other uses Monoculture computer science Monoculture is the agriculture agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area. It is also known as a way of farming practice of growing large stands of a single species. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. However, monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen. Crop monoculture is the practice of growing the same crop year after year. ref http www.cropscience.org.au icsc2004 symposia 2 1 1128 cookrj.htm ref The term is frequently borrowed for other uses, such as raising one species of livestock in a factory farm, or even in fields other than agriculture to describe any group dominated by a single variety, e.g. in the field of musicology to describe the dominance of the American ... a monoculture computer science group of computers all running identical software. Image Tractors in Potato .... Citation needed date November 2008 Monoculture produces great yields by utilizing plants abilities ... nutrients. In the last 40 years modern practices such as monoculture planting and the use of synthesized ... 9780495556718 pages 279 ref Forestry In forestry , monoculture refers to the planting of one species of tree. ref http www.ag network chile.net Monoculture 20Forestry.htm ref Monoculture plantings provide ..., with dead trees mixed with mature and young trees. In forestry, monoculture stands that are planted ... http www.springerlink.com content w315744822422017 ref Lawns and animals Examples of monoculture ... yield and resistant to certain common diseases. Since all plants in a monoculture are genetically ... monoculture, and seeks agricultural policy that provides greater encouragement for more diverse ... Reflist 2 External links http www.new ag.info 01 1 perspect.html Monoculture and disease Category ... da Monokultur de Monokultur es Monocultivo eo Monokulturo eu Monolaborantza fr Monoculture ko hr ... more details
In the field of computer science , monoculture is a term used to describe a community of computers , all running identical software. All the computer systems in the community have the same vulnerabilities, and, like agricultural monoculture s, are subject to catastrophic failure in the event of a successful attack. This concept is significant when discussing computer security and computer virus viruses . In particular, Dan Geer has argued that Microsoft is a monoculture, since a majority of the overall number of computers connected to the Internet are workstations and servers running versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system , many of which are vulnerable to the same attacks. Category Computer network security computer stub ... more details
Tumbes Peninsula is a peninsula in Biob o Region , Chile . It connects to the mainland trough the Plains of Talcahuano where the city of Talcahuano is located. The peninsula points northward, making the city of Talcahuano an excellent port and allowing port facilities and harbour s to be located in its east side. Most of the peninsula is covered by monoculture s of exotic trees which are harvested by clearcutting . coord missing Chile Category Peninsulas of Chile Category Geography of B o B o Region Biob o geo stub es Pen nsula de Tumbes ... more details
Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture . It includes crop rotation , multi cropping , intercropping , companion planting , beneficial weed s, and alley cropping . Polyculture, though it often requires more labor, has several advantages over monoculture The diversity of crops avoids the susceptibility of monocultures to disease. For example, a study in China reported in Nature journal Nature showed that planting several varieties of rice in the same field increased yields by 89 , largely because of a dramatic 94 decrease in the incidence of disease, which made pesticides redundant dn . ref http www.mindfully.org GE Rice Diversity Yield.htm ref The greater variety of crops provides habitat for more species, increasing local biodiversity . This is one example of Reconciliation Ecology , or accommodating biodiversity within human landscapes. It is also a function of a biological pest control program. Polyculture is one of the principles of permaculture . See also Agroecology Aquaponics Beneficial weed s Companion planting Forest gardening Heirloom plant Home gardens Integrated Multi trophic Aquaculture Monoculture Nurse crop References references External links http www.satavic.org cropping systems.htm Crop rotation and polyculture http ag.arizona.edu OALS ALN aln48 hanzi.html Polycultures in the Brazilian drylands http www.new ag.info 01 1 perspect.html Polyculture and disease prevention http web.me.com blueheron55 NAC Site PolyCultures.html PolyCultures Food Where We Live Category Permaculture Category Agricultural terminology Category Sustainable agriculture Category Organic farming Category Organic gardening Category Biological pest control Category Agroecology Integrated Polyculture Farming System www.farminggroup.org is a useful link to understand this subject better es Policultivo eu Polilaborantza fr Polyculture he ... more details
