Image Microtuble.jpg thumb right Space filling model of a microtubule segment derived from cryo electron microscopy. The protofilaments are seen running along the axis of the segment. The microtubule end ... WV, Nogales E, Downing KH title Microtubule structure at 8 resolution journal Structure volume ... browse Microtubule title Microtubule Definitions from Dictionary.com publisher dictionary.reference.com ... protofilament. The image above illustrates a small section of microtubule, a few dimers in length. Another important feature of microtubule structure is wiktionary polarity polarity . Tubulin polymerizes ... parallel to one another, so in a microtubule, there is one end, the end, with only subunits exposed while the other end, the end, only has subunits exposed. The end is capped so elongation of the microtubule ... by the microtubule organizing center s MTOCs , such as centriole s and basal body basal bodies ... that allow organelles and other cellular factors to move along the microtubule. A notable structure ... is facilitated by a subgroup of microtubules known as astral microtubules , defined as a microtubule ... portion attached to the microtubule. This allows for dynein contraction to pull the centrosome ... on several microtubule associated proteins such as EB1 and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli APC . Nucleation and growth Polymerization of microtubules is nucleated in a microtubule organizing center ... as a scaffold for tubulin dimers to begin polymerization it acts as a cap of the end while microtubule ... refers to the coexistence of assembly and disassembly at the end of a microtubule. The microtubule ... to depolymerization. A GDP bound tubulin subunit at the tip of a microtubule will fall off, though a GDP bound tubulin in the middle of a microtubule cannot spontaneously pop out. Since tubulin adds onto the end of the microtubule only in the GTP bound state, there is generally a cap of GTP bound tubulin at the tip of the microtubule, protecting it from disassembly. When hydrolysis catches up ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 Protein Name tubulin, gamma caption image width HGNCid 12417 Symbol TUBG1 AltSymbols TUBG EntrezGene 7283 EnsemblID ENSG00000131462 OMIM 191135 RefSeq NM 001070 UniProt P23258 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 17 Arm q Band 21 LocusSupplementaryData Microtubule s are filaments of the cytoskeleton . They typically form through the polymerization of and tubulin dimers elongating existing microtubules. The De novo synthesis de novo formation of microtubules requires an initiation event called microtubule nucleation . Microtubule nucleation requires the action of a third type of tubulin, tubulin, which is distinct from the and subunits which compose the microtubules themselves. The tubulin combines with several other associated proteins to form a circular structure known as the tubulin ring complex TuRC . This complex acts as a scaffold for tubulin dimers to begin polymerization. It also acts as a cap of the end while microtubule growth continues towards the direction. The TuRC is typically found as the core functional unit in a microtubule organizing center MTOC , such as the centrosome in animal cells or the Spindle pole body spindle pole bodies in Fungus fungi and algae . However, the cells of higher plant s for example lack distinct MTOCs and microtubules are nucleated at TuRCs distributed around the nuclear envelope . Microtubules can also nucleate in the cytoplasm , forming so called astral microtubules radiating star like from a diffusible nucleation center. Several proteins are involved in the formation of the TuRC and the temporal and spatial control of microtubule nucleation. These include for example coiled coil proteins with structural functions and regulatory proteins, such as components of the Ran biology Ran cycle . In some filamentous fungi gamma tubulin localizes at the tip. Cytoskeletal Proteins DEFAULTSORT Microtubule Nucleation Category Cell anatomy Category Cytoskeleton ... more details
In cell biology , microtubule associated proteins MAPs are proteins that interact with the microtubule ... ized or depolymerized tubulin, and in most cases leads to the stabilization of microtubule structure ... microtubules. MAP microtubule binding is regulated through MAP phosphorylation. This is accomplished through the function of the microtubule affinity regulating kinase MARK protein. Phosphorylation ... is usually associated with a destabilization of the microtubule causing it to fall apart ..., the N terminals bind other parts of the cytoskeleton or the plasma membrane to control spacing of the microtubule ... have a Conservation genetics conserved C terminal end C terminal microtubule binding Structural ... of addition of new subunits, accelerating microtubule growth. Both MAP2 and tau have been shown to stabilize microtubules by binding to the outer surface of the microtubule protofilaments ref Al Bassam , ref Santerlla . A single study has been suggested that MAP2 and tau bind on the inner microtubule ... cancer ref Kar . However, the evidence is in favor of MAP2 and tau binding to the outer microtubule ... proteins binding a single microtubule to promote stabilization. Tau as well helps to stabilize microtubules ... of microtubules in nerve cells ref Mandelkow . This increase in microtubule instability may be one ... for Xenopus . XMAP215 has generally been linked to microtubule stabilization. During mitosis the Microtubule ... a role in mitosis. There are many other proteins which affect microtubule behavior, such as catastrophin ... them and link them to various cellular components including other microtubules. See also Microtubule ..., Safer D, Halpain S, Milligan RA title MAP2 and tau bind longitudinally along the outer ridges of microtubule ... 