Marxism Feminism sidebar Marxistfeminism is a sub type of feminist theory which focuses on the dismantling of capitalism as a way to liberate women. Marxistfeminism states that private property, which ... workers ch01.htm Women Workers Struggle For Their Rights 1919 . ref counterposed Marxism against feminism, rather than trying to combine them. Critiques of Marxistfeminism Gayle Rubin , who has written ... analysis of sexism under capitalism, without dismissing or dismantling Marxist fundamentals in the process. Radical feminism , which emerged in the 1970s, also took issue with Marxistfeminism. Radical ... Workers Struggle For Their Rights 1919 ref were against feminism. They agreed with the main Marxist movement that feminism was a bourgeois ideology counterposed to Marxism and against the working class. Instead of feminism, the Marxists supported the more radical political program of liberating women ... by Lidia Cirillo DEFAULTSORT MarxistFeminism Category Marxism Feminism, Marxist Category Feminist theory Category Intersectionality Category Feminism and social class Category Marxist theory cs Marxistick ... relations between men and women, is the root of women s oppression in the current social context. Marxistfeminism s foundation is laid by Engels in his analysis of gender oppression in The Origins ... is a complex system in which men command women s services. According to Marxist theory , the individual ... of production that characterizes the society they inhabit. Marxist feminists see contemporary gender ... like racism because it serves the interests of capital and the ruling class . Marxist feminists have extended traditional Marxist analysis by looking at domestic labour as well as wage work. Radical Women , a major Marxist feminist organization, bases its theory on Marx and Engels analysis ... As their movement already had the most radical demands in women s equality, most Marxist leaders, including ... Marxist forerunners claimed by feminists or marxist feminists including Clara Zetkin ref Zetkin, Clara ... more details
Feminism sidebar expanded all Material feminism examines the material conditions under which social arrangements, including those of gender hierarchy, develop ref name Wicke, Jennifer 1994 Wicke, Jennifer. Feminism and Postmodernism , Duke University Press 1994, ISBN 0822314886 ref It argues that material conditions of all sorts play a vital role in the social production of gender . ref name Wicke, Jennifer 1994 Material feminism is an ideology with a central focus upon maximizing women s material assets. History The movement began in the late 19th century with the aim to liberate women by improving their material condition. The Grand Domestic Revolution by Dolores Hayden is a reference. Hayden describes Material feminism at that time as reconceptualizing the relationship between the private household space and public space by presenting collective options to take the burden off women in regard to housework , cooking , and other traditional female domestic jobs. ref Spender, Dale, Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women Global Women s Issues & Knowledge , Routledge 2000, ISBN 0415920906, p766 ref Relationship to Marxistfeminism The term Material feminism was first used in 1975 by Christine Delphy . ref name Chrys Ingraham p. 7 Rosemary Hennessay and Chrys Ingraham, eds. Materialist Feminism A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women s Lives, p. 7 New York and London Routledge, 1997 ref The current concept has its roots in socialist and Marxistfeminism Rosemary Hennessay and Chrys Ingraham, editors of Materialist Feminism A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women s Lives , describe material feminism as the conjuncture of several discourses historical materialism , Marxist and radical feminism , as well as postmodernist and psychoanalytic theories of meaning and subjectivity ... Monique Wittig References Reflist 1 External links http www.amazoncastle.com feminism ecocult.shtml Feminism information DEFAULTSORT Material Feminism Category Feminism and social class Category Feminism ... more details
Feminism sidebar Socialist feminism is a branch of feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman s life and argues that Women s liberation liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economy economic and culture cultural sources of women s oppression . ref http www.feministezine.com feminist modern Socialist Feminism.html What is Socialist Feminism? , retrieved on May 28th 2007. ref Socialist feminism is a dualist theory that broadens Marxistfeminism s argument for the role of capitalism in the oppression of women and radical feminism s theory of the role of gender and the patriarchy . Some contributors Who date September 2010 to this perspective have ... Women and the Freedom Socialist Party , point to the classic Marxist writings of Frederick Engels ..., the Socialist Party USA is an example of a socialist feminist party which is not explicitly Marxist ... of principles says, Socialist feminism confronts the common root of sexism, racism and classism the determination ... feminism is an inclusive way of creating social change. We value synthesis and cooperation rather ... M. Jaggar See also Oppressors oppressed distinction History of Feminism Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism References Reflist External links http www.redletterpress.org rwmanifesto.html ... by Nancy Holmstrom http www.redletterpress.org firstdecade.html Socialist Feminism The First Decade ... Feminism? by Barbara Ehrenreich at the CWLU Herstory Archive http college.hmco.com history readerscomp women html wm 013118 socialistfem.htm Entry for Socialist Feminism in the Reader s Companion to U.S. Women s History http www.historyisaweapon.org defcon1 chisocfem.html Socialist Feminism A Strategy ... capitalist organization DEFAULTSORT Socialist Feminism Category Socialism Feminism, socialist Category Feminist theory Category Feminism and social class Category Socialist feminists Fem stub el ... feminism tr Sosyalist feminizm ... more details
