A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated population s of the same species which interact at some level. The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1970 to describe a model ... ref A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied. In classical metapopulation theory, each ... have finite life spans, the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from ... of metapopulation theory, in conjunction with the development of source sink dynamics , emphasised ... populations may be able to do this. Metapopulation theory was first developed for terrestrial ecosystems ... is equivalent to the metapopulation science term local population . Most marine examples are provided ... and recruitment from other local populations in the larger metapopulation. Kritzer & Sale have argued against strict application of the metapopulation definitional criteria that extinction risks to local populations must be non negligible. ref name Kritzer06 rp 32 An important contributor to metapopulation ... issue 6111 pages 388 doi 10.1038 326388a0 ref Although the term metapopulation had not yet been coined ... of a metapopulation relating to how groups of spatially separated populations of species ... Janssen, A. et al. 1997. Metapopulation Dynamics of a Persisting Predator Prey system. ref In spatially ... can move between patches, this is beneficial for survival of metapopulation because it allows recolonization of patches The Levins model Levins original model applied to a metapopulation distributed ... in metapopulation dynamics. Since the experiments of Huffaker ref name Huffaker1958 and Levins, ref ... metapopulation processes are stochastic . Metapopulations are particularly useful when discussing ... Thresholds and Metapopulation Persistence in Dynamic Landscapes journal The American Naturalist volume 156 pages 478 4945 doi 10.1086 303407 ref For conservation biology purposes, metapopulation models ... more details
Applications Vol.12, No.2, pp.346 353. ref Mathematical Models Metapopulation type models are used to predict extinction thresholds. The classic metapopulation model is the Levins Model , which is the model of metapopulation dynamics established by Richard Levins in the 1960s. It was used to evaluate ... and stochastic metapopulation models. Deterministic Deterministic metapopulation models assume that there are an infinite number of habitat patches available and predict that the metapopulation will go ... ETMM Stochastic Stochastic metapopulation models take into account stochasticity, which is the non deterministic or random processes in nature. With this approach a metapopulation may be above the threshold ... ETMM The complex nature of these models can result in a small metapopulation that is considered to be above ... name ETMM Other Factors When using metapopulation type models to predict extinction thresholds there are a number ... threshold because of instability in either the metapopulation or environmental conditions, is also ... may be less able to sustain a metapopulation than previously understood without considering ... more details
Unreferenced stub type plant auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Taxobox name Linaria ricardoi regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Plantaginaceae genus Linaria species L. ricardoi binomial Linaria ricardoi binomial authority P.Cout. Linaria ricardoi is a very rare Portuguese endemic plant species. This species main distribution area is near Beja region Baixo Alentejo and blossoms in March to May. There are only a few known populations of the Linaria ricardoi distributed in a metapopulation, and it faces risk of extinction due to land use change. DEFAULTSORT Linaria Ricardoi Category Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae stub az Linaria ricardoi es Linaria ricardoi ... more details
File Ilkka Hanski.jpg thumb Ilkka Hanski in January 2009. Ilkka Hanski born in Lemp l , Finland 14 February 1953 is a Finnish scientist, working in the field of ecology , at Helsinki University , Finland. The Metapopulation Research Group led by Hanski has been nominated as a Center of Excellence by the Academy of Finland. The group studies species living in fragmented landscapes and attempts to advance such research of metapopulation ecology that can be applied to preserving nature. Metapopulation ecology itself studies populations of plants and animals which are separated in space by occupying patches. Ilkka Hanski took his Bachelor s degree and Licentiate s degree in the University of Helsinki in 1976 and Doctoral degree in Oxford in 1979. He was appointed as a docent in the University of Helsinki in 1981 and in the University of Joensuu in 1983. Hanski was a graduate student in Oxford from 1976 to 1979. He has worked in the Academy of Finland from 1978 to 1988 as well as from 1991 to 1992. He worked as an acting professor of zoology in the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1991, and was appointed full professorship of zoology in 1993. Hanski has work as an Academy Professor of the Academy of Finland from 1996. In 2000 