a monoculture. ref name SingingSands Oriental bittersweet Asian Bittersweet this vine can kill ..., creates a monoculture. ref name SingingSands Spotted Knapweed releases toxins into the soil to poison ... more details
use of mechanized farming and monoculture beginning after World War II ref 4. Jackson ... al., 183&ndash 184 ref . Monoculture In the absence of cover, species face a landscape in which their habitat ... et al., Key Topics in Conservation Biology, Ch 4 ref . Monoculture, the practice of producing a single crop over a wide area, causes fragmentation. In conventional farming, monoculture, such as with rotations ... high yields can be produced. After the mechanization of farming, monoculture became a standard practice ... of monoculture removed the nutrients and farmers compensated for that loss by using inorganic ... more details
Cleanup date November 2009 Inappropriate tone date November 2009 Expert verify date November 2009 Image Rubber tapping.jpg thumb right Rubber tapping in Kerala , India Rubber tapping is the process by which the sap rubber is collected from a rubber tree . An incision is made in the tree s bark, which cuts through the planting cycle to optimise the latex yield. Rubber tapping is an environmentally attractive land use. Jungle rubber is essentially old secondary forest, strongly resembling the primary forest. Its species richness is about half that of the primary forest. Michon and de Foresta 1994 found that sample jungle rubber sites contained 92 tree species, 97 lianas, and 28 epiphytes against 171, 89, and 63 respectively in the primary forest, and compared to 1, 1, and 2 in monoculture estates. Thiollay 1995 estimated that jungle rubber supports about 137 bird species, against 241 in the primary forest itself. Jungle rubber is expected to resemble primary forest in its hydrological functions. ref http www.worldbank.org html prddr prdhome peg wps04 tree596.pdf ref Monoculture rubber tree plantations have far less of an environmental impact than other crops, such as coffee or especially oil palm . Process Image Rubber tree.jpg thumb Rubber tapping in Basilan , Philippines . Each night a rubber tapper must remove a thin layer of bark along a downward half spiral on the tree trunk. If done carefully and with skill, this tapping panel will yield latex for up to 5 years. Then the opposite side will be tapped allowing this side to heal over. The spiral allows the latex to run down to a collecting cup. The work is done at night or in the early morning before the day s temperature rises ref http ktemockongsamkok.blogspot.com 2007 08 my unforgettable rubber tapping.html My unforgettable rubber tapping experience , KTemoc Kongsamkok, August 21, 2007. ref , so the latex will drip longer before coagulating and sealing the cut. Depending on the final product, additional chemical ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 Hand pollination also called mechanical pollination is a technique used when natural, or open pollination is insufficient or undesirable. The most common techniques are for crops such as Cucurbitaceae cucurbit s, which may exhibit poor pollination by fruit abortion, fruit deformity or poor maturation. Hand pollination is only an option on a small scale, but is a common technique by gardeners who transfer pollen with an artist brush or cotton swab. Sometimes the Petal Corolla corolla is removed from male flower s and the flower itself is brushed against the Gynoecium Carpel anatomy stigmas of female flowers. Hand pollination can be the simple act of shaking, with tomatoes and other self fertile flowers. Tomatoes grown in greenhouses generally need aid in pollination, and this has been done by hand or with an electric vibrator for a long time. Recently it has been mostly supplanted by cultured bumblebee s. When pollination is needed on a large scale, such as for field crops, orchards or commercial seed production, honeybee s or other pollinators are cultured and provided for pollination management . The primary reason for hand pollination is lack of pollinator s which may be due to crops being moved from home areas as in vanilla beans without also taking the natural pollinator. Pollinator decline or the concentrated pollination needs of monoculture may also be factors in pollination shortage. Another reason for hand pollination is in order to control the parents of the seed to be produced. For example, all F1 hybrid s are the result of pollinating one specific variety with another specific variety, in order to produce a uniform crop. For pest prevention with some high value crops, row covers of mesh are used to prevent pest insects from access to the plants. However, this may necessitate hand pollination when bloom starts. Hand pollination is used with date palm s to avoid wasting a lot of space and energy growing sufficient male plant ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Cruelty Without Beauty Type studio Longtype Artist Soft Cell Cover Soft Cell Cruelty Without Beauty Coverart.jpg Released October 8, 2002 Recorded 2002 Genre Synthpop Length 54 56 Label Cooking Vinyl br small COOK CD245 small Producer David Ball musician Dave Ball , Ingo Vauk Reviews Allmusic Rating 4 5 Allmusic class album id r607700 pure