How to date September 2009 Materialselection is a step in the process of designing any physical object. In the context of product design , the main goal of materialselection is to minimize cost while meeting product performance goals. ref George E. Dieter 1997 . Overview of the Materials Selection Process , ASM Handbook Volume 20 Materials Selection and Design . ref Systematic selection of the best material for a given application begins with list of materials properties properties and costs of candidate ... E rho math . Using a log scale on both axes facilitates selection of the material with the best plate ... in materialselection. An important concept is cost per unit of function . For example, if the key ... process to achieve manually, so rational materialselection software is an important tool. References ... Design chaired by Prof. M. Ashby DEFAULTSORT MaterialSelection Categories Category Materials science ... heat transfer for a given temperature difference. Systematic selection for applications requiring ... a material with high Young s modulus and low density . If the rod will be pulled in tension, the specific modulus , or modulus divided by density math E rho math , will determine the best material. But because a plate s bending stiffness scales as its thickness cubed, the best material for a stiff ... name ashby cite book last Ashby first Michael authorlink M. F. Ashby title Materials Selection in Mechanical ... point on the graph for each candidate material. On such a plot, it is easy to find not only the material ... by red. It was generated by the Material Grapher. ref cite news url http orbis.kent.edu matdl matml select.php title Material Grapher publisher Materials Digital Library Pathway MatDL.org ref Image Ashby ... significant role in their selection. The most straightforward way to weight cost against properties ... that the net present value of reducing the weight of a car by 1 kg averages around 5, so material ... more than the original material. Citation needed date February 2007 However, the geography and time ... more details
Distinguish Materiel Other uses Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Material is anything made of matter , constituted of one or more Chemical substance substance s. Wood, cement, hydrogen, air and water are all examples of materials. Sometimes the term material is used more narrowly to refer to substances or components with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to Production, costs, and pricing production or manufacturing . In this sense, materials are the parts required to make something else, from building s and Art medium art to Star formation stars and computer s. Raw materials and processing A material can be anything a finished product in its own right or an unprocessed raw material . Raw materials are first extracted or harvested from the earth and divided into a form that can be easily transported and stored, then processed to produce semi finished materials. These can be input into a new cycle of production and Finishing disambiguation finishing processes to create finished materials, ready for Distribution business distribution , construction , and Consumption economics consumption . Some Examples of Materials Cotton An example of a raw material is cotton , which is harvested from plants. Cotton can be processed into thread also considered a raw material , which can then be woven into Textile cloth , a semi finished material. Cutting and sewing ... finished material. Steel is then used as an input in many other industries to make finished products ..., for example metal s and alloy s ceramic s plastic s semiconductor s composite material s. glass es See also Wiktionary material Commonscat Materials Chemical substance Chemical compound Materials science List of building materials Raw material Category Materials Industry stub bg ca Material da Materiale de Material et Materjal es Material fr Mat riau gl Material id Bahan is Efni ... pl Materia ru simple Material sl Material fi Materiaali sv Material th uk ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians Name The Material Img TheMaterialLive5.jpg Img capt Img size Background group or band Origin San Diego, California , United States U.S. Genre Alternative rock , pop punk , post punk Years active 2005 Present URL http www.wearethematerial.com Official Site of The Material Current members Colleen D Agostino br Jon Moreaux br Roi Elam br Kevin Pintado br Jordan Meckley br Past members Noah Vowles br Kevin Falk br Brian Miller br Matt Holden br Dustin Sherron For the New York City band of the same name, see Material band The Material is a rock music quintet from San Diego, California . Colleen D Agostino vocals moved to San Diego to pursue a music degree at San Diego State University . In her third year, she began playing with Jon Moreaux guitar and Noah Vowles drums . The threesome added bassist Kevin Falk , formerly of Every Time I Die and Between the Buried and Me , and started writing songs for their first demo. Kevin was replaced by Brian Miller bass , and Roi Elam guitar joined shortly after. With the permanent line up, The Material went into the studio to record their 6 song debut EP Tomorrow , which ... 