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Ecological Sciences. In 2000, he was elected a foreign members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In June 2005, he was the second Finnish scientist ever made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of London . In April 2006, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the United States National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences . He was awarded the Crafoord Prize in biosciences 2011 for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations . ref http www.cisionwire.com kungl vetenskapsakademien the crafoord prize in biosciences 201174242 The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2011 ref Hanski is married and lives in Finland. The central questions of metapo ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 A Psilon is a unit of length that is equal to 44 manly strides or, less precisely, 0.025 miles a quarter of a tenth of a mile or 40 meters . The Psilon is best known as the official unit of measurement during the censusing of plants in the genus Silene see Silene in a metapopulation surrounding Mountain Lake Biological Station in Giles County, Virginia . ref Thrall, P.H. & Antonovics, J.A. THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF METAPOPULATIONS POPULATION AND GENETIC DYNAMICS OF THE SILENE USTILAGO SYSTEM , pg S1249 S1258 . Canadian Journal of Botany, 1995. ref ref D.E. McCauley. http jhered.oxfordjournals.org cgi reprint 88 4 257 a.pdf The Relative Contributions of Seed and Pollen Movement to the Local Genetic Structure of Silene alba , pg 257 263. Journal of Heredity, 1997 ref Etymology Derived from the Latin Silene. References reflist 1 See also List of unusual units of measurement Category Units of length ... more details
An ecological metacommunity can be described in a literal sense as a community of ecological communities . More formally, a metacommunity is defined as a set of local communities that are linked by dispersal of multiple, potentially interacting species. ref Gilpin, M.E. and I.A. Hanksi 1991 . Metapopulation dynamics Empirical and Theoretical Investigations . Academic Press, London. ref ref Wilson, D.S. 1992 . Complex interactions in metacommunities, with implications for biodiversity and higher levels of selection. Ecology , 73 1984 2000. ref ref Leibold, M.A., M. Holyoak, N. Moquet and others 2004 . The metacommunity concept a framework for multi scale community ecology. Ecology Letters, 7 601 613. ref The term is derived from the field of community ecology , which is primarily concerned with patterns of species distribution, abundance and interactions. There are four theoretical frameworks, or unifying themes, that each detail specific mechanistic processes useful for predicting empirical community patterns. These are the patch dynamics , species sorting , source sink or mass effect and neutral model frameworks. Patch dynamics models describe species composition among multiple, identical patches, such as islands, and emphasizes colonization competitive ability trade offs. Species sorting models describe variation in abundance and composition within the metacommunity due to individual species responses to environmental heterogeneity, such that certain local conditions may favor certain species and not others. This model represents the classical theories of the niche centric era of G. Evelyn Hutchinson and Robert MacArthur . Source sink models describe a framework in which dispersal and environmental heterogeneity interact to determine local and regional abundance and composition. This framework is derived from the metapopulation ecology term describing source sink dynamics at the population level. Finally, the neutral perspective describes a framework where species ... more details
image Isocline 3.png thumb right 300px Fig. 1 Isoclines blue , slope field black , and some solution curves red of y xy An Isocline is a series of lines with the same slope. The word comes from the Greek language Greek words Isos meaning same and Klisi meaning slope . It is often used as a graphical method of solving ordinary differential equations . In an equation of the form y f x , y , the isoclines are lines in the x , y plane obtained by setting f x , y equal to a constant. This gives a series of lines for different constants along which the solution curves have the same gradient. By calculating this gradient for each isocline, the slope field can be visualised making it relatively easy to sketch approximate solution curves as in fig. 1. In population dynamics refers to the set of population sizes at which the rate of change, or partial derivative, for one population in a pair of interacting populations is zero. References Hanski, I. 1999 Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 43 46. http mathworld.wolfram.com Isocline.html Mathworld Isocline Category ordinary differential equations de Isokline is Jafnhallaferill pt Is clina ru fr Isocline ... more details