url yes link Last album This Last Night In Sodom br 1984 This album Cruelty Without Beauty br 2002 Next album The Bedsit Tapes br 2005 Cruelty Without Beauty is the fourth, and to date last, studio album by Soft Cell . The album was released on October 8, 2002. Track listing Darker Times Monoculture Le Grand Guignol The Night Last Chance Together Alone Desperate Whatever It Takes All Out of Love Sensation Nation Caligula Syndrome On an Up Notes All songs written by Marc Almond and David Ball unless otherwise noted. Darker Times composed by Marc Almond, David Ball and Ingo Vauk The Night composed by Bob Gaudio and Ruzika Personnel Marc Almond Vocals, Backing Vocals Arranging Dave Ball Electronic Instruments, Additional Backing Vocals Dominic Glover Trumpet Nicol D Thomson Trombone Mike Smith Saxophone Chris Braide Backing Vocals Layout Grace Van Detta Engineer Ingo Vauk Assistant Mix Engineer Haicong Guo Mastering Dave Blackman Photography Evelyn Producer Dave Ball, Ingo Vauk Programming Ingo Vauk Additional Help From Antti Uusimaki, Philip Bagenal References Allmusic class album id r607700 2000s pop rock album stub Category 2002 albums Category Soft Cell albums Category Cooking Vinyl albums ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 The Elsick Mounth is an ancient trackway crossing the Grampian Mountains in the vicinity of Netherley, Scotland . This trackway was one of the few means of traversing the Grampian Mounth area in prehistoric and medieval times. ref W. Douglas Simpson , Proceeedings of the Society , published in the United Kingdom, 102, December 10, 1928 ref The highest pass of the route is attained within the Durris Forest . ref United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Map Landranger 45, Stonehaven and Banchory, 1 50,000 scale, 2004 ref Notable historical structures in the vicinity are Maryculter House , Lairhillock Inn and Muchalls Castle . Most of the lands through which the Elsick Mounth passes are within the Durris Forest while this forest would have been a mixed deciduous forest in ancient times, currently it is managed as a coniferous monoculture with extensive amounts of clearfelling . ref name Hogan http www.megalithic.co.uk article.php?sid 18037 C. Michael Hogan, Elsick Mounth , Megalithic Portal, ed A. Burnham ref History Roman legion s marched from Raedykes to Normandykes Roman Camp at the south of Peterculter as they sought higher ground evading the bog s of Red Moss and other low lying mosses associated with the Burn of Muchalls . That march used the Elsick Mounth, one of the ancient trackway s crossing the Grampian Mountains , ref name Hogan http www.megalithic.co.uk article.php?sid 18037 C. Michael Hogan, Elsick Mounth , Megalithic Portal, ed A. Burnham ref lying west of Netherley, Scotland Netherley . To the north the Romans proceeded to the next camp at Ythan Wells . ref http www.roman britain.org places glenmailen.htm Temporary Roman Marching Camps Ythan Wells Roman Camp ref See also Drovers road Meikle Carewe Hill References reflist External links http www.geograph.org.uk photo 598046 Photograph of clearfelling along the Elsick Mounth, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Aberdeenshire stub Category Geography of Aberdeenshire Category History of Aberdeenshir ... more details
infobox UK place country England latitude 52.1553 longitude 2.3217 official name Leigh Sinton population static image File Leigh Sinton the Royal Oak pub 2008 geograph.org.uk 818874.jpg 250px static image caption Leigh Sinton the Royal Oak pub 2008 shire district Malvern Hills district Malvern Hills shire county Worcestershire region West Midlands civil parish constituency westminster West Worcestershire UK Parliament constituency West Worcestershire postcode district WR13 postcode area WR post town MALVERN dial code 01886 os grid reference SO7850 london distance Leigh Sinton is a hamlet in the Malvern Hills district Malvern Hills District in the county of Worcestershire , England , and one of the constituent places of the civil parish of Leigh and Bransford. The parish lies on the A4103 Worcester to Hereford road, about 5 miles out of Worcester, whilst Malvern, Worcestershire Malvern is also about 5 miles away. It encompasses three villages Bransford , Leigh, Worcestershire Leigh and Leigh Sinton and the hamlets of Brockamin, Sandlin & Smith End Green and shares a common border with the parish of Malvern. Agriculture Leigh Sinton is essentially a farming community currently with a focus on the monoculture of hops and Christmas trees. External links commonscat http www.leighandbransford.org.uk Parish Council web site http www.bransford.org.uk Bransford web site Malvern Hills Category Villages in Worcestershire Worcestershire geo stub pl Leigh Sinton ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 Permaforestry is an approach to the wildcrafting and harvesting of the forest biomass ecology biomass that uses cultivation to improve the natural harmonious systems. It is a relationship of interdependence between humans and the natural systems in which the amount of biomass available from the forest increases with the health of its natural systems. Examples of bioproduct