3 of the Dew Circuit Breakout of 2007, losing to Seattle band, The Myriad . The Material has been featured ... http www.wearethematerial.com Site new site coming soon.html Link text ref The Material released 3 ... show with The Material in February. As of March 16, 2010 the new drummer for the band is Kevin Pintado. Jordan Meckley replaced bassist Dustin Sherron as of August 2010. The Material went into the studio .... The Material s song What Happens Next is the title track for MTV Australia s reality drama series ... Reflist External links http www.wearethematerial.com Official Site of The Material http myspace.com thematerial The Material MySpace profile http www.thematerialfans.net The Material Fansite DEFAULTSORT Material Category American punk rock groups Category Musical groups from California Category ... more details
, certain traits or allele s of genes segregating within a population may be subject to selection . Under selection, individuals with advantageous or Adaptation biology adaptive traits tend to be more ... generation than others do. When these traits have a genetic basis, selection can increase the prevalence ... selection is intense and persistent, adaptive traits become universal to the population or species ... selection experiments that permit the survival of organisms with user defined phenotypes. Artificial selection is widely used in the field of microbial genetics , especially molecular cloning . Overview Whether or not selection takes place depends on the conditions in which the individuals of a species ... undergo selection. Factors fostering selection include limits on resources nourishment, habitat space ... to such factors as selective pressures . Natural selection is the most familiar type of selection by name. The breeding of dogs, cows and horses, however, represents artificial selection . Subcategories of natural selection are also sometimes distinguished. These include sexual selection , ecological selection , stabilizing selection , disruptive selection and directional selection more on these below . Selection occurs only when the individuals of a population are diverse in their characteristics ... are selectively neutral , selection does not occur. Meanwhile, selection does not guarantee that advantageous ... , such traits may become less common or disappear. In the face of selection even a so called deleterious ... selection e.g. an infectious disease with only a low mortality rate or small population size small population s. Though deleterious alleles may sometimes become established, selection may act negatively as well as positively. Negative selection decreases the prevalence of traits that diminish ... selection increases the prevalence of adaptive traits. In biological discussions, traits subject to negative selection are sometimes said to be selected against, while those under positive selection are said ... more details
noinclude Note the list on this page is included within Organic another diambiguation page Unreferenced date April 2010 Biological material may refer to noinclude Tissue biology , or just tissue Biomass , living or dead biological matter, often plants grown as fuel Biomass ecology , the total mass of living biological matter Biomaterial s Biocompatible material s and bioapplicable materials Biomolecule , a chemical compound that naturally occurs in living organisms Biotic material , from living things Bio based material , a processed biotic material Cellular component , material and substances of which cells and thus living organisms are composed Organic matter , derived from living things or containing carbon Viable material , capable of living, developing, or germinating under favorable conditions. see viability selection Bodily fluid noinclude See also Customs disambig noinclude Category Biological matter noinclude ... more details
wiktionary materialMaterial is a substance. Material may also refer to Raw material Textile , Fabric, or Yard goods Materials Science , a physical science Materials journal a peer reviewed, open access, scientific journal with broad topical interest in materials science and engineering Building Material Materiel , commercial or military equipment and supplies Material, a character from Variable Geo fighting game series The Material , a rock music band from San Diego, California Material band , a rock music band Material Moebius & Plank album , an album by Moebius & Plank Material Aco album Material EP an EP by Leaether Strip Material chess See also Materiality disambiguation Matter disambig de Material Begriffskl rung eo Materialo lt Med iaga reik m s ja pt Material ro Material sk Materi l ... more details
A Burgers material is a viscoelastic material which consists of a Maxwell material and a Kelvin material in series. It is named after the Dutch physicist Johannes Martinus Burgers . See also References reflist External links material stub Category Non Newtonian fluids ... more details
Material world may refer to Nature . Material World TV series Material World , a Canada Canadian television sitcom in the 1980s. Material World radio programme Material World , a BBC Radio 4 science programme. Peter Menzel Material World Material World A Global Family Portrait , a 1994 photo essay by Peter Menzel . disambig ... more details
