Wrench to clean with fresh water. example I m fixin to warsh and wrench the dishes Coke Any flavor of soda. Yankees call it pop . Texans call it coke . Hours A measure of distance. I live two hours south of Waco. Maverick loner Tank pond Nuther another Fess up admit ferya to say that your giving a present to someone. i got this candy ferya. idunno admitting that you dont know what someone is talking about or that you dont have a answer to a question. o.k. class, said ms. Hursten, what comes after 167? Well idunno ms. hursten... References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ... more details
Infobox Language name Lo Toga states Vanuatu region Torres Islands speakers 580 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso2 map iso3 lht Lo Toga is an Oceanic language spoken in the Torres islands of Vanuatu . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref Situation and dialects Its 580 speakers live mostly in Lo island Lo and Toga island Toga , the two main islands in the southern half of the Torres group. The same language is also spoken by the small populations of the two other islands of Linua and Tegua. Lo Toga is itself divided into two very close dialects, Lo spoken on Lo island and Toga spoken on Toga . The name Toga has been used sometimes to refer to the whole language of Lo Toga. Conversely, Lo Toga is a distinct language from the other language of the Torres group, Hiw language Hiw . Phonology The Lo dialect of Lo Toga has 13 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 8 monophthong s i e a o , and five diphthong s i e i i a o o . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 460 ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf Citation last Fran ois first Alexandre author link contribution Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency On two atypical subordinating strategies in Lo Toga and Hiw Torres, Vanuatu editor last Bril editor first Isabelle title Clause hierarchy and Clause linking The Syntax and Pragmatics interface volume pages 499 548 publisher Benjamins place Amsterdam year in press contribution url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois 2009 Pragmatic demotion Bril Dependency preprint. ... more details
Infobox Language name Mwerlap states Vanuatu region Merelava , Gaua speakers c. 1100 ref http alex.francois.free.fr AlexFrancois Torba languages map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Mwerlap . ref familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso2 map iso3 mrm Mwerlap is an Oceanic languages Oceanic language spoken in the south of the Banks Islands in Vanuatu . Its 900 speakers live mostly in Merelava and Merig , but a fair proportion have also settled the east coast of Gaua Gaua island . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref Besides, a number of Mwerlap speakers live in the two cities of Vanuatu, Port Vila and Luganville . Names Mwerlap is the name of Merelava island in the language, phonetically IPA rlap . The language is sometimes referred to as Merelava or Merlav in the literature. ref Merelava reflects the name of the island in Mota language Mota , another language of the Banks Islands. Merlav represents an earlier attempt at transcribing the vernacular name of the island. ref Phonology Mwerlap has 12 phoneme phonemic vowels. These include 9 monophthong s IPA i a and 3 diphthong s IPA a . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 pp 445, 460 . ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf External links http www.language archives.org language mrm Bibliographic information on Merlav Mwerlap http justus.anglican.org resources bcp Melanesia merelava intro.html Na Buk Tatar, Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in the Merelava Mwerlap language Category Languages of ... more details
Infobox Language name Mwotlap pronunciation IPA xx m t lap states Vanuatu region Mota Lava island, Banks Islands speakers 2100 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso2 map iso3 mlv Mwotlap pronounced IPA xx m t lap formerly known as Motlav is an Oceanic languages Oceanic language spoken by about 2,100 people, ref http alex.francois.free.fr AF field.htm Vanuatu List of Banks islands languages . ref on the island of Mota Lava or Motalava , in the Banks Islands , in the northern part of Vanuatu . Mwotlap belongs to the East Vanuatu languages , a branch of the Austronesian languages family. Mwotlap was first described in 2001, by the linguist Alexandre Fran ois . Phonology Mwotlap has 7 phoneme phonemic vowels. These are 7 short monophthong s i a u . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005a p 116 Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005b p 445 ref Notes reflist References Citation last Fran ois first Alexandre author link contribution Vowel shifting and cloning in Motlav historical explanation vs. formal description editor last Klamer editor first Marian title Proceedings of AFLA 7 The Seventh Meeting of Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association volume pages 49 68 publisher Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam place Amsterdam year 2000 contribution url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois 2000 MwotlapVowels.pdf Fran ois, Alexandre 2001 , http alex.francois.free.fr AFpub books e.htm Contraintes de structures et libert dans l organisation du discours. Une description du mwotlap, langue oc anienne du Vanuatu . PhD dissertation, Universit Paris IV Sorbonne. 1078 pp. citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2003 title La s mantique du pr dicat en mwotlap Vanuatu series Collection Linguistique de la Soci t de Linguistique de Paris volume nbpages 408 publishe ... more details
