Refimprove date August 2009 A linearcircuit is an electronic circuit in which, for a Sine wave sinusoidal input voltage of frequency f , any output of the circuit the Electric current current through ... need not be Phase waves in phase with the input. ref citebook title Linearcircuit design ... of a linearcircuit is that it obeys the superposition principle . This means that the output of the circuit F x when a linear combination of signals ax sub 1 sub t bx sub 2 sub t is applied to it is equal to the linear combination of the outputs due to the signals x sub 1 sub t and x sub 2 sub t applied separately math F ax 1 bx 2 aF x 1 bF x 2 , math Informally, a linearcircuit is one ... of a linearcircuit can often be done by hand using a scientific calculator . In contrast, Nonlinear element nonlinear circuit s usually don t have exact solutions. They must be analyzed using approximate numerical methods by electronic circuit simulation computer programs such as Spice ... values or inputs. The behavior of such Linear element linearcircuit element s as resistors, capacitors ... more information than is needed for a linearcircuit. Linear circuits and systems form a separate ... to be used. Conversely, many linearcircuit elements show nonlinearity as the signal level is increased ... , inductance , gain , etc. don t change with the level of voltage or current in the circuit. Examples A linearcircuit is one that has no nonlinear electronic components in it. Examples of linear circuits are ideal amplifier s, differentiator s, and integrator s, or any circuit composed exclusively of ideal resistor s, capacitor s, inductor s, op amp s in the non saturated regime , and other linearcircuit element s. Some examples of circuits and components that operate in a nonlinear way diode .... Significance Because they obey the superposition principle , linear circuits can be analyzed with powerful ... . These also give an intuitive understanding of the qualitative behavior of the circuit, characterizing ... more details
Other uses Refimprove date December 2007 Distinguish Lineage The word linear comes from the Latin word linearis , which means created by lines . In mathematics , a linear map or function mathematics function ..., x is not necessarily a real number , but can in general be a member of any vector space . A linear function less restrictive definition of linear function, not coinciding with the definition of linear map, is used in elementary mathematics. The concept of linearity can be extended to linear Operator mathematics operator s. Important examples of linear operators include the derivative considered ... a differential equation can be expressed in linear form, it is particularly easy to solve by breaking .... Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with the study of vectors, vector spaces also called linear spaces , linear transformations also called linear maps , and systems of linear equations. For a description of linear and nonlinear equations, see Linear equation . Nonlinear equations ... device s performance from ideal. Linear polynomials main linear equation In a different usage to the above, a polynomial of degree mathematics degree 1 is said to be linear, because the graph of a function of that form is a Line geometry line . Over the reals, a linear equation is one of the form ... of the term linear is not the same as the above, because linear polynomials over the real numbers ... . Boolean functions In Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra , a linear function is a function ... in 0,1 . math A Boolean function is linear if A In every row of the truth table in which the value ... , exclusive or , tautology logic tautology , and contradiction are linear functions. Physics .... Electronics In electronics , the linear operating region of a transistor is where the collector ... to be used as an amplifier that preserves the High fidelity fidelity of analog signals. Linear ... line with arbitrary slope. Such linear electronic devices include linear filter , linear regulator ... more details
Infobox Writing system name Linear A type Undeciphered typedesc likely Syllabic and Ideographic languages Eteocretan language Eteocretan unknown time Possibly from MM IB to LM IIIA differentiated to Linear B and Linear Cypriot iso15924 Lina Image Linear A tablets filt.jpg thumb 237px right Linear A incised on tablets found in Akrotiri, Santorini . Linear A is one of two scripts used in ancient Crete before Mycenaean Greek language Mycenaean Greek Linear B , the second being Cretan hieroglyphs . In Minoan Civilization Minoan times, before the Mycenaean Greek dominion, Linear A was the official script ... discovered and named by Arthur Evans . In 1952, Michael Ventris discovered that Linear B was being used ... used this information to achieve a significant and now well accepted decipherment of Linear B, although many points remain to be elucidated. A failure to