The waves of feminism are First wave feminism 19th and 20th century Second wave feminism 1960s to 1980s Third wave feminism 1990s to present day. Disambig ... more details
Feminism sidebar Standpoint feminism argues that feminist social science should be practiced from the standpoint of women or particular groups of women ref name Hill Collins 2000 Hill Collins, P. 2000 Black Feminist Thought Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment New York Routledge ref as some Who date July 2008 claim that they are better equipped to understand certain aspects of the world ... ref Overview As theorized by Nancy Hartsock in 1983, standpoint feminism is founded in Marxism Marxist ideology . ref See Luk cs, Georg, 1971, Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat ... ref Wylie, Alison 2000 Feminism in Philosophy of Science making sense of contingency and constraint in The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy , Cambridge Cambridge University Press, P. 175 ... claim devalues women s knowledge . Citation needed date July 2008 Standpoint feminism makes the case ... and Knowing Rutgers Rutgers University Press pp.256 272 ref . Standpoint feminism unites several ... feminism has come from Postmodern feminism postmodern feminists , who argue that there is no concrete ... EPS PES Yearbook 94 docs BENHABIB.HTM From identity politics to social feminism a plea for the nineties ... to generalize about their experiences. Standpoint feminism has absorbed this criticism, to an extent see below . Contemporary standpoint feminism Many standpoint feminists now recognise that because ... than arising inevitably from the experience of women ref name Andermahr, S. 1997 see difference feminism ... Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism , Feminist Studies 22 2 pp.321 331 ref in a way ... feminist community or building consensus on specific policy becomes problematic. See also Feminism Marxism Nancy Hartsock Cultural feminism Further reading Harding, Sandra 2004 Introduction Standpoint ... DEFAULTSORT Standpoint Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Feminism and society Category Feminism and social class Category Feminism and history ... more details
Feminism and Feminist Radicalism , p. 141. ref Radical feminists locate the root cause of women s oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to legal system s as in liberal feminism or class conflict as in socialist feminism and Marxistfeminism . Theory and ideology Refimprove section ... and Alexandra Kollontai . These strains of radical feminism are often referred to as Marxistfeminism ...Feminism sidebar Radical feminism is a current within feminism that focuses on the theory of patriarchy ... Feminism and Feminist Radicalism , p. 117. ref oppresses women. Radical feminism aims to challenge ... for a radical reordering of society. ref name Willis 117 Early radical feminism, arising within second wave feminism in the 1960s, ref name Willis 118 Willis, Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism ..., Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism , p. 122. ref prior to or deeper than other sources of oppression ... Willis 123 Willis, Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism , p. 123. ref and the model for all others. ref name Willis 123 Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from cultural feminism ... that primarily oppresses women. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy. Radical feminism posits ... everyone from an unjust society. Some radical feminists called ref 1. Zerilli, Linda M. G., Feminism ... Press, 1992 ISBN 0 313 27814 8 , p. 267. br 5. Zerilli, Linda M. G., Feminism and the Abyss ... Gyn.2FEcology Gyn Ecology The Metaethics of Radical Feminism Boston, Mass. Beacon Press, pbk. 1978 ... co founder Ellen Willis wrote in 1984 that radical feminism got sexual politics recognized as a public issue , ref name Willis 118 created the vocabulary with which the second wave of feminism entered ... Willis 118 The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the National ... been focused almost entirely on economic issues. ref name Willis 138 Willis, Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism , p. 138. ref The movement Movement roots The ideology of radical feminism in the United ... more details
morereferences date June 2008 Feminism sidebar Equality feminism is a submovement of feminism . It is fundamentally at odds with difference feminism and expresses the crucial similarities between the male and female sexes. Mary Wollstonecraft , in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792 claimed that women should enjoy the same legal and political rights as men on the grounds that they are human beings. Similarly, in The Subjection of Women 1869 , John Stuart Mill advocated that society ought to be arranged according to reason and that accident of birth is irrelevant. Equality feminists believe that both men and women, while biologically and anatomically different, enter the world with the genetic inheritance of a mother and a father and from that respect human nature is androgynous, neutral, and equal. Cathy Young is a notable equality feminist. See also Egalitarianism Gender equality Liberal feminism Equity feminism First wave feminism Second wave feminism DEFAULTSORT Equality Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Feminism and history Fem stub sh Feminizam jednakosti ... more details