A spurious diphthong or false diphthong is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a vowel length long vowel , but is written and pronounced exactly like a true diphthong , ei, ou . ref Herbert Weir Smyth , Greek Grammar , http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1a uni.htm 25 par. 25 diphthongs ref Origin A spurious diphthong has two origins from compensatory lengthening of short , e, o after the deletion phonology deletion of a consonant ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1d uni.htm 113 par. 113 , ref assibilation from palatalization muse Semivowel Transcription ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 2b uni.htm 221 par. 221 ya in short a feminine ref giver feminine compare masculine or from contraction of two vowels ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1a uni.htm 6 par. 6 genuine and spurious ei, ou ref y all love mind In general, spurious , contracts from , , , , . The specific rules are more complex. True diphthongs By contrast, true diphthongs are e or o placed before i or u . Some come from e grade of Indo European ablaut ablaut i , or o grade u , and coexist beside forms with the other grade I leave e grade genuine diphthong reduplication I have left o grade I will come e grade Homeric Greek Homeric I have come o grade ref LSJ e rxomai ref ref ref Smyth, http www.ccel.org s smyth grammar html smyth 1b uni.htm 36 par. 36 vowel grades ref Pronunciation Early in the history of Greek , the diphthong versions of and would have been pronounced as IPA ei , ou , and the long vowel versions as IPA e , o . By the Classical Greece Classical period, the diphthong and long vowel had merged in pronunciation and were both pronounced as long monophthong s IPA e , o . By the time of Koine Greek , and had shifted to ... more details
Infobox Language name Hiw states Vanuatu region Hiw island Hiw speakers 280 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso2 map iso3 hiw Hiw sometimes spelled Hiu is an Oceanic languages Oceanic language spoken on Hiw island , in the Torres islands of Vanuatu . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 p 444 ref It is distinct from Lo Toga language Lo Toga , the other language of the Torres group. The language Hiw has 280 speakers, and is considered endangered languages endangered . ref http www.unesco.org culture languages atlas en atlasmap language id 2504.html UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Hiw . ref Phonology Hiw has 9 phoneme phonemic vowel s. These are all short monophthong s i e a o . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2010a p 396 ref Hiw is the only Austronesian language whose consonant inventory includes a prestopped velar lateral approximant g this complex segment is the only Liquid consonant liquid of the language. ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2010a ref References reflist Bibliography citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2010a title Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment journal Phonology volume 27 issue 3 pages 393 434 url http 128.232.233.5 action displayAbstract?fromPage online&aid 7951801&fulltextType RA&fileId S0952675710000205 Citation last Fran ois first Alexandre author link contribution Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency On two atypical subordinating strategies in Lo Toga and Hiw Torres, Vanuat ... more details
Adangme has 7 oral vowels and 5 nasal vowels. class wikitable Monophthong s Front vowel Front Central ... IPA align center IPA Open vowel Open align center IPA a class wikitable Monophthong ... more details
Old Norse language map Old Norse topics Old Gutnish was the dialect of Old Norse language Old Norse that was spoken on the island of Gotland . It shows sufficient differences from the Old East Norse dialect also called Old Swedish or Old Danish that it is considered to be a separate branch. Today a modern version, Modern Gutnish Gutnish , is still spoken on the south east parts of Gotland and on the island of F r . The root Gut is identical to Goth , and it is often remarked that the language has similarities with the Gothic language . These similarities have led scholars such as Elias Wess n and Dietrich Hofmann to suggest that it is most closely related to Gothic. The most well known example of such a similarity is that Gothic and Gutnish called both adult and young sheep lamb . The Old Norse diphthong au e.g. auga eye remained in Old Gutnish and Old West Norse, while in Old East Norse except for peripheral dialects it evolved into the monophthong , i.e. a long version of . Likewise the diphthong ai in bain bone remained in Old Gutnish while it in Old West Norse became ei as in bein and in Old East Norse it became b n . Whereas Old West Norse had the ey diphthong and Old East Norse evolved the monophthong Old Gutnish had oy . class wikitable Proto Germanic Old Gutnish Old West Norse Old East Norse augon eye br baino bone br hauzjan hear auga br bain br hoyra auga br bein br heyra auga ga br b in b n br h yra h ra Most of the corpus of Old Gutnish is found in the Gutasaga from the 13th century. Language sample Citation issi ieluar haf i ann sun sum hit haf i. En haf a cuna hit huita stierna aun tu byg u fyrsti agutlandi fyrstu nat sum aun saman suafu a droymdi hennj draumbr. So sum rir ormar warin slungnir saman j barmj hennar Oc ytti hennj sum air scri in yr barmi hennar. inna draum seg i han firi has a bonda sinum hann ria dravm inna so. Alt ir baugum bundit bo land al itta war a oc faum ria syni aiga. aim gaf hann namn allum o fydum. guti ... more details
been shortened to monophthong s in pronunciation. Many of these are characteristic developments ... The diphthong IPA yi was monophthong ized to IPA y in Classical Attic Greek, but survives ... more details
Deterding, David year 1997 title The formants of monophthong vowels in Standard Southern British ... 2003 title An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English url journal English ... vowels. Monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs Main Monophthong Diphthong Triphthong Semivowel A vowel sound whose quality doesn t change over the duration of the vowel is called a monophthong . Monophthongs ... all three types the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong IPA , the vowel sound in boy is in most ... ow and a monophthong represented by the letters er . Some linguists use the terms diphthong and triphthong ... s as in co w and to represent a monophthong in the borrowed words linktext cwm and linktext crwth ... more details
. A disyllabic sequence of a monophthong IPA i and a diphthong IPA j is written or when ... of a monophthong IPA and a diphthong IPA j is written or when at the end of a word . For example ... of a monophthong IPA and a diphthong IPA ji is written . For example, IPA ji I was is written ... Consonants below for an example. The disyllabic sequence of the monophthong IPA i and the diphthong ... of the monophthong IPA and the diphthong IPA ju is written . For example, IPA jutjun essence ... represents IPA j when followed by , denoting IPA i.j , a disyllabic sequence of a monophthong ... more details
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