Electrical material may refer to any of the following Metal s Semimetal s Semiconductor s Dielectric s Paramagnetic material s Electrical conductor s Electrical insulator s dab ... more details
Material physics is the use of physics to describe material s in many different ways such as force, heat, light and mechanics. It is a synthesis of physical sciences such as chemistry , solid mechanics and solid state physics . References reflist See also material science . Category Physics physics stub fa sv Materialfysik ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A natural material is any product or physical matter that comes from plants, animals, or the ground. Minerals and the metals that can be extracted from them without further modification are also considered to belong into this category. Biotic material s Wood rattan , bamboo , bark etc. Natural fiber s wool , cotton , flax , hemp , jute , kapok , kenaf , moss , etc. Inorganic material Rock geology Stone flint , granite , obsidian , sandstone , sand , Gemstone gems , glass , etc. Metal copper , bronze , iron , gold , silver , steel , etc. Composite material Composite s clay , porcelain , plasticine , etc. Other natural materials. Soil See also Material science Synthetic material Natural resources Building material Metamaterials discusses characteristics of natural materials in contrast to periodic, artificially constructed, composite materials. Category Natural materials material stub cy Defnydd naturiol ms Bahan semula jadi ... more details
Advert date December 2010 File Material Disclosure dot com.jpg thumb Material Disclosure is a supply chain communication tool developed by Actio Corporation . It can securely collect and warehouse regulatory and compositional information about materials used in the manufacturing of products. Material Disclosure is able to manage detailed product information. It can support documentation such as material safety data sheets , technical data sheets and certificates of analysis. Material Disclosure makes it easy for manufacturers to obtain the information from their suppliers that are required by ever evolving global Occupational safety and health health and safety requirements. External links http e ditionsbyfry.com olive ODE RCE Default.aspx?href RCE 2010 04 01 Material Disclosure Best Practices ChemInfo 2010 4 1 http www.supplychainbrain.com content home single article page article actio releases update of material disclosure software Actio Releases Update of Material Disclosure Software 2009 10 17 References reflist Category Supply chain management ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 Material scattering of an electromagnetic wave is scattering that is attributable to the intrinsic properties of the material through which the wave is propagating. Ionospheric scattering and Rayleigh scattering are examples of material scattering. In an optical fiber , material scattering is caused by micro inhomogeneities in the refractive indices of the materials used to fabricate the fiber, including the dopants used to modify the refractive index profile. optics stub FS1037C Category Radio frequency propagation Category Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer optics ... more details
Image Miniload ASRS.jpg thumb right 200px A Miniload Automated Storage and Retrieval System AS RS an example of a material handling system. Image Toyota forklift.jpg thumb right 200px Forklift truck s are common in material handling. Image Push Back Rack.jpg thumb right 200px Motorcycle s stored in specialty push back rack. Material Handling Industry Material Handling is the movement, storage, control and protection of materials, goods and products throughout the process of manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal. The focus is on the methods, mechanical equipment, systems and related controls used to achieve these functions. The material handling industry manufactures and distributes the equipment and services required to implement material handling systems. Material handling systems range from simple pallet rack and shelving projects, to complex conveyor belt and Automated Storage and Retrieval System s AS RS . Material Handling Equipment main Material handling equipment This topic is discussed in greater detail in the Material handling equipment article. Material Handling System in Flexible Manufacturing The material handling system MHS is a fundamental part of a Flexible Manufacturing system since it interconnects the different processes supplying and taking out raw material, workpieces, subproducts, parts and final products. Due to the automated nature of the whole production process, the MHS must respond in concert with timeliness for all requirements of the processes and systems. The MHS is composed of warehouses, buffers, conveyors, transportation veh cles or systems, part sorters, feeders and manipulators. See also Overhead crane Carton flow Derrick Forklift truck Mezzanine architecture Industrial mezzanines Warehouse References references http www.mhia.org MHIA Material Handling Industry of America Category Industrial equipment de F rdertechnik es Manejo de material it Movimentazione dei materiali pt Movimenta o de material ... more details