12082079 Note Childs Childs, G. V. 2001 http www.cytochemistry.net Cell biology microtubule intro.htm ... author Drewes G, Ebneth A, Mandelkow EM title MAPs, MARKs and microtubule dynamics journal Trends Biochem ... K, Habermann B, Hyman AA title XMAP215 a key component of the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton journal ... more details
The microtubule organising centre MTOC is a structure found in eukaryote eukaryotic cells from which microtubule s emerge. MTOCs have two main functions the organization of eukaryotic flagellum flagella and cilium cilia and the organization of the mitosis mitotic and meiosis meiotic spindle apparatus separating the chromosome s during cell division . The MTOC is the site of microtubule nucleation and can be visualized in cells by Immunohistochemistry immunohistochemical detection of Tubulin .CE.B3 tubulin tubulin . In animals, the two most important types of MTOCs are the basal body basal bodies associated with cilia and certain intercellular junctions in epithelial cells, and the centrosome associated with spindle formation. Centrosome main Centrosome Most animal cells during interphase have one centrosome, usually located near the cell nucleus nucleus , and generally associated closely with the Golgi apparatus . The centrosome usually has a pair of centriole s. Microtubules are anchored with their minus ends in the centrosome, and because microtubules dissociate preferentially at this end, this anchoring has a stabilizing effect, and MTOC associated microtubules can grow very quickly. The polarity of the microtubules is important for membrane bound transport , as the motor protein s kinesin and dynein typically move preferentially in either the plus or minus direction, respectively, along a microtubule, allowing vesicles to be directed to or from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Basal body main Basal body In epithelial cells, MTOCs also anchor and organize the microtubules that make up cilia. As with the centrosome, these MTOCs stabilize and give direction to the microtubules, in this case to allow unidirectional movement of the cilium itself, rather than ..., the nuclear envelope itself appears to function as the main MTOC for microtubule nucleation and spindle organization during plant cell mitosis. External links MeshNumber A11.284.195.190.750.585 Microtubule ... more details
enzyme Name microtubule severing ATPase EC number 3.6.4.3 CAS number IUBMB EC number 3 6 4 3 GO code 0008568 image width caption In enzymology , a microtubule severing ATPase EC number 3.6.4.3 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math ADP phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase tubulin dimerizing . References reflist 1 cite journal author McNally FJ, Vale RD date 1993 title Identification of katanin, an ATPase that severs and disassembles stable microtubules journal Cell. volume 75 pages 419&ndash 29 pmid 8221885 doi 10.1016 0092 8674 93 90377 3 issue 3 cite journal author Cheesman S, Heuser J, Vale RD, McNally FJ date 1998 title Katanin, a microtubule severing protein, is a novel AAA ATPase that targets to the centrosome using a WD40 containing subunit journal Cell. volume 93 pages 277&ndash 87 pmid 9568719 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 00 81578 0 issue 2 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.4 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Catastrophin , or KIF2, is a Microtubule microtubal motor protein which causes destabilization, ie. increases dynamic instability, of the microtubule plus end. It is specifically a kinesin like protein with a motor domain situated in the middle portion of its heavy chain. See also Microtubule associated protein Kinesin Category Motor proteins biochem stub ... more details