Feminism sidebar The history of feminism in Poland ref The term Poland in the 19th century refers to the Polish ... three successive waves of feminism during that time the first feminist texts were produced the first ... La Gazette des Femmes Women s Daily . The leading advocate of feminism was the newspaper .... A major figure in Polish feminism in this period and later was Gabriela Zapolska , whose writings ... 47 ref Fourth wave 1900 18 The fourth modernism modernistic wave of feminism reached Poland around ... of Polish feminism took place in the interwar period 1920s and 1930s . Feminist discourses of that epoch in Poland as well as in other countries searched for new definitions of feminism and tried to identify ... Feminism ... in fact ended among those nations where de iure had secured its object social and political .... The 1920s saw the emergence of radical feminism in Poland. Its representatives, Irena Krzywicka ... and ele ski were exceptionally active speakers, promoting the ideas of feminism in the whole country. A different aspect of Polish feminism figures in the poetry and drama Szofer Archibald Chauffeur ... in both family and work. That period is known as the sixth wave of Polish feminism. It was characterized ... Dialectical materialism materialist and Marxism Marxist feminist texts, mainly focused on taking off ... feminism was officially prohibited and was practically absent in the Polish social life until ... ref In Poland during the years 1940 1989, feminism in general, and second wave feminism in particular ... debate was virtually suppressed. Officially, any feminism of Western type did not have the right to exist ... wave of feminism and was suddenly confronted with concepts of Western second wave feminism that at once met with fierce opposition from the Roman Catholic Church. Western feminism has often been erroneously identified with the prior Communist reproductive policy, similar in some aspects, and feminism ... have been strongly suppressed since 1998. But Polish feminism is seemingly undergoing ... more details
Feminism sidebar Feminism in Nepal is primarily concerned with gender equity equity and equality of opportunity . Nepali society is traditionally highly patriarchal it was not until 2007 that women under 35 could apply for passports without their father s or husband s permission and feminists in Nepal seeks to redress this situation. Most women in Nepal are considered to be beneath their husbands and fathers in a patriarchal society. History The first feminist organization in Nepal was the Nepal Woman Association started under the leadership of Mangala Devi Singh . Asia topic Feminism in DEFAULTSORT Feminism In Nepal Category Feminism in Nepal Category Politics of Nepal Nepal stub Fem stub ... more details
Transnational Feminism is a contemporary paradigm. The name highlights the difference between inter national and trans national conceptions of feminism, and favours the latter. As a feminist approach, it can be said that transnational feminism is generally attentive to intersections among nationhood, race, gender, sexuality and economic exploitation on a world scale , in the context of emergent global capitalism . Transnational feminists inquire in to the social, political and economic conditions comprising imperialism their connections to colonialism and nationalism the role of gender, the state, race, class, and sexuality in the organization of resistance to hegemonies in the making and unmaking of nation and nation state. Transnational feminist practice is attentive to feminism as both a liberatory formation and one with longstanding ties to colonialism, racism and imperialism. As such, it resists utopic ideas about global sisterhood while simultaneously working to lay the groundwork for more productive and equitable social relations among women across borders and cultural contexts. See also Chandra Talpade Mohanty Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World Book Global Feminism Postcolonial feminism Literature Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, eds. Scattered Hegemonies Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices . Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Jayawardena, Kumari. Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World . London Zed Books, 1986. Kaplan, Caren, Norma Alarc n and Minoo Moallem, eds. Between Woman and Nation Nationalism, Transnational Feminism, and the State . Durham, NC Duke University Press, 1999. Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts On Asian American Cultural Politics . Durham, NC Duke University Press, 1996. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Feminism Without ... Shohat Shohat, Ella , ed. Talking Visions Multicultural Feminism in a Transnational Age . Cambridge ... Scholarship Category Multicultural feminism Category Feminism and social class Category Social ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Feminism Unmodified Discourses on Life and Law image Image Feminismunmodified.jpg 250px author Catharine MacKinnon country United States of America language English genre Feminism publisher Harvard University Press release date 1987 media type Print pages 332 isbn oclc preceded by Sexual Harassment of Working Women A Case of Sex Discrimination followed by Pornography and Civil Rights A New Day for Women s Equality Feminism Unmodified full title Feminism Unmodified Discourses on Life and Law is a 1987 book by feminist academic Catharine MacKinnon . ref http www.ou.edu cas psc bookmackinnon.htm ref The book is a collection of essays by MacKinnon delivered during the 1980s and is a radical feminist critique of pornography and liberal feminism . See also Ordeal autobiography Andrea Dworkin References references Further reading http www.jstor.org pss 3480600 Katharine T. Bartlett, Review MacKinnon s Feminism Power on Whose Terms?, California Law Review, Vol. 75, No. 4 Jul., 1987 , pp. 1559 1570 http www.heinonline.org HOL Page?page 1388&handle hein.journals 2Fmlr86&collection journals Whitman, Christina Law and Sex. Review of Feminism Unmodified, by C. A. MacKinnon. Mich. L. Rev. 86 1988 1388 403. http www.heinonline.org HOL Page?page 352&handle hein.journals 2Filllr82&collection journals Finley, Lucinda 1988 The Nature of Domination and the Nature of Women Reflections on Feminism Unmodified http heinonline.org HOL Page?handle hein.journals hlr101&id 1&size 2&collection journals&index journals hlr Sustein, Cass 1988 Feminism and Legal Theory Review of Feminism Unmodified http www.jstor.org pss 1122941 Olsen, Frances 1989 Feminist Theory in Grand Style , Columbia Law Review, 89 5 1147 1178 http www.jstor.org stable 4020180 Hein, Hilde 1987 In Search of Equality , The Women s Review of Books, 5 ... Cop, Soft Cop Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin on Pornography Category 1987 books Category Feminism ... more details