s derived from biomass ecology biomass that are created through permaforestry Honey, maple syrup and other tree saps, gourmet foods, functional food s, berries, wild mushrooms, ginseng, wild rice, herbs, fiddleheads, fish, frogs and crustaceans, pharmaceuticals, natural health products, essential oils, educational products, arts and crafts, decorative products, floral and greenery, garden horticultural products, woodworking, lumber, biochemicals, biofuels and bioenergy. History Permaforestry was extensively practiced by many aboriginal cultures throughout the world prior to colonization. It was replaced by Industrial agriculture modern agricultural models in most regions where the land could permit the use of machinery, monoculture, or intensive farming and harvesting practices. In the beginning of the 21st century there was a new surge of interest in permaforestry practices to address social issues such as food shortages, rural impoverishment, and changes in the logging industry. Furthermore, climate change and the green shift have inspired many individuals to reconnect to nature and find their purpose within it. The high price of agricultural land and machinery, which had rendered it very difficult for aspiring farmers to obtain a family farm, has also contributed to the development of permaforestry on land that had been previously classified as unsuitable for agriculture. See also Agroforestry Biomass Biomass ecology Bioproduct Forest Forestry Native Natural landscape Nontimber Forest Products Permaculture Terra preta Traditional Ecological Knowledge Wildcrafting Wil ... more details
Odil Yakubov is an Uzbek language Uzbek writer who died in December 2009 at the age of 83. He wrote dozens of novels and was celebrated as writer, both in the Soviet era as in the first decade of the independence of Uzbekistan since 1991. He served as chairman of the Uzbek Writers Union from 1987 to 1992. Also he was editor in chief of the newspaper Uzbekistan Literature and Art, and heading the Uzbek state film studio. He was vice president of the Assembly of Culture of Central Asia and even served in the Congress of Soviets Soviet Congress of Peoples Deputies while Mikhail Gorbachev was president. His writing reflected care for people s demands of officials and a skeptic attitude towards the state. Yakubov raised important political issues, such as cotton monoculture and Uzbek soldiers dying during the Soviet war in Afghanistan , during sessions of the Congress of People s Deputies. Among Yakubov s most famous publications in the Uzbek language are the short stories titled Peers, Two Loves, Muqaddas, Bird Wings, and novels It s Not Easy To Become A Man, Treasures of Ulugbek, Conscience, White White Swans, and Justice. He was a close friend of the Kyrgyzistan Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov , who died in June 2008 ref http www.rferl.org content Prominent Uzbek Writer Is Buried In Tashkent 1911149.html Prominent Uzbek Writer Is Buried In Tashkent ref . references Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Yakubov, Odil ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Uzbek writer DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2009 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Yakubov, Odil Category 2009 deaths Category Uzbekistani writers Category Soviet writers Uzbekistan bio stub ru , ... more details
Aktuala is the first studio album by Italian world music pioneers Aktuala . It was released on Bla Bla records in 1972. The inner sleeve of the record depicted on Maoli s site below features the large range of instruments used. Part of the point of the recording record was to ref name Maoli Maoli s web site ref to make music that was multicultural for the global vilalge and escape the global 12 note even temperament monoculture nella pluricultura del villaggio globale, affinch non si arrivi ad una monocultura, standardizzata global, dettata da un unica scala temperata di 12 note. The musicians are ref name cdliner 1992 CD reissue notes ref Walter Maioli Arabian oboe, bamboo flute, bass flute, piccolo, metal flute in C, harmonica, reeds, whistles, djembe, percussion Daniele Cavallanti soprano sax, tenor sax, clarinet Antonio Cerantola 6 string acoustic guitar, 12 string acoustic guitar, balalaika, zither, dulcimer, viola, violin Lino Capra Vaccina Moroccan bongos, kobor , African drums, tabla, gong, xylophone, whistles, cymbals, musical bow, marimba, percussion Laura Maioli tambura, percussion, whistles The tracks are ref name cdliner When The Light Began Mammoth R.C. Altamira Sarah Ngwega Alef s Dance Dejanira References Reflist External links http www.italianprog.com a aktuala.htm Page at italianprog.com http www.progarchives.com album.asp?id 6960 Page at Prog archives Categories Category Articles created via the Article Wizard Category World music groups it Aktuala album ... more details
ref ref cite web title Monoculture is killing thought last Devine first Miranda publisher Brisbane Times url http www.brisbanetimes.com.au news opinion monoculture is killing thought 2008 12 03 1228257139381.html ... more details