Refimprove date September 2010 Used in cytogenetics , colcemid, also known as demecolcine , is related to colchicine but it is less toxic. It depolymerization depolymerises microtubules and limits microtubule formation inactivates spindle fibre formation , thus arresting cell biology cell s in metaphase and allowing cell harvest and karyotyping to be performed. Mechanism of Action Colcemid is a microtubule depolymerizing drug like vinblastine . It acts by two distinct mechanisms. At very low concentration it binds to microtubule plus end to suppress microtubule dynamics. ref cite journal last1 Jordan first1 Mary Ann last2 Wilson first2 Leslie title Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs journal Nature reviews. Cancer volume 4 issue 4 pages 253 65 year 2004 pmid 15057285 doi 10.1038 nrc1317 ref Recent study has found at higher concentration colcemid can promote microtubule detachment from microtubule organizing center. Detached microtubules with unprotected minus end depolymerizes with time. Cytotoxicity of the cells seems to correlate better with microtubule detachment. ref name pmid20696757 cite journal last1 Yang first1 Hailing last2 Ganguly first2 Anutosh last3 Cabral first3 Fernando title Inhibition of cell migration and cell division correlate with distinct effects of microtubule inhibiting drugs journal The Journal of biological chemistry volume 285 issue 42 pages 32242 50 year 2010 pmid 20696757 pmc 2952225 doi 10.1074 jbc.M110.160820 ref Lower concentration affects microtubule dynamics and cell migration. ref name pmid20696757 References Reflist Category Microtubule inhibitors de Demecolcin ... more details
Orphan date November 2010 Biorientation is the phenomenon whereby microtubule s emanating from different microtubule organizing centre s MTOCs attach to kinetochore s of sister chromatid s. This results in the sister chromatids moving to opposite poles of the cell during cell division , and thus results in both daughter cells having the same genetic information. Cell biology stub Category Organelles ... more details
PBB geneid 4134 Microtubule associated protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP4 gene ... Mr microtubule associated protein MAP4 contains a domain homologous to the microtubule binding domains ... by this gene is a major non neuronal microtubule associated protein. This protein contains a domain similar to the microtubule binding domains of neuronal microtubule associated protein MAP2 and microtubule associated protein tau MAPT MAPT TAU . This protein promotes microtubule assembly, and has been shown to counteract destabilization of interphase microtubule catastrophe promotion. Cyclin .... The phosphorylation of this protein affects microtubule properties and cell cycle progression ... Gene MAP4 microtubule associated protein 4 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ... reading citations cite journal author Chapin SJ, Bulinski JC title Microtubule stabilization by assembly promoting microtubule associated proteins a repeat performance. journal Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton ... author West RR, Tenbarge KM, Olmsted JB title A model for microtubule associated protein 4 structure ... different microtubule binding domains. journal Biochemistry volume 34 issue 7 pages 2289 ... JC, et al. title Cyclin B interaction with microtubule associated protein 4 MAP4 targets p34cdc2 kinase to microtubules and is a potential regulator of M phase microtubule dynamics. journal J. Cell ... of microtubule associated protein 4 MAP4 . journal Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton volume 27 issue 2 pages ... cite journal author Illenberger S, Drewes G, Trinczek B, et al. title Phosphorylation of microtubule ... of microtubule dynamics. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 271 issue 18 pages 10834 43 year 1996 ... author Nguyen HL, Gruber D, Bulinski JC title Microtubule associated protein 4 MAP4 regulates ... affects microtubule properties and cell cycle progression. journal J. Cell. Sci. volume 114 issue Pt .... title The projection domain of MAP4 suppresses the microtubule bundling activity of the microtubule ... more details
polymerization depolymerize a microtubule from both ends making it a very efficient process. The exact mechanism of Kinesin 13 activated microtubule depolymerization remains unclear, however ... description. The protein first contacts the side wall of a microtubule. This is not a stable ... microtubule protofilament . Steric hindrance between the molecule neck and adjacent protofilament further inhibits full contact between protein and the microtubule and only facilitates one dimensional diffusion along the microtubule. At this time, The protein s nucleotide binding pocket ... reaches the end of the microtubule, the protofilament spontaneously curves itself allowing motor ... to the curved region supporting the theory that they do not actively peel away the microtubule but they wait ... by binding to the end of the microtubule and then catalyze depolymerization. Functions during mitosis ... Mechanism for Microtubule Destabilizers M Type Kinesins Stabilize Curling of the Protofilament Using ... more details
CMTC may refer to Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita , a rare congenital vascular disorder often affecting the skin first described by Cato van Lohuizen . Central del Movimiento de Trabajadores Costarricenses , a trade union centre in Costa Rica Cytoplasmic Microtubule Complex , the network of Microtubules within the Cytoplasm of a cell. disambig ... more details