discover the language of Linear A has prevented the same sort of progress being made in its decipherment. Though the two scripts Linear A and B share some of the same symbols, using the syllable s associated with Linear B in Linear A writings ... around 1450 BC. Linear A seems to have been used as a complete syllabary around 1900 1800 BC, although several signs appear as mason marks earlier. It is possible that the Trojan script Trojan Linear ... BC, which is the period of the construction of the first palaces. Theories of decipherment Image Linear A vase filt.jpg thumb right 180px Linear A incised on a vase, also found in Akrotiri. As the Minoan ... is correct. The simplest approach to decipherment may be to presume that the values of Linear A match more or less the values given to the fully transliterated Linear B script, used for Mycenean Greek ... has a comprehensive list of known texts written in Linear A. ref This point of view has been of great ... Linear A and B therefore, 12 signs have the same values in both syllabaries DA, I, JA, KI, PA ... state of understanding of the language of Linear A the known elements are too scarce to build a safe ... more details
Circuit may mean In science and technology Circuit theory , the theory of accomplishing work by routing electrons, gas, fluids, or other matter through a loop Pneumatic circuit Hydraulic circuitCircuit complexity , study of Boolean circuit in computational complexity, a special case of circuit computer theory circuit s in computer theory. Integer circuit a mathematical object of computational complexity, another special case of circuit computer theory circuit s in computer theory. Monetary circuit theory , a heterodox theory of monetary economics also called circuitism . Cycle graph theory , a closed path, with no other repeated vertices than the starting and ending vertices. Electrical network , also called an electrical circuit Digital circuit Electronic circuit Integrated circuit Asynchronous circuit Synchronous circuit Printed circuit board PCB Series and parallel circuits Telecommunication circuitCircuit diagram Balanced circuit LC circuit Biological neural network neuronal circuit Matroid circuit, a mathematical object In government and law Circuit administrative division , an administrative country subdivision in East Asia Circuit court , the name of court systems in several common law jurisdictions In transportation and racing Circuit airfield , also called the pattern, a standard path followed by aircraft when taking off or landing Kart circuit Formula One circuits see List of Formula One circuits Race track Others Circuit film character , from the pappa ai series Circuit LCMS , local grouping of congregations in the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod Circuit film Circuit film , a 2001 gay themed film set in the world of gay circuit parties Circuit party , a gay dance event Methodist Circuit , a church governance in Methodism See also The Circuit disambig ar ca Circuit da Kredsl b de Schaltung es Circuito fr Circuit ko io Cirkuito it Circuito nl Circuit ja pl Obieg pt Circuito ru sk Obvod ur ... more details
The Circuit could refer to The Circuit TV series The Circuit TV series , an Australian drama television series The Circuit radio show The Circuit radio show , an internet radio show produced by Card Player magazine The Circuit hip hop group The Circuit 2008 film The Circuit 2008 film , a 2008 made for TV movie starring Bill Campbell and Michelle Trachtenberg The Circuit 2002 film The Circuit 2002 film and its sequels The Circuit 2 2002 and The Circuit 3 2006 , martial arts films directed by Jalal Merhi The Circuit Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child , a children s novel by Francisco Jim nez often called The Circuit The Circuit a 1986 Japanese racing game known globally as World Grand Prix See also Circuit disambiguation disambig ... more details
Wiktionary linear The word linear comes from the Latin word i lang la linearis i , which means created by lines. Usage in mathematics Linearity Linear code Linear equation Linear function Linear programming , a type of optimization problem Linear system Linear transformation Linear map Usage in technology Linear amplifier , a component of amateur radio equipment Linear cryptanalysis Linear element , part of an electric circuitLinear medium , related to information storage and retrieval Linear motor a type of electric motor Linear phase , a property of an electronic filter Linear Technology , an integrated circuit manufacturer Linearity computer and video games Other uses A leaf shape in botany LINEAR, the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research project Linear A , one of two scripts used in ancient Crete Linear B , a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek Linear narrative structure Linear group , a pop music group popular in the 1990s Linear album Linear album , their group s debut