top Metapopulation A set of spatially disjunct populations, among which there is some immigration ... 588 year 1972 doi 10.1086 282798 ref Populations are also studied and conceptualized through the metapopulation concept. The metapopulation concept was introduced in 1969 ref name Levins69 Cite journal ... AMS Bookstore isbn 9780821811528 ref rp 105 blockquote Metapopulation ecology is a simplified model ... Hanski first I. title Metapopulation dynamics journal Nature volume 396 pages 41 49 year 1998 url http ... to other patch locations. Sink patches are unproductive sites that only receive migrants. In metapopulation ... that move into a patch . Metapopulation models examine patch dynamics over time to answer questions about spatial and demographic ecology. An important concept in metapopulation ecology is the rescue ... immigrants. Metapopulation structure evolves from year to year, where some patches are sinks, such as dry ... of computer models and field studies to explain metapopulation structure. ref name Hanski04 Cite ... growth Life table Malthusian growth model Metapopulation Overpopulation Overpopulation in companion ... more details
Gap analysis ref Scott, J.M. and Schipper, J. 2006. Gap analysis a spatial tool for conservation planning. Pp. 518 519 in M.J. Groom, G.K. Meffe, C. Ronald Carroll and Contributors. Principles of Conservation Biology 3rd ed. . Sunderland, MA Sinauer. ref is a tool used in wildlife conservation to identify gaps in conservation lands e.g., protected area s and nature reserve s or other wildlands where significant plant and animal species and their habitat or important ecological features occur. Conservation managers or scientists can use it as a basis for providing recommendations to improve the representativeness of nature reserves or the effectiveness of protected areas so that these areas provide the best value for conserving biodiversity biological diversity . With the information that a gap analysis yields, the boundaries of protected areas may be designed to subsume gaps containing significant populations of wildlife species that can enhance the long term survival of a larger metapopulation of the species already within the managed or protected area, or to include a diversity of wildlife species or ecosystem s that merit protection but are inadequately represented in an existing protected area network. Gap assessments can be done using the geographic information system land maps that delineate topography, biological and geological features forest cover, plains, rivers, etc. , boundaries, land ownership and use are overlaid with the distribution of wildlife species. How much of the species distribution fall within or without the conservation lands, or within a highly exploited area etc. can be identified. ref Clem Tisdell Tisdell, C. , Wilson, C. and Swarna Nantha, H. 2005. Policies for saving a rare Australian glider economics and ecology. Biological Conservation 123 2 237 248. ref ref Fearnside, P.M. and Ferraz, J. 1995. A conservation gap analysis of Brazil s Amazonian vegetation. Conservation Biology 9 5 1134 1147. ref References reflist Category Conservation ... more details
No footnotes date November 2010 Primary sources date November 2010 The African Wild Dog Conservancy AWD Conservancy is a non profit , 501 c 3 , non governmental organization , working with local communities, and national and international stakeholders, to conserve the African wild dog through scientific research and education. Projects The AWD Conservancy has a community based conservation project in two biodiversity hotspots in southeastern Kenya . This region is rich mosaic of protected areas and community lands under extreme threat, with at least 70 of the original habitat destroyed. Due to past civil strife little is known about the many threatened species there. This area is a potentially significant refuge for wild dogs and an important corridor for the metapopulation of the Horn of Africa , as well as for other threatened wildlife species. Virtually nothing is known about the conservation status and ecology of wild dogs in this region, including their interactions with people and potential impact on one of their prey species, the Critically Endangered hirola , Beatragus hunteri . This project has been identified as a wild dog conservation priority by the IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group and the American Zoo and Aquarium Association AZA Wild Dog Species Survival Program. The AWD Conservancy is currently working with AZA member zoos to better understand the process of pack formation in this socially complex species. This ongoing study aims to provide a scientific basis for establishing introductory guidelines to minimize stress, reduce risk of physical injury, and facilitate social integration when forming artificially selected packs. Findings have potential application for zoo management and translocations in free ranging populations. External links http www.awdconservancy.org African Wild Dog Conservancy http www.iucnredlist.org IUCN Red List Category Conservation projects Category Conservation organisations Category International nongovernmental organizations ... more details