Summary Schematic representation of microtubule arrays typical for mitosis in plant cell s 1 Preprophase with preprophase band visible along the plasma membrane circling the Nucleus cell nucleus . 2 Metaphase with acentrosomal mitotic spindle . 3 Telophase with newly formed daughter nuclei, phragmoplast microtubule array and cell plate growing from the center outwards new cell wall already formed in center . 4 Daughter cells after cytokinesis is complete. References P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn 2005 Biology of Plants , 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0 7167 1007 2 svg Licensing PD self date December 2005 ... more details
PBB geneid 4130 Microtubule associated protein 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP1A ... of human microtubule associated protein 1B and the identification of a related gene on chromosome ... specific expression of human microtubule associated protein 1A MAP1A gene and its assignment to human ... pmc doi 10.1002 jnr.490400613 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene MAP1A microtubule associated ... that belongs to the microtubule associated protein family. The proteins of this family are thought to be involved in microtubule assembly, which is an essential step in neurogenesis. The product .... Studies of the rat microtubule associated protein 1A gene suggested a role in early events ... L, Danielson UH title Proteolytic cleavage of microtubule associated proteins by retroviral proteinases ... 1A and MAP 1B are structurally related microtubule associated proteins with distinct developmental patterns ... journal author Bloom GS, Luca FC, Vallee RB title Widespread cellular distribution of MAP 1A microtubule ... journal author Pedrotti B, Colombo R, Islam K title Microtubule associated protein MAP1A is an actin ... al. title Microtubule associated proteins, MAP 1A and MAP 1B, interact with F actin in vitro. journal ... SS, Hammarback JA title Molecular characterization of light chain 3. A microtubule binding subunit of MAP1A ... cite journal author Fink JK, Jones SM, Esposito C, Wilkowski J title Human microtubule associated ... cite journal author Vaillant AR, M ller R, Langkopf A, Brown DL title Characterization of the microtubule binding domain of microtubule associated protein 1A and its effects on microtubule dynamics ... density 93 to dendritic microtubules and interaction with microtubule associated protein ... cite journal author Mei X, Sweatt AJ, Hammarback JA title Regulation of microtubule associated ..., Lazereg S, et al. title Differential binding regulation of microtubule associated proteins MAP1A, MAP1B ... 1a microtubule associated proteins. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue 33 pages 31340 8 year ... more details
Katanin is a microtubule severing AAA protein . It is named after the Japanese sword, katana . Katanin ..., J., Vale, R. & McNally, F. 1998 Katanin, a Microtubule Severing Protein, Is a Novel AAA ATPase .... Mechanism and regulation of microtubule length Structural analysis using X ray crystallography has revealed that microtubule protofilaments change from a straight to a curved conformation ... of a polymerized microtubule, the stabilizing interactions created by the surrounding lattice lock ... 9003 haverf?sid google&aulast Downing&auinit KH&atitle Tubulin and microtubule structure&id pmid 9484591 Downing, K. & Nogales, E. 1998 . Tubulin and microtubule structure. ref In order ... on the microtubule wall oligomerization increases the Dissociation constant Protein ligand ... within the microtubule lattice 13 longitudinal bonds must be broken . The conformational change also ... Microtubule Disassembly by ATP dependent Oligomerization of the AAA Enzyme Katanin ref The following ... of the microtubule only a protofilament shown here , which is depicted in the upper right corner. Upon ATP hydrolysis, a conformational change that disrupts the tubulin interactions and severs the microtubule occurs. The katanins then disengage and are freed for use on another microtubule. The severing ... diphosphate ADP with ATP, protective microtubule associated proteins MAPs , and the p80 subunit ... of microtubules around the centrosome and inhibition of microtubule outgrowth. ref name Ahmad1999 ... serve to maintain organization in the cytoplasm by promoting microtubule disassembly and efficient movement. During cell division, severing at the spindle pole produces free microtubule ends and allows poleward flux of tubulin and retraction of the microtubule. Severing microtubules in the cytoplasm ... Katanin mediated microtubule severing is an important step in mitosis and meiosis . It has been shown ... for the M Phase Microtubule severing Activity in Xenopus Eggs ref The disassembly of microtubules ... more details