In economics and philosophy , a material good is a Good economics and accounting good that can be purchased or sold and from which one receives non spiritual pleasure. Examples of material goods may include televisions, houses, cars, and appliances. In philosophy, material goods are contrasted with spiritual pleasures, and a common theme in literature for example, in the novel Siddhartha novel Siddhartha is the&ndash perhaps exclusive&ndash choice between material goods or spiritual peace. Material goods contribute to one s quality of life and are often associated with material wealh Goods and services that we can see and touch that make our lives better, such as refrigerators and haircuts External links http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2004 12 041219182811.htm Experiences Make People Happier Than Material Goods, Says University Of Colorado Prof Philosophy stub Human Geography, Discovering Global Systems and Patterns, Graham Draper, Lew French, Andrea Craig, Patricia Healy Category Goods Category Concepts in ethics ... more details
A material fact is a fact that would be to a reasonable person germane to the decision to be made as distinguished from an insignificant, trivial or unimportant detail. ref cite web url http www.lectlaw.com def2 m021.htm title Legal Definitions of Material Fact, Materiality publisher Lectlaw.com date accessdate 2010 06 10 ref In other words, it is a fact which expression concealment would reasonably result in a different decision. Falsification of a material fact in such a manner that, had the insurance company known the truth, it would not have insured the risk. Misrepresentation of a material fact gives an insurance company grounds to rescind a contract. ref name answers1 cite web url http www.answers.com topic material misrepresentation title Material Fact Definition from publisher Answers.com date accessdate 2010 06 10 ref If material facts about the investment property lying in a floodplain had been communicated to the buyer, he would not have bought. ref name answers1 References Reflist category Law ... more details
, are Materials science engineered or naturally occurring material s made from two or more constituent ... Plywood.jpg thumb right Plywood is a commonly encountered composite material Wood is a natural composite ... material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions ... properties. A synergism produces material properties unavailable from the individual constituent materials .... The matrix material can be introduced to the reinforcement before or after the reinforcement material is placed into the Molding process mould cavity or onto the mould surface. The matrix material ... of the matrix material, this melding event can occur in various ways such as chemical polymerization ... of material to be produced. Large quantities can be used to justify high capital expenditures for rapid ... produced composites use a polymer matrix material often called a resin solution. There are many ... polymeric matrix material, the melding event is a curing reaction that is initiated by the application ... polymeric matrix material, the melding event is a solidification from the melted state. For a metal matrix material such as titanium foil, the melding event is a fusing at high pressure and a temperature .... For certain geometries and material combinations, it can be referred to as a casting. For certain ... can be a reusable silicone material or an extruded polymer film. Then, vacuum is applied to the mould ... film used to bond or laminate materials. In some applications the bag encloses the entire material ... of matrix material. Resin transfer moulding includes numerous varieties which differ in the mechanics ... , steel, aluminium , reinforced silicone rubber , nickel , and carbon fibre . Selection of the tooling material is typically based on, but not limited to, the coefficient of thermal expansion , expected ... transition temperature of the material being moulded, moulding method, matrix, cost and a variety ... Orthotropic material orthotropic different depending on the direction of the applied force or load . For instance ... more details
Image BuildingSite.jpg thumb left 250px Building construction can be a materially consumptive endeavor. Material efficiency is a description or Metric mathematics metric which expresses the degree in which usage of raw materials, construction projects or physical processes are used or carried out in a manner which consumes, incorporates, or wastes less of a given material compared to previous measures. ref http www.akzonobel.com sustainability planet material efficiency Material Efficiency from http www.akzonobel.com Akzonobel . Retrieved April 2009. ref Making a usable item out of thinner stock than a prior version increases the material efficiency of the manufacturing process. The term Material efficiency can also signify the degree in which a material can handle a particular load, strain or weight upon it. See also Portal box Sustainable Development Energy Conservation ethic Conservation movement Ecological deficit Environmental protection Global hectare References Reflist External links http www.worldresourcesforum.org World Resources Forum Platform for Material Efficiency. Sustainability stub Category Sustainability ... more details