album Linear film , a film that was released with the U2 album No Line on the Horizon Linear molecular geometry in chemistry Linear motion , motion along a straight line Linearity writing , describing whether symbols in a writing system are composed of lines A kind of typeface in the VOX ATypI classification disambig cs Line rn ja pt Linear sk Line rnos ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In an electric electrical network circuit , a linear element is an electrical element with a linear relationship between current electricity current and voltage . Resistor s are the most common example of a linear element other examples include capacitor s, inductor s, and transformer s. Fundamentally nonlinear devices like transistors are often used to build approximately linear circuits. For example, an Operational amplifier op amp is designed to behave like a linear amplifier, as long as its input voltages remain within certain limits. See also Nonlinear element DEFAULTSORT Linear Element Category Electronics terms Electronics stub zh ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Ultra linear is a term used to describe a type of electronic circuit that is used to couple a tetrode or pentode vacuum tube also called electron valve to a load e.g. to a loudspeaker . The circuit was developed by Alan Blumlein and patented in 1937 Improvements in or relating to Thermionic Valve Amplifying Circuits , Patent No. 496,883 . It was popularised by David Hafler and Herbert Keroes in the early 1950s through articles in the magazine Audio Engineering from the USA. Operation A pentode or tetrode vacuum tube valve configured as a common cathode amplifier where the output signal appears on the plate may be operated as a pentode or tetrode, in which the screen grid is connected to a stable DC voltage so there are no signal variations on the screen grid i.e. the screen grid has 0 of the plate s output signal impressed on it a triode, in which the screen grid is connected to the plate i.e. the screen grid has 100 of the plate s output signal voltage impressed on it a blend of triode and pentode, in which the screen grid has a percentage between 0 and 100 of the plate s output signal impressed on it. This is the basis of the ultra linearcircuit, and is usually achieved by incorporating a suitable tap on the primary winding of the output transformer that the vacuum tube valve is connected to. The impression of any portion of the output signal onto the screen grid can be seen as a form of feedback, which alters the behaviour of the electron stream passing from cathode to anode. Advantages By judicious choice of the screen grid percentage tap ... The ultra linearcircuit may be applied to either push pull or single ended amplifier circuits. Related Circuits The QUAD II amplifier from QUAD uses a circuit in which the cathode has a portion ... is 43 of the number of transformer primary turns on the plate circuit , although a value ... 50 . The characteristics of the circuit which make it suitable for audio power amplifiers are the output ... more details
Piecewise linear may refer to Piecewise linear function Piecewise linear manifold Piecewise linear continuation Collapse topology A polygonal chain or piecewise linear curve mathdab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
circuit forms. The most common linear regulators are three terminal integrated circuit s in the TO220 ...Mergefrom voltage stabilizer date August 2008 Refimprove date January 2008 In electronics, a linear regulator ... effect transistor or vacuum tube operating in its linear region in contrast, a switched mode power ... of a Voltage divider potential divider to control the output voltage, and a feedback circuit compares ... voltage and current, a linear regulator would be very bulky and heavy. Linear regulators exist in two ... circuits. All linear regulators require an input voltage at least some minimum amount higher ... voltage, no linear regulator will work not even an Low dropout regulator LDO . In this situation ... of this circuit is also not very good because the zener current and hence the zener voltage will vary ... improves the regulation of the circuit. Here, the load current I sub R2 sub is supplied by the transistor ... current gain for the transistor. This circuit has much better regulation than the simple zener regulator ... be about 0.65V less than the zener due to the transistor s V sub BE sub drop. Although this circuit ... in more advanced series voltage regulator circuits. The circuit is readily made adjustable by adding ... adjustment, but degrades regulation. See also Capacitance multiplier Using a linear regulator Linear ... thumb 200px An assortment of 78xx series ICs Fixed three terminal linear regulators are commonly available ... Product Launch The adjustable linear regulator IC still in use today first debuted on April 12, 1977 ... . The article was written by Robert Dobkin, an Integrated Circuit IC designer then working for National Semiconductor . Dobkin later left National in 1981 to found Linear Technology where he ... terminal linear regulators may be used. An adjustable regulator generates a fixed low nominal voltage ... voltages. Image LDO.png right thumb 162 px adjustable voltage regulator circuit showing adjust terminal ... the LM317, require a minimum load. Protection Linear IC voltage regulators may include a variety ... more details