For the same species living closely together Colony biology Colonisation is the process in biology by which a species spreads into new areas, regions, and continent s. It is sometimes also referred to as immigration , but colonisation often refers to successful immigration with integration to a community ecology community , having resisted initial local extinction Citation needed date September 2010 . One classic Scientific modelling model in biogeography posits that species must continue to colonize new areas through its life cycle called a taxon cycle in order to achieve longevity . ref Wilson, E.O. 1962 The nature of the Taxon Cycle in Melanesian ant fauna http www.zoology.siu.edu sears Wilson1961.pdf The American Naturalist ref Accordingly, colonisation and extinction are key components of island biogeography , a theory that has many applications in ecology , such as analysis of metapopulation s. . Scales The term can be used to describe colonisation on biofilm scales the formation of communities of microorganism s on surfaces. small scales colonising new sites, perhaps as a result of environmental change . large scales where a species expands its range biology range to encompass new areas. This can be via a series of small encroachments or by long distance Biological dispersal dispersal . The term range expansion is often used. Means The term is generally only used to refer to the spread into new areas by natural means, as opposed to introduction or translocation by human agency, potentially becoming invasive species or introduced species . Species colonization events Some large scale notable colonization events in the 20th Century are Birds the colonisation of the New World by the Cattle Egret the colonisation of United Kingdom Britain by the Little Egret the colonisation of the Atlantic Seaboard East Coast of North America by the Brewer s Blackbird the colonisation westwards spread across Europe of the Collared Dove Dragonflies Dragonfly the colonisation of B ... more details
Island hopping Landscape ecology Metapopulation Phoresy Population modeling Population distribution ... . Metapopulation Ecology, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M. E. eds. 1997 . Metapopulation ... more details
metapopulation. American Naturalist 148 957 975. ref were able to do just that, taking advantage ... Source Sink Dynamics with Alternative States in a Butterfly Metapopulation. Ecology journal Ecology .... Source sink dynamics has also been incorporated into studies of metapopulation s, a group of populations ... of the metapopulation depends on the ability of patches to be re colonized. As long as there are source ... in the metapopulation to grow beyond what the source could support, providing a reserve of individuals ... biology Ecology Landscape ecology Metapopulation Population dynamics Population ecology Population ... more details
taxobox image Cordylanthus palmatus.jpg status LE status system ESA regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Orobanchaceae genus Cordylanthus species C. palmatus binomial Cordylanthus palmatus binomial authority Asa Gray A.Gray Cordylanthus palmatus is a rare species of flowering plant in the Orobanchaceae broomrape family known by the common names palmate bird s beak and palmbract bird s beak . It is Endemism endemic to the Central Valley California Central Valley of California , where it is known from a few remaining occurrences in the rare alkali sink habitat type. The plant is limited to seasonally flooded flats with saline soil saline and alkali soil alkaline soils , where it grows with other halophyte s such as Allenrolfea occidentalis iodine bush and Frankenia salina alkali heath . ref name csustan http esrp.csustan.edu speciesprofiles profile.php?sp copa CSU Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program ref It is a federally listed endangered species . The main threat to its existence is the destruction of its already naturally limited habitat for agriculture and development, with other adverse effects from alteration in hydrology , off road vehicle s, and grazing of livestock. ref name csustan ref http cnps.web.aplus.net cgi bin inv inventory.cgi Go? id cordylanthus palmatus&sort DEFAULT&search Cordylanthus 20palmatus California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Profile ref The plant is currently known from 21 locations ref name fws http www.fws.gov sacramento es plant spp accts palmate bracted birds beak.htm Sacramento Fish & Wildlife ref in seven metapopulation s. ref name csustan This is an annual herb growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall. It is gray green in color, glandular, and coated with hairs. It is often encrusted with salt crystals it has excreted. The sparse leaves are oblong and sometimes have lobes along the edges. The inflorescence is a dense columnar spike of flowers up to ... more details