up microtubule s. Each has a molecular weight of approximately 55 kilo Dalton unit Dalton s. Microtubules ... title Microtubule dynamics journal J Cell Sci volume 115 issue Pt 1 pages 3 4 year 2002 month January pmid 11801717 url ref After the dimer is incorporated into the microtubule, the molecule of GTP bound ... along the Microtubule Structure microtubule protofilament . ref name pmid12700769 cite journal author Howard J, Hyman AA title Dynamics and mechanics of the microtubule plus end journal Nature volume ... in the microtubule. Dimers bound to GTP tend to assemble into microtubules, while dimers bound to GDP tend to fall apart thus, this GTP cycle is essential for the Microtubule Dynamic instability dynamic instability of the microtubule. Tubulin Human tubulin subtypes include ref name pmid11163133 ... Beta Tubulin.png thumb right tubulin in Tetrahymena sp. Class III tubulin is a microtubule ... for rapid microtubule transport in neurons and in higher plants. ref name pmid8221885 cite ... TUBB4 TUBB4Q TUBB6 Tubulin Tubulin, another member of the tubulin family, is important in the Microtubule ... and spindle pole body spindle pole bodies , since these are the areas of most abundant microtubule ... known as tubulin ring complexes TuRCs , which chemically mimic the end of a microtubule .... tubulin is the best understood mechanism of microtubule nucleation, but certain studies have indicated ... Microtubule nucleation TUBG1 TUBG2 TUBGCP2 TUBGCP3 TUBGCP4 TUBGCP5 TUBGCP6 And tubulin Delta ... and inhibits microtubule formation, arresting neutrophil granulocyte neutrophil motility and decreasing ... in cancer treatment. See also Microtubule Cytoskeleton Motor protein Kinesin Dynein FtsZ References ... more details
Polyglutamylation is a form of reversible posttranslational modification of glutamate residues seen for example in alpha and beta tubulins , nucleosome assembly proteins NAP1 and NAP2. The &gamma carboxy group of glutamate may form peptide bond peptide like bond with the amino group of a free glutamate whose &alpha carboxy group can now be extended into a polyglutamate chain. ref cite web url http perso.curie.fr Carsten.Janke title Polyglutamylation mechanism ref The glutamylation is done by the enzyme glutamylase and removed by deglutamylase . Polyglutamylation of chain length of up to six occurs in certain glutamate residues near the C terminus of most major forms of tubulins. These residues, though themselves not involved in direct binding, cause conformational shifts that regulate binding of microtubule associated proteins MAP and Tau and motors ref cite journal author Boucher D, Larcher JC, Gros F, Denoulet P title Polyglutamylation of tubulin as a progressive regulator of in vitro interactions between the microtubule associated protein Tau and tubulin journal Biochemistry volume 33 issue 41 pages 12471 7 year 1994 month October pmid 7522559 ref . External links http perso.curie.fr Carsten.Janke The role of tubulin polymodifications in microtubule functions References reflist Protein primary structure Category Posttranslational modification Category Protein structure ja ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Microtentacles are microtubule based protrusions that occur in detached cells. They were discovered by scientists studying metastatic breast cancer cells at the University of Maryland, Baltimore . These protrusions are unusual in that they are not actin based. The function of microtentacles may be to aid in metastasis . Breast cancer cells that have microtentacles travel more slowly in blood vessels than breast cancer cells that do not have microtentacles. The microtentacles may allow these cells to latch on to blood vessel walls and invade other tissues. References Whipple, R.A. Balzer, E.M. Cho, E.H Matrone, M.A Yoon, J.R. Martin, S.S. 2008 Cancer Research , 68 5678 5688. DOI 10.1158 0008 5472.CAN 07 6589 Whipple, R.A., Cheung, A.M., Martin, S.S. 2007 Detyrosinated microtubule protrusions in suspended mammary epithelial cells promote reattachment. Experimental Cell Research 313 7 1326 36. DOI 10.1016 j.yexcr.2007.02.001 Category Cell biology ... more details
Pericentriolar material PCM is an amorphous mass of protein which makes up the part of the centrosome that surrounds the two centriole s. The PCM contains proteins responsible for microtubule nucleation and Microtubule anchoring anchoring ref cite pmid 1967194 ref including tubulin , pericentrin and ninein . According to the Gene Ontology , the following human proteins are associated with the PCM http amigo.geneontology.org cgi bin amigo term assoc.cgi?gptype all&speciesdb all&taxid 9606&evcode all&term assocs all&term GO 3A0000242&session id 8778amigo1254139139&action filter BBS4 , Bardet Biedl syndrome 4 protein Lck , Proto oncogene tyrosine protein kinase LCK PCM1 , Pericentriolar material 1 protein TNKS , Tankyrase 1 TNKS2 , Tankyrase 2 TUBE1 , Tubulin epsilon chain References reflist Centrosome Category Cell biology Cell biology stub ... more details