Infobox company name Linear Technology Corporation logo File Linear Technology logo.png caption type Integrated device manufacturer genre fate predecessor successor foundation 1981 ref name form10k founder Robert H. Swanson, Jr. br Robert C. Dobkin defunct location city Milpitas, California location country USA location locations 12 10 U.S. design centers, Munich and Singapore area served key people Lothar Maier CEO , Robert H. Swanson, Jr. Chairman , Robert C. Dobkin CTO ref name form10k industry products Over 7500 products ref name forbes10 services revenue increase US 1.17 billion 2010 ref name hoov net income increase US 361 million 2010 ref name form10k assets increase US 1.59 billion 2010 ref name form10k equity owner num employees 4,191 June 2010 ref name form10k divisions homepage http www.linear.com footnotes intl Linear Technology Corporation NASDAQ LLTC , NASDAQ 100 designs, manufactures and markets a broad line of standard high performance analog integrated circuit s. Applications for the company s products include telecommunications, cellular telephones, networking products, notebook and desktop computers, video multimedia, industrial instrumentation, automotive electronics, factory automation, process control, and military and space systems. The company ... www.forbes.com 2010 08 19 linear lothar maier intelligent technology analog print.html title Long ... products switching regulator switching regulators , http www.linear.com products linear regulators ldo linear regulators , http www.linear.com products battery management battery management , http ... Linear Technology Corporation ryskyi 1 1njea5.html title Linear Technology Corporation publisher Hoover ... company careers title Home Company Careers Design Centers publisher Linear Technology accessdate 2010 ... form10k cite web url http www.linear.com company careers title Linear Technology Corporation CA Form ... Companies established in 1981 US company stub fr Linear Technology de Linear Technology ... more details
File Optical Encoders.png 500px right thumb Typical linear optical encoders. A linear encoder is a sensor ... or absolute . Motion can be determined by change in position over time. Linear encoder technologies ..., self imaging and interferometric . Linear encoders are used in metrology instruments, motion systems ... s. Physical principle Linear encoders are transducers that employ many different physical property physical properties in order to encode position. Optical Optical linear encoders http www.microesys.com ... diode LEDs , visible LEDs, miniature light bulbs and laser diode s. Magnetic Magnetic linear encoders ... . In effect it is a resolver unwound into a linear system. br The Spherosyn encoder http www.newall.com ... nickel chrome ball bearings mounted within a tube. Capacitive Capacitive linear encoders work by sensing ..., which is detected and decoded by monitoring changes in inductance of an AC circuit that includes ... for linear encoders Measurement Measurement application include coordinate measuring machine ... employ linear encoder so as to provide accurate, high speed movement. Typical applications include ... products productionprinting digitalpresses color default.aspx Output format Linear encoders ... 400px right thumb The sine and cosine outputs. The industry standard, analogue output for linear ... of the linear encoder is a combination of the scale accuracy and errors introduced by the readhead ... of the sine cosine signals . Reference mark Most incremental, linear encoders can produce an index .... Many linear encoders interpolate the analogue sine cosine signals in order to sub divide the scale ... As well as traditional incremental, linear encoders, linear encoders may be absolute in nature. With suitably ... Many linear encoders include built in limit switches either optical or magnetic. Two limit switches ... of travel and in which direction to drive the axis. Physical arrangement protection Linear encoders may be either enclosed or open . Enclosed linear encoders are employed in dirty, hostile environments ... more details
mergeto Electronic amplifier discuss Talk Linear amplifier This article should be deleted date May 2010 A linear amplifier is an electronics electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of delivering more power physics power into a Electrical load load . The term usually refers to a type of radio frequency RF power amplifier , some of which have output power measured