A superhard material is a material with a hardness value exceeding 40 GPa gigapascals when measured by the Vickers ... cutting tools and wear resistant and protective coatings. Diamond is the hardest known material to date ... into finding practical applications of this material. However, diamond has several limitations for mass ... 2001 doi 10.1146 annurev.matsci.31.1.1 ref An example of extrinsic superhard material is nanocrystalline ... a Vickers hardness test. The hardness of a material is directly related to its incompressibility, elasticity and resistance to change in shape. A superhard material has high shear modulus , high bulk ... of the material. However, defects can actually strengthen some covalent structures. Traditionally ... materials, but recent superhard material syntheses aim at using less energy and lower cost materials. ref name Levine ref name Haines Historically, hardness was first defined as the ability of one material ... name advmat Material Diamond c BC sub 2 sub N c BN B sub 4 sub C OsB sub 2 sub ReB sub 2 sub Vickers hardness GPa 115 76 48 30 37 20 The incompressibility of a material is quantified by the bulk modulus ... to the volume. The bulk modulus test uses an indenter tool to form a permanent deformation in a material. The size of the deformation depends on the material s resistance to the volume compression ... modulus was believed to be a direct measure of a material s hardness but this no longer remains ... used as a preliminary measure of a material as superhard but it is now known that other properties ... the ability for a material to resist sharing forces. Therefore the shear modulus is a measure ... s ratio, which is typically 0.1 in covalent materials. If a material contains highly directional bonds, the shear modulus will increase and give a low Poisson ratio. A material is also considered hard if it resists plastic deformation. If a material has short covalent bonds, atomic dislocations ... bonds. If a material contains many delocalized bonds it is likely to be soft. ref name Levine Somewhat ... more details
onesource date December 2010 Material product is a category in Marxian economics and Soviet social accounting referring to the produced output of tangible material goods, including energy supplies and goods transport. ref Name Maital cite book title Executive economics ten essential tools for managers last Maital first Shlomo authorlink Shlomo Maital year 1994 publisher Simon and Schuster isbn 0029197856 page 111 url http books.google.com books?id FmteapLRSmMC&pg PA111&dq 22Material product 22 Marxian economics&hl en&ei 9 IUTYTrLMWAlAe09YW9Cw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4&ved 0CDMQ6AEwAw v onepage&q 22Material 20product 22&f false ref It contrasts with services and activities such as administration that do not themselves result in any tangible material product. See also Material Product System References reflist DEFAULTSORT Material Product Category National accounts ... more details
Citations needed date November 2007 Mergefrom bio based material date July 2008 Biotic material or biological derived material is any natural material that is originated from living organisms. Most such materials contain carbon and are capable of decay. Examples of biotic materials are wood , linoleum , straw , humus , manure , bark , crude oil , cotton , spider silk , chitin , fibrin , and bone . The use of biotic materials, and processed biotic materials bio based material as alternative natural materials , over synthetics is popular with those who are environmentally conscious because such materials are usually biodegradable, renewable, and the processing is commonly understood and has minimal environmental impact. However, not all biotic materials are environmentally friendly, such as those that require high levels of processing, are harvested unsustainably, or are used to produce greenhouse gasses carbon emission s. When the source of the recently living material has little importance to the product produced, such as in the production of biofuel s, biotic material is simply called biomass . Many fuel sources may have biological sources, and may be divided roughly into fossil fuels , and biofuel . In soil science , biotic material is often referred to as organic matter . Biotic materials in soil include glomalin , Dopplerite and humic acid . Some biotic material may not be considered to be organic matter if it is low in organic compounds , such as a clam s shell, which is an essential component of the living organism, but contains little organic carbon. Examples of the use of biotic materials include Alternative natural materials building material , for a stylistic reasons, or to reduce allergic reactions. clothing energy industry energy production food drugs medicine ink composting and mulch DEFAULTSORT Biotic Material Category Natural materials Category Composting Category Sustainable technologies ... more details