NOTOC Ecophagy is a term coined by Robert Freitas that means the literal consuming of an ecosystem . It derives from the Greek language Greek oikos or Late Latin oeco , which refers to a house or household , and Greek phagein to eat Freitas used the term to describe a scenario involving molecular nanotechnology gone awry. In this situation called the grey goo scenario out of control self replicating nanorobots consume entire ecosystems, resulting in global ecophagy. However, the word ecophagy is now applied more generally in reference to any event nuclear war, the spread of monoculture , massive species extinctions that might fundamentally alter the planet. Scholars suggest that these events might result in ecological collapse ecocide in that they would undermine the capacity of the Earth s biological population to repair itself. Others suggest that more mundane and less spectacular events the unrelenting growth of the human population, the steady transformation of the natural world by human beings will eventually result in a planet that is considerably less vibrant, and one that is, apart from humans, essentially lifeless. These people believe that the current human trajectory puts us on a path that will eventually lead to ecophagy. In the paper in which Freitas coined the term he wrote ref Robert Freitas , 2000 Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations ref blockquote Perhaps the earliest recognized and best known danger of molecular nanotechnology is the risk that self replicating nanorobots capable of functioning autonomously in the natural environment could quickly convert that natural environment e.g., biomass into replicas of themselves e.g., nanomass on a global basis, a scenario usually referred to as the grey goo problem but perhaps more properly termed global ecophagy . blockquote See also Ecocide Grey goo Molecular assembler References No footnotes date April 2008 Reflist Philip Ball, The ... more details
The increasing size of fields and orchards monoculture increase the importance of pollination management. Monoculture can cause a brief period when pollinators have more food resources than they can ... nowadays to make a profitable crop. Some crops, especially when planted in a monoculture situation ... more details
This article discusses historical famine s that have occurred in the area of today s Czech Republic . Various known famines occurred throughout Czech lands between 1272 and 1847. Excessive rain, cold temperatures, hail, warfare, and disease are the main causes of famines in Czech lands. The first known famine in Czech lands occurred from 1272 until 1282 and was caused by warfare and weather, which decreased the volume of crops harvested in the region. This first instance of famine caught inhabitants off guard and caused 600,000 deaths, mostly through endemic plagues, although there were some occurrences of cannibalism. Local famines also transpired in Czech regions in 1318, caused by warfare and then in 1361 and 1366, caused by crop shortage and failures. The years 1432 through 1434 were known as the hungry years in Czech lands as they faced climatic issues for the duration of the Hussite Wars . The Hussite Wars were fought in Bohemia between the followers of the executed Jan Hus , a renowned contributor to the Protestant movement. This set of wars was one of the first known military actions fought with hand held gunpowder weapons. The final two years of this fourteen year set of wars sparked an increase in the price of grain. At one point grain was six times the price it had been prior to the wars. People in Czech lands were unable to afford grain until the price returned back to an affordable rate. Around 1560 a decrease in temperature resulted in another disappointing harvest. A famine following the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748 killed 1200 people in Doksy , a city in northern Czech lands. The next recorded famine in Czech lands was the Great Famine , which lasted from 1770 until 1771. The cause of the Great Famine was a disease of grain monoculture and heavy rains. The Great Famine killed twelve percent of Czech lands population, up to 500,000 inhabitants, and radicalized countrysides leading to peasant uprisings. This famine ended when Czech lands impo ... more details
The Qaraqum Canal Karakum Canal, Kara Kum Canal, Garagum Canal lang ru , Karakumsky Kanal , Turkmen Garagum kanally in Turkmenistan is one of the largest irrigation and water supply canal s in the world. Started in 1954, and completed in 1988, it is navigable over much of its 1,375 km length, and carries 13 km of water annually from the Amu Darya River across the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan . The canal opened up huge new tracts of land to agriculture, especially to cotton monoculture heavily promoted by the Soviet Union , and supplying Ashgabat with a major source of water. Unfortunately, the primitive construction of the canal allows almost 50 of the water to escape en route, creating lakes and ponds along the canal, and a rise in groundwater leading to widespread soil salinization problems. The canal is also a major factor leading to the Aral Sea environmental disaster. History The current Qaraqum Canal was not the first