PBB geneid 4131 Microtubule associated protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP1B ... J, Ward DC, Gilliam TC, Kunkel LM title Mapping of human microtubule associated protein 1B in proximity ... entrez cite web title Entrez Gene MAP1B microtubule associated protein 1B url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... section title summary text This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the microtubule associated protein family. The proteins of this family are thought to be involved in microtubule assembly, which .... Gene knockout studies of the mouse microtubule associated protein 1B gene suggested an important ... have been described. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene MAP1B microtubule associated protein ... of microtubule associated protein 1B and modulates neuritogenesis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... J, Downward Julian, Maher Eamonn R, Latif Farida year 2004 month Jun. title RASSF1A interacts with microtubule associated proteins and modulates microtubule dynamics journal Cancer Res. volume 64 issue ... to form a complex N terminal microtubule binding domain. journal Neuron volume 7 issue 1 pages 129 39 ... L, Obar R, Vallee RB title MAP 1A and MAP 1B are structurally related microtubule associated proteins ... N, Kunkel LM title Cloning of human microtubule associated protein 1B and the identification ... of microtubule associated protein 5 MAP5 in the molecular layer of cerebellum in preterm infants ... of the light chain of microtubule associated protein MAP1B microtubule stabilization, self interaction ... doi 10.1038 16258 cite journal author Jensen PH, Islam K, Kenney J, et al. title Microtubule associated ... journal author Tanner SL, Franzen R, Jaffe H, Quarles RH title Evidence for expression of some microtubule ... journal author Mei X, Sweatt AJ, Hammarback JA title Regulation of microtubule associated protein 1B ... R, Tanner SL, Dashiell SM, et al. title Microtubule associated protein 1B a neuronal binding partner ... al. title Microtubule associated protein 1B a neuronal binding partner for gigaxonin. journal ... more details
DCX may refer to McDonnell Douglas DC X , an unmanned prototype spacecraft DaimlerChrysler , the former name of Daimler AG, a German car corporation doublecortin , a microtubule associated protein in Roman numerals , 610 File formats A filename extension used for a Microsoft Visual FoxPro database container file A bitmap graphics file in PCX Multipage PCX , a format used by some computer fax and document management programs disambig de DCX it DCX ru DCX ... more details
P80, P.80 or P 80 may refer to Nikon Coolpix P80 , digital camera Vega rocket P80 , rocket engine Pottier P.80 , sport aircraft P 80 Shooting Star , jet fighter P80, subunit of the protein Katanin Mechanism and regulation of microtubule length Katanin P80, Glock pistol used by the Austrian military and police disambig de P80 fr P80 no P 80 ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 An axostyle is a sheet of microtubule s found in certain microbial eukaryotes . It arises from the bases of the flagella, sometimes projecting beyond the end of the cell, and is often flexible or contractile, and so may be involved in movement and provides support for the cell. Axostyles originate in association with a flagellar microtubular root and occur in two groups, the oxymonad s and parabasalid s they have different structures and are not homology biology homologous . Cell biology stub Category Cell biology es Axostilo ... more details
Summary Description Microtubule dynamics during preprophase and prophase in plant cell mitosis . The images follow a Tobacco BY 2 cells tobacco BY 2 cell through the first stages of mitosis. N Nucleus, V Vacuole, PPB Preprophase band, MTN Microtubule nucleation, NEB Nuclear envelope breakdown. The growing ends of microtubules are shown in green labeled with green fluorescent protein fused to the microtubule plus end binding protein EB1 of Arabidopsis thaliana . 1 and 2 The preprophase band is visible at the cell wall. 3 Microtubles start nucleating at the nuclear envelope. 4 The preprophase band starts to disappear. 5 Microtubules around the nucleus form the prophase spindle . 6 The nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle microtubules occupy the nuclear space. Also see the http www.biomedcentral.com 1741 7007 3 11 suppl S5 movie corresponding to this figure. The movie is accelerated 100 times. The real time is 12 min. Image source attribution Modified by adding additional labels from figure 2G L from Dhonukshe, P, Mathur, J, H lskamp, M, Gadella, TWJ 2005 Microtubule plus ends reveal essential links between intracellular polarization and localized modulation of endocytosis during division plane establishment in plant cells. http www.biomedcentral.com 1741 7007 3 11 BMC Biology 3 11 , doi 10.1186 1741 7007 3 11 Copyright 2005 Dhonukshe et al. License This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http creativecommons.org licenses by 2.0 , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Licensing cc by 2.5 ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2008 Class III tubulin , otherwise known as III tubulin or tubulin III , is a microtubule element of the tubulin family found almost exclusively in neuron s. It is possible to use monoclonal antibody monoclonal antibodies and immunohistochemistry to identify neurons in samples of brain tissue, separating neurons from glial cell s, which do not express Class III tubulin. Category Cell anatomy Category Cytoskeleton Category Proteins protein stub ... more details
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