Feminism sidebar expanded all Material feminism examines the material conditions under which social arrangements, including those of gender hierarchy, develop ref name Wicke, Jennifer 1994 Wicke, Jennifer. Feminism and Postmodernism , Duke University Press 1994, ISBN 0822314886 ref It argues that material conditions of all sorts play a vital role in the social production of gender . ref name Wicke, Jennifer 1994 Material feminism is an ideology with a central focus upon maximizing women s material assets. History The movement began in the late 19th century with the aim to liberate women by improving their material condition. The Grand Domestic Revolution by Dolores Hayden is a reference. Hayden describes Material feminism at that time as reconceptualizing the relationship between the private household space and public space by presenting collective options to take the burden off women in regard to housework , cooking , and other traditional female domestic jobs. ref Spender, Dale, Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women Global Women s Issues & Knowledge , Routledge 2000, ISBN 0415920906, p766 ref Relationship to Marxist feminism The term Material feminism was first used in 1975 by Christine Delphy . ref name Chrys Ingraham p. 7 Rosemary Hennessay and Chrys Ingraham, eds. Materialist Feminism A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women s Lives, p. 7 New York and London Routledge, 1997 ref The current concept has its roots in socialist and Marxist feminism Rosemary Hennessay and Chrys Ingraham, editors of Materialist Feminism A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women s Lives , describe material feminism as the conjuncture of several discourses historical materialism , Marxist and radical feminism , as well as postmodernist and psychoanalytic theories of meaning and subjectivity. ref name Chrys Ingraham p. 7 See also Double burden Economic materialism Feminist economics ... Feminism information DEFAULTSORT Material Feminism Category Feminism and social class Category Feminism ... more details
About the materials parts of the nucleus atomic nucleus Nuclear material refers to the metals uranium , plutonium , and thorium , in any form, according to the IAEA . This is differentiated further into source material , consisting of natural and depleted uranium, and special fissionable material , consisting of enriched uranium U 235 , uranium 233 , and plutonium 239 . Uranium ore concentrates are considered to be a source material , although these are not subject to safeguards under the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty . ref http www pub.iaea.org MTCD publications PDF nvs 3 cd PDF NVS3 scr.pdf IAEA Safeguards Glossary, sections 4.1, 4.4, 4.5 ref Different countries may use different terminology in the United States of America , nuclear material most commonly refers to special nuclear material s SNM , with the potential to be made into nuclear weapon s as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 . The special nuclear materials are also plutonium 239, uranium 233, and enriched uranium U 235 . See also Tube Alloys Institute of Nuclear Materials Management References Reflist 2 Nuclear Technology Category Nuclear materials Category Nuclear weapons ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Wikify date December 2009 A material consideration in the United Kingdom UK is a process in Planning Law in which the decision maker when assessing an application for development must consider in deciding the outcome of an application. Material considerations in the past have included issues regarding traffic, wildlife, economic impacts and the historical interest of the area. In considering an application for development, decision makers often consult local development plans and Public Policy Guidance notes PPG to determine the success of a proposal. Issues such as loss of a view, or effect on property values are not material considerations. The Council for the Protection of Rural England advises that Material Considerations are factors which will be taken into account when reaching a decision on a planning application or appeal. Under Section 38 of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004, decisions on planning applications must be made in accordance with the development plan unless other material considerations indicate otherwise . The courts ultimately decide what a material consideration is. However, case law gives local planning authorities a great deal of leeway to decide what considerations are relevant, and how much weight should be given to them, each time they make a decision on a planning application. Any consideration which relates to the use or development of land is capable of being a material consideration, but other circumstances such as personal hardship and fears of affected residents can be considered in exceptional cases the House of Lords in Great Portland Estates v. Westminster City Council 1985 . In practice, Government planning policy is often the most important material consideration other than the development plan. Government policy may also override the development plan if it has been both consulted on and published more recently. DEFAULTSORT Material Consideration Category Local government ... more details
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