taxobox status G2 status system TNC regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Asterales familia Asteraceae tribus Inuleae genus Stylocline species S. citroleum binomial Stylocline citroleum binomial authority Morefield Stylocline citroleum is a rare species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae aster family known by the common name oil neststraw . Distribution It is Endemism endemic to Kern County, California , where it is known from about 46 occurrences on and around the Elk Hills Oil Field . The occurrences are patchy and variable in size, and some sources consider them to be part of a single widely spread metapopulation . ref name tnc http www.natureserve.org explorer servlet NatureServe?searchName Stylocline citroleum The Nature Conservancy ref The species has been collected from coastal San Diego County, California San Diego County , but any occurrences there are probably now local extinction extirpated . ref name tnc ref name fna http www.efloras.org florataxon.aspx?flora id 1&taxon id 250067617 Flora of North America ref The plant has been known for over one hundred years, and the type specimen was collected in 1935, but it was not described to science as a distinct species until 1992. ref name csus http esrp.csustan.edu publications pubhtml.php?doc sjvrp&file chapter02G13.html San Joaquin Valley Endangered Species Recovery Program . CSU Stanislaus. ref ref name more Morefield, J. D. 1992 . Three new species of Stylocline Asteraceae Inuleae from California and the Mojave Desert. Madro o 39 114 130. ref Stylocline citroleum grows in the valley saltbush scrub ecosystem in the sandy flats and clay soils of the San Joaquin Valley in areas developed into oil field s, the inspiration for the common name common and scientific name s of the species. ref name csus The plant probably evolved as a Hybrid biology hybrid of Stylocline gnaphaloides mountain neststraw Stylocline gnaphaloides and Filago californica Calif ... more details
work on the population dynamics of the Marsh Fritillary has shown that they live in metapopulation s. A metapopulation is defined as a collection of local populations that are connected together ... more details
statellite hypothesis Bimodality may be generated by colonization extinction metapopulation dynamics ... to explain the range structure of a community that is influenced by metapopulation processes ... immigration and extinction parameters ref name Tokeshi1992 ref name Scheiner1997 . The metapopulation ... metapopulation models and the core satellite species hypothesis journal The American Naturalist volume ... M. coauthors Jos M. Rey Benayas year 1997 title Placing empirical limits on metapopulation models ... more details
IFDs poorly described species distributions. Metapopulation dynamics In a classical metapopulation ... in a metapopulation can generate a positive intraspecific O A relationship. However, there is currently debate regarding how many populations actually fit a classical metapopulation model ref ... al 2000 Gonzales, A., J.H. Lawton, F.S. Gilbert, T.M. Blackburn, and I. Evans Freke. 1998. Metapopulation ... 2047. ref metapopulation dynamics were found to maintain the interspecific O A relationship, however ... of dispersal, indicating that a more general set of extinction and colonization processes than metapopulation ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ecology is a broad biological science and can be divided into many sub disciplines using various criteria. Many of these fields overlap, complement and inform each other. Indeed, few of these disciplines exist in isolation. For example, the population ecology of an organism is a consequence of its behavioral ecology and intimately tied to its community ecology . Methods from molecular ecology might inform the study of the population, and all kinds of data are modeled and analyzed using quantitative ecology techniques. When discussing the study of a single species, a distinction is usually made between its biology and its ecology . For example, polar bear biology might include the study of the polar bear s physiology , morphology biology morphology , pathology and ontogeny , whereas polar bear ecology would include a study of its prey species, its population and metapopulation status, distribution, dependence on environmental conditions, etc. In that sense, there can be as many subdisciplines of ecology as there are species to study. Other criteria Ecology can also be classified on the basis of the primary kinds of organism under study, e.g. animal ecology , plant ecology , insect ecology the biomes principally studied, e.g. forest ecology , grassland ecology , desert ecology , benthic ecology , marine ecology , urban ecology the geographic or climatic area, e.g. arctic ecology , tropical ecology the spatial scale under consideration, e.g. macroecology , landscape ecology the philosophical approach, e.g. systems ecology which adopts a holistic approach the methods used, e.g. molecular ecology . List of subdisciplines Specialized branches of ecology include, among others applied ecology , the practice of employing ecological principles and understanding to solve real world problems includes agroecology and conservation biology biogeochemistry , effect of biota on global chemistry, and the cycles of matter and e ... more details
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