major attempt to bring the Amu Darya water to the Karakums. In the early 1950s, the construction was started on the Main Turkmen Canal lang ru ru , which would start at a much more northerly location near Nukus , and run southwest toward Krasnovodsk . The canal would use around 25 of the Amu Darya s water. The works were abandoned after the death of Stalin , the current Karakum Canal route being chosen instead. ref Nikola Gavrilovich Kharin, Vegetation Degradation in Central Asia Under the Impact of Human Activities . Pp. 56 58. Springer, 2002. ISBN 1402003978. http books.google.com books?id XFmrOmqOYdQC On Google Books ref Reservoirs such as Hanhowuz Reservoir were created to help regulate it. References Reflist External links http encarta.msn.com map 701510680 Garagum Canal.html Map of Qaraqum Canal World Atlas msn encarta Rivers of Turkmenistan coord 38 15 16 N 57 49 09 E display title region TM type waterbody source dewiki Category Canals in Turkmenistan Catego ... more details
A bioshelter is a solar greenhouse managed as an indoor ecosystem . The word bioshelter was coined by the New Alchemy Institute and solar designers Sean Wellesley Miller and Day Chahroudi ref name todd Todd, N.J. and Todd J., 1994. From Eco Cities to Living Machines Principles of Ecological Design, North Atlantic Books, Berkley, CA. ref . The term was created to distinguish their work in greenhouse design and management from twentieth century petro chemical fuelled monoculture greenhouses. New Alchemy s pioneering work in Ecological Design ecological design is documented in their published Journals and Reports. In 1976 the Alchemists built the Cape Cod Ark bioshelter and her sister The Prince Edward Island Ark. For the next 15 years the New Alchemy Institute studied and reported on the use of these prototype food producing ecosystems. A bioshelter life shelter involves two fields of knowledge and design. The first is architecture designed to nurture an ecosystem within. A bioshelter structure uses glazing to contain and protect the living biology inside, control air exchange and absorb energy. The building exchanges nutrient s, gases and energy with the surrounding environment, produces Crop agriculture crops , and recycles waste organic material into the soil. ref name todd Solar energy is stored as heat energy in thermal mass such as water, stone, masonry, soil and plant biomass. The second is the biology inside the bioshelter. in 1978 Earle Barnhart of the New Alchemy Institute has compared a bioshelter to a contained ecosystem. ref Barnhart, E. 1978. Biotechnic Strategies in Bioshelters, The Journal of the New Alchemists No. 5, New Alchemy Institute, Falmouth MA ref The structure of the bioshelter and the thermal mass inside moderates the air temperature. Solar heat is absorbed and stored for later use. Water moves through the soil and plants. Year round habitat is provided for beneficial insects . Ecological relationships between pests and their predators reduc ... more details
Taxobox name Colombian Grebe status EX status system IUCN3.1 extinct 1977 regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Bird Aves ordo grebe Podicipediformes familia Podicipedidae genus Podiceps species P. andinus binomial Podiceps andinus binomial authority Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee Meyer de Schauensee , 1959 The Colombian Grebe Podiceps andinus , was a grebe aquatic bird found in the Bogot wetlands in the Eastern Andes of Colombia . The species was still abundant on Lake Tota 3000m in 1945 . The species has occasionally been considered a subspecies of Black necked Grebe P. nigricollis . The decline of the Colombian grebe is attributed to wetland drainage, siltation , pesticide pollution , disruption by reed harvesting, hunting, competition, and predation of chicks by rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri del Hoyo et al. 1992 . The primary reason was loss of habitat drainage of wetlands and siltation resulted in higher concentrations of pollutant, caussing eutrophication across Lake Tota . This destroyed the open, submergent pondweed Potamogeton vegetation and resulted in the formation of a dense monoculture of water weed Elodea Varty et al. 1986, Fjeldsa 1993, as cited in O Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997 . By 1968 the species had declined to approximately 300 birds. Only two records of this bird was made in the 1970s one seen 1972, and the last confirmed record from 1977 when three birds were seen. Intensive studies in 1981 and 1982 failed to find the species and it is now considered extinct. References IUCN2006 assessors BirdLife International year 2004 id 17806 title Podiceps andinus downloaded 2007 04 25 Justification for extinct status Last confirmed record in 1977, and because intensive studies in 1981 and 1982 failed to find the species, it is now considered extinct. http www.birdlife.org datazone species index.html?action SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid 3642&m 0 BirdLife Species Factsheet Grebes Category Podiceps Category Podicipedidae Category Bird extinctions since 1500 C ... more details
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