one source date March 2011 Sister project links species no Feminism sidebar State feminism is feminism ... cultural characteristics in a Muslim nation. ref name FConverge p223 Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam ... Wilson International Ctr. for Scholars, Washington, D.C. . ref In the 1980s , second wave feminism ... Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam , op. cit. , p. 227. ref The state feminism they followed masked ... Western veneer. ref Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam , op. cit. , p. 227 p. 227 n. 34 probably provides a supporting citation . ref In the 20th century , Turkey s government preempted feminism . ref Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam , op. cit. , p. 302. ref Yemen In the South Yemen People ... one , the former PDRY is now generally south Yemen , state feminism had little effect on patriarchy and did not have much influence beyond Aden , a port city in the PDRY. ref Badran, Margot, Feminism ... by the state. When the socialist regime collapsed, the fragile gains of state feminism went with it. ref Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam , op. cit. , pp. 260 261 and see p. 261 n. 31 ... and professional benefits conferred under state feminism, but they did not have the independent ideological space in which to develop a feminism of their own. ref Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam .... ref Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam , op. cit. , p. 261 n. 32, citing Carapico, Sheila, Women and Public ... in the Middle East assailed the limits of state feminism and exposed its patriarchal dimensions. ref Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam , op. cit. , p. 255 and see n. 14. ref People s Republic of China ... regimes. ref Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam , op. cit. , p. 255 & n. 15, citing Yang, Mayfair, From Gender Erasure to Gender Difference State Feminism, Consumer Sexuality, and Women s Public Sphere ... Minneapolis Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1998 , &, on China led by Mao Zedong , Feminism in Islam , id ... no. for quotation . ref Criticism Many feminists ... consider the notion of a state feminism to be an oxymoron ... more details
Cleanup rewrite date August 2010 Feminism sidebar Lipstick feminism is a Third wave feminism third wave feminism that attempts to respond to the backlash of second wave radical feminism s of the 1960s and 1970s by reclaiming women s sexual power. This backlash also generated many of the negative stereotypes of feminists today including the stereotype that feminists are ugly and anti sex. Lipstick feminism attempts to correct this misunderstanding. ref name HollowsMoseley2006 cite book author1 Joanne Hollows author2 Rachel Moseley title Feminism in popular culture url http books.google.com books?id 0RuRknkzxe4C&pg PA84 accessdate 18 January 2011 date 17 February 2006 publisher Berg Publishers isbn 9781845202231 page 84 ref Lipstick feminists believe that wearing make up, suggestive clothing and having a sexual allure to both men and women is empowering. Many find it to be empowering to present their sexuality outwardly because it is a personal choice they make and not because of societal pressure. Some feminists see lipstick feminism as a contradictory philosophy in which women willingly objectify themselves while calling it empowerment. Some lipstick feminists however associate sex ..., also referred to as stiletto feminism , is a branch of feminism in which it is not seen as contradictory ... dancing , flashing or girl on girl exhibitionism to be in conflict with feminism. Many lipstick feminists ... the desire for equality between the sexes. Lipstick feminism also attempts to reclaim words such as slut ... TV series The West Wing , there is a scene where the merits of lipstick feminism are debated. ref ... third 57nightfive.html accessdate June 1, 2007 ref See also Portal FeminismFeminism Girl Power Sex positive feminism Sources http www.findarticles.com p articles mi m1316 is 1998 Nov ai 53215091 ... 2004 10 15 1097784041812.html Lipstick helped feminism http www.womensfreedom.org artic427.htm ... DEFAULTSORT Lipstick Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Third wave feminism Category Gender ... more details
Feminism sidebar Postcolonial feminism, often referred to as Third World feminism , is a form of Feminism .... ref name ReferenceA Weedon, C Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism A Western Perspective, 2002 ref Postcolonial feminists criticize Western world Western feminists because they History of feminism have ... women globally. Thus, one of the central ideas in postcolonial feminism is that by using the term ... resentment from feminists in developing nations. ref McEwan, C Postcolonialism, feminism and development ... feminists. ref name ReferenceA History Postcolonial feminism emerged from the gendered history ..., 1988 page 27 number 30 ref Third world feminism has been described as a group of feminist theories ... identities, traditions, and Third World feminism year 1997 publisher Routledge location New York isbn 0 415 91418 3 ref Relationship to Western feminisms Postcolonial feminism is critical of Western forms of feminism, notably radical feminism and liberal feminism and their universalization of women ... Greenwald, A http www.scholars.nus.edu.sg post achebe greenwald3.html Postcolonial Feminism in Anthills ... and Feminism 1989 Chandra Talpade Mohanty , with her influential essay Under Western Eyes 1988 ... have contributed to postcolonial feminism by using written words to express their ideas and opinions ... proposing, therefore, is extreme. It is a location wherein the praxis of U.S. third world feminism links with the aims of white feminism, studies of race, ethnicity, and marginality, and with post modern ..., Chela. US Third World Feminism the Theory and Method of Oppositional Consciousness in the Postmodern ... the principle that feminism can never ever be an encompassing political home for all women, not just ... women. Ien Ang ref Ang, Ien. I m a Feminist but... Other Women and Postnational Feminism. Ed. Caine ... History of feminism Postcolonialism Third world feminism Transnational feminism Global feminism Sex segregation and Islam Islamic feminism Chicana feminism Black feminism Womanism References Reflist ... more details
Feminism sidebar Global Feminism is a feminist theory closely aligned with postcolonial theory and postcolonial feminism . It concerns itself primarily with the forward movement of women s rights on a global scale. Using different historical lenses from the legacy of colonialism, Global Feminists adopt global causes and start movements which seek to dismantle what they argue are the currently predominant structures of global patriarchy. Global Feminism is also known as Transnational Feminism, World Feminism, and International Feminism. Two historical examples Global Feminists might use to expose patriarchal structures at work in colonized groups or societies are medieval Spain late eleventh to thirteenth centuries and nineteenth century Cuba. The former example concerns women of the Mudejar communities of Islamic Spain and the strict sexual codes through which their social activity was regulated. Mudejar women could be sold into slavery as a result of sexual activity with Christian man this was to escape the deemed punishment accorded by the Sunna, or Islamic law. Because of their simultaneous roles as upholding one s family honor and one of conquered status and gender, Mudejar women suffered double jeopardy in their sexual contact with Christians in Spain . ref name Tmara L. Hunt and Micheline R. Lessard Tamara L. Hunt and Micheline R. Lessard, eds. Women and the Colonial Gaze. ISBN 0814736475. ref Nineteenth century Cuba can be looked at as an example of colonialism and neocolonialism working together in a slave based society to affect women s lives under patriarchy, where .... ref name Tmara L. Hunt and Micheline R. Lessard See also Transnational feminismFeminism Globalization .... Human Rights, Feminism, and Transnational Labor Solidarity. Just Advocacy? Women s Human Rights ... HERE DEFAULTSORT Global Feminism Category Feminism by country World Category Feminist philosophy Category ... feminism Fem stub ... more details
POV date July 2008 Libertarianism sidebar Feminism sidebar Individualist feminism sometimes also grouped with libertarian feminism or ifeminism is a term for feminism feminist ideas which seek to celebrate ... persons and property. Individualist feminism encourages women to take full responsibility for their own ... Liberty for Women Freedom and Feminism in the 21st century year 2002 publisher Ivan R. Dee, Publisher location isbn 978 1 56663 435 9 ref ref Reclaiming the Mainstream Individualist Feminism Rediscovered ... Wendy McElroy and Christina Hoff Sommers define individualist feminism in opposition to what they call political or gender feminism . ref name mcelroy1 cite book author McElroy, Wendy title Liberty for Women Freedom and Feminism in the 21st century year 2002 publisher Ivan R. Dee, Publisher isbn 978 ... Hoff Sommers title Who stole feminism? how women have betrayed women year 1995 publisher Simon ..., as a way to co opt general feminism rather than actually be part of feminism. ref http www.npr.org ... book is a hindrance to such conversation. ref Other scholars note that individualist feminism .... ref Reclaiming the Mainstream Individualist Feminism Rediscovered Prometheus, 1992 by Joan Kennedy ... 1963 present Tiffany Million April 6, 1966 present Topics Anarcha feminism Anarcho capitalism ... Rebel http charleswjohnson.name essays libertarian feminism Libertarian Feminism Can This Marriage Be Saved? http tmh.floonet.net articles femme.html Feminism in Liberty by Sharon Presley. http plato.stanford.edu entries feminism liberal Liberal Feminism , essay including discussion of libertarian feminism Reclaiming the Mainstream Individualist Feminism Rediscovered by Joan Kennedy Taylor ... Feminism in Britain, 1860 1910 . Libertarian Alliance Pamphlet, no. 7. External links http ... http ladiesoflibertyalliance.org Ladies of Liberty Alliance LOLA Feminism Anarcho capitalism DEFAULTSORT Individualist Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Libertarianism by form Category ... more details
Expert subject Gender Studies date November 2008 Feminism sidebar Postmodern feminism is an approach to feminist theory that incorporates Postmodern philosophy postmodern and post structuralism post structuralist theory . Origins and theory The largest departure from other branches of feminism is the argument that sex is itself social construction constructed through discourse language , a view most notably propounded in Judith Butler s 1990 book, Gender Trouble . She draws on and critiques the work of Simone de Beauvoir , Michel Foucault , and Jacques Lacan . Butler criticises the distinction drawn by previous feminisms between biological sex and socially constructed gender . She asks why we assume that material things such as the body are not subject to processes of social construction themselves. Butler argues that this does not allow for a sufficient criticism of essentialism though recognizing that gender is a social construct, feminists assume it s always constructed in the same way. Her argument implies that women s subordination has no single cause or single solution postmodern feminism is thus criticized for offering no clear path to action. Butler herself rejects the term postmodernism as too vague to be meaningful. ref Judith Butler, Contingent Foundations in Seyla Benhabib et al., Feminist Contentions A Philosophical Exchange New York Routledge, 1995 , pp. 35 58 ref French feminism from the 1970s until now, with the psychoanalytic theory writers Julia Kristeva , Luce Irigaray has forged specific routes in postmodern feminism and in feminist psychoanalysis . Although ... as a post feminist. See also Cyborg feminism Individualist feminism Standpoint feminism ... , 4 Mich. J. Gender & L. 35 1996 DEFAULTSORT Postmodern Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Gender studies Category Postmodern theory Category Third wave feminism el he sr sh Postmoderni feminizam sv Postmodern feminism tr Postmodern ... more details
Refimprove date March 2008 Feminism sidebar expanded Subtypes Amazon feminism is a branch of feminism that emphasizes female physical prowess as a means to achieve the goal of gender equality . Adherents are dedicated to the image of the female hero in fiction and in fact, as expressed in the physique s and feats of female athletes, martial artists and other powerfully built women in society, art and literature. Historical criticism may hope to uncover more examples of Amazon feminism in the pre 1990s literature. An obvious example of this is Wonder Woman , who was conceived in the early 1940s and based partially on the Amazons in Greek Mythology . The origin of the term Amazon feminism can be traced to several sources, including Thomas Gramstad. ref name Gramstad1 cite book title The Female Hero A Randian Feminist Synthesis in Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand url http folk.uio.no thomas po female hero.html last Gramstad first Thomas authorlink Thomas Gramstad coauthors Mimi Reisel Gladstein and Chris Matthew Sciabarra eds year 1999 publisher Pennsylvania State University Press ref The name itself makes reference to the Amazons , a nation of woman warrior warrior women from Greek mythology . See also G.I. Jane Goddess Goddess movement Heroine History of women in the military Superhero Female superheroes Superheroine Tomboy References reflist External links http www.womanwarrior.co.uk On The Trail of the Women Warriors , author Lyn Webster Wilde s site about her investigations http www.lothene.demon.co.uk others women.html Women as Warriors in History , author Nicky Saunders pages at Lothene Experimental Archaeology http web.archive.org web 20031020011239 http www.feminista.com archives v1n9 knockouts.html Real Knockouts , Feminista interview with author Martha McCaughey, at archive.org http folk.uio.no thomas lists amazon connection.html The Amazon Connection , Thomas Gramstad s site DEFAULTSORT Amazon Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Women in war Category ... more details
Feminism sidebar Cultural feminism developed from radical feminism . It is an ideology of a female nature or female essence that attempts to revalidate what cultural feminists consider undervalued female attributes. ref name Alcoff It is also a theory that commends the difference of women from men. ref name Kramarae cite book author Kramarae, Cheris coauthors Spender, Dale title Routledge international encyclopedia of women global women s issues and knowledge year 2000 publisher Routledge location New York isbn 0415920906 page 746 ref Its critics assert that because it is based on an essentialist view of the differences between women and men and advocates independence and institution building ... member Brooke Williams with introducing the term cultural feminism in 1975 to describe the depoliticisation of radical feminism. ref name Autumn Taylor Cultural feminist ideas Cultural feminism ... journalist , critic and women s rights activist, Margaret Fuller , contributed to cultural feminism ... Feminism Versus Post Structuralism the Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory. Jstor. 1988. The University ... . ref name Alcoff Critics Critics of cultural feminism, particularly those belonging to men s rights groups, assert that cultural feminism is misandric in nature, and also claim that there is no evidence ... cultural feminism is based on an essentialist view of the differences between women and men and advocates ... Feminism. Taylor, Verta Rupp, Leila J. 1933. The University of Chicago Press. Oct. Nov. 2006 ... also Female chauvinism Feminine essence theory of transsexuality liberal feminism Liberal Feminism radical feminism Radical Feminism socialist feminism Socialist Feminism References reflist Further ... of Cultural Feminism Signs, Vol. 19, No. 1 Autumn, 1993 , pp. 32 61 http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0097 9740 28199323 2919 3A1 3C32 3AWCALFA 3E2.0.CO 3B2 D . Jane Addams on Cultural Feminism ... 3E2.0.CO 3B2 K . DEFAULTSORT Cultural Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Feminism and society ... more details
Refimprove date July 2009 Wikify date July 2009 Feminism sidebar Second wave feminism in Republic of Ireland Ireland began in the 1970s fronted by women such as Nell McCafferty , Mary Kenny , June Levine and Nuala O Faolain . At the time, the majority of women in Ireland were housewives. In 1971, a group of Irish women travelled to Northern Ireland and returned with contraceptives which were then illegal in Ireland. In 1983, despite the efforts of many women including Mary Robinson , an amendment was passed to the Irish Constitution which banned abortion. ref http www.ifpa.ie eng Info News Media 2003 News Releases IFPA calls for removal of 1983 amendment from the Constitution IFPA calls for removal of 1983 amendment from the Constitution 2003 News & Events Older News & Events News & Events Media & Info Centre Home Irish Family Planning Association Sexual Health Pregnancy Counselling Training . Ifpa.ie 2003 09 05 . Retrieved on 2010 09 29. ref Despite two further referendums, abortion remains illegal in Ireland though women may have an abortion if their life is threatened. Most women in Ireland today are part of the workforce. In 1990, Mary Robinson was elected President of Ireland . 219 women have been elected to D il ireann , the first being Constance Markiewicz in 1919. There are three women in the current Irish cabinet, Mary Harney , Mary Hanafin and Mary Coughlan politician Mary Coughlan . In December 2008, Senator Ivana Bacik organized an event in Leinster House in which all the women elected to the Oireachtas over the years were honoured. ref http www.irishtimes.com indepth oireachtas putting women in the frame.htm D il ireann 90 Years of Parliamentary democracy . The Irish Times. Retrieved on 2010 09 29. ref References Reflist Europe topic Feminism in DEFAULTSORT Feminism In Ireland Category Feminism by country Ireland Category Irish society ... more details
Refimprove date April 2008 Feminism sidebar Chicana feminism , also called Xicanisma , is a group of social theory social theories that analyze the historical, social, political, and economic roles of Mexican American , Chicano Chicana , and Hispanic women in the United States. Overview Through history, women have been relegated, often even abused, in many different societies. In Latin America in particular, many women were, for centuries, treated by their fathers, brothers and husbands with discrimination. Women in Latin America, Mexico included, were seen as child bearers, homemakers and caregivers. These women had to watch their children, perform household chores and cook for their husbands. Many men did not consider women to be capable of working outside the home, which is part of the reason why the term weaker sex was coined. In Latin America in particular, women at those times had to act according to some social standards. In many Latin American cities, for example, women were not seen with good eyes if they spoke to men they did not know. Meanwhile, prostitution , for example, was legal ... being left out by men when they spoke about La Familia . Feminism During the 1970s, a feminist ... of Chicana feminism, as many Chicanas viewed the commission s presidents as hero ines. Former United ... and Ana Castillo have expressed their own definitions of Chicana feminism through their books ... Womanism Black feminism Third world feminism Chicano studies Further reading Anzald a, Gloria, and Cherr e ... 217 238. Hurtado, Aida. The Color of Privilege Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism . Michigan ... Roads to Feminism Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America s Second Wave , Cambridge ... Chicana Community Search Page DEFAULTSORT Chicana Feminism Category Chicano Category Feminist theory Category Gender studies Category Intersectionality Category Feminism by country United States Category Multicultural feminism bg sh Chicana feminizam ... more details
Feminism sidebar expanded all In general, feminism is a belief in equality between the two genders. Most ... feminists, is not universally seen as the only end purpose of feminism by all feminists. Some ... to the pursuit of equality, thus joining those who claim equality as central to feminism. TOC ... Much of the literature defines feminism as being about equal rights for women or equality between the sexes ... , p. 251. ref ref Cornell, Drucilia, At the Heart of Freedom Feminism, Sex, and Equality Princeton University Press, 1998 ISBN 978069102896 5 , p. X. ref ref Messer Davidow, Ellen, Disciplining Feminism ... Routledge, 2003 ISBN 9780415945011 . ref ref Cott, Nancy F., The Grounding of Modern Feminism New .... American studies & history, Yale Univ. book is largely on U.S. feminism in 1910s 1920s . ref ref Freedman, Estelle B., No Turning Back The History of Feminism and the Future of Women London Ballantine ..., Feminism without Women Culture and Criticism in a Postfeminist Age N.Y. Routledge, 1991 , p. 3. ref ... . ref ref Lingard, Bob, & Peter Douglas, Men Engaging Feminisms Pro feminism, Backlashes and Schooling ... Doing Feminism?, from Digby, Tom, ed., Men Doing Feminism N.Y. Routledge, 1993 , pp. 57 68. ref ref DuBois, Ellen Carol, Feminism and Suffrage The Emergence of an Independent Women s Movement in America ... Carol, Feminism and Suffrage the emergence of an independent women s movement in America, 1848 1869. ref ref Smith, Harold Eugene, British Feminism in the Twentieth Century Amherst Univ. of Massachusetts ..., Feminism and Citizenship London Sage Publications, 1998 ISBN 0 7619 5860 6 . ref ref Buechler ... Rutgers University Press, 1990 ISBN 0 8135 1558 0 . ref ref Chapman, Jenny L., Politics, Feminism ... in id. , p. 105 & n. 1 . ref Some radical feminism radical feminist s critiqued equality, denying ..., Daring to Be Bad Radical Feminism in America 1967 1975 Minneapolis, Minn. Univ. of Minnesota Press .... of history at University of Arizona Univ. of Ariz. at Tucson . ref Ambiguous on equality Feminism ... more details
Feminism sidebar Difference feminism is a philosophy that stresses that men and women are ontology ontologically different versions of the human being. Citation needed date May 2008 Many Catholic s adhere to and have written on the philosophy, though the philosophy is not specifically Catholic. Citation needed date February 2010 Although the title difference feminism is a relatively recent addition to the feminist movement, the philosophies of gender relations undergirding this category have their roots as far back as the early Greeks. ref Allen, Prudence, RSM. The Concept of Woman The Aristotelian Revolution 750BC AD 1250. Montreal Eden Press, 1985 ref Forms of difference feminism often stress ... gender polarity Reverse gender polarity is the form of difference feminism that asserts that women ... , p.3 ref It became prominent again in second wave feminism with women like psychologist ... as separate parts that together make up a composite whole. This form of difference feminism was most prominent in the Cult of True Womanhood developed in reaction to other forms of feminism in the 19th ... mind. ref Allen, Man Woman Complementarity . p.3 5 ref Difference feminism has been criticized ... Pinker . If difference feminism is true, he writes, it would disqualify women from becoming constitutional ... one for the other ref Schumacher, Michele M. The Nature of Nature in Feminism, Old and New From Dualism to Complementary Unity . p.17 51 in Women in Christ Toward a New Feminism . William B. Eerdmans ... feminism . ref John Paul II, Letter to Women in The Genius of Women Washington DC United States ... in The Genius of Women . ref For feminists who believe in integral complementary, like the new feminism new feminists , biology is not destiny , but it is essentially important. See also Cultural feminism Ethics of care New feminism References references DEFAULTSORT Difference Feminism Category Feminist theory Category Feminism and spirituality Category Gender studies fa hr Diferencijalni ... more details
Original research date January 2008 Feminism sidebar Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical ... associated with feminism , going back at least to the 1890s. Lesbian feminism is a related movement that came together in the early 1970s out of dissatisfaction with second wave feminism and the gay ... and Feminism . Accessed May 28th 2007. ref In the words of lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, Lesbian feminism emerged as a result of two developments lesbians within the WLM Women s Liberation Movement ... and political activist for feminism, lesbians were and always have been at the heart of the women ... ideas Like feminism , lesbian and gay studies , and queer theory , lesbian feminism is characterised ... in institutions such as patriarchy , capitalism and colonialism . Additionally, lesbian feminism .... Sheila Jeffreys defines lesbian feminism as having seven key themes An emphasis on women s love for one ... As outlined above, lesbian feminism typically situates lesbian ism as a form of resistance ... feminism pre empted if not laid the groundwork for queer theory to posit sexuality as culturally specific. Separatism main Separatist feminism In separatist feminism , lesbianism is posited as a key ... of lesbian separatism are also controversial within feminism. At its most extreme, male genocide ... areas in which lesbian feminism differs from queer theory, perhaps best summarised by Judith Halberstam ... April 2008 Tensions with feminism As a critical perspective lesbian feminism is perhaps best defined in opposition to feminism and queer theory. It has certainly been argued that feminism has been ... alignments lesbian feminism and or queer theory one must answer whether it is gender or sexuality ... Because of its focus on equality in sexual relationships, lesbian feminism has traditionally been .... Samois members felt strongly that their way of practicing SM was entirely compatible with feminism ... feminism is sometimes associated with opposition to sex reassignment surgery some lesbian feminist ... more details
Feminism sidebar Black feminism argues that sexism , class oppression, and racism are inextricably bound ... title Defining Black Feminist Thought accessdate May 31, 2007 ref Forms of feminism that strive ... and more intense kind of oppression from that of white women. They point to the emergence black feminism ... Phoenix, 2005 , ISBN 9780753819609 ref Patricia Hill Collins defined Black feminism, in Black ... postcolonial feminists , which overlaps with transnational feminism and third world feminism , and black ... Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism A Western Perspective , 2002 ref Black women faced the same .... The first challenge these women faced was to prove to other black women that feminism was not only ..., classism, homophobia, and lesbophobia. ref But Some of Us Are Brave A History of Black Feminism ... organization this group began meeting in Boston in 1974, a time when socialist feminism was thriving ... Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years. Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society 27 1095 1133 ... the Northeast from 1977 1979 to help institutionalize black feminism and develop an ideological separation from white feminism. ref name Breines, Wini 2002 As an organization they founded a local ... black feminism and the development of the concepts of identity. ref name Breines, Wini 2002 Latter 20th century Recent black feminism as a political social movement grew out of black women s feelings of discontent with both the civil rights movement and the Feminism feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s. One of the foundation texts of black feminism is An Argument for Black Women s Liberation ... Black Woman s Manifesto en icon ref Other black feminists active in early second wave feminism ..., Alice. Daring to Be Bad Radical Feminism in America 1967 1975 , University of Minnesota Press, 1990 .... The Combahee River Collective opposed the practice of Separatist feminism lesbian separatism ... on the impulse of Barbara Smith, would engage itself in various publications on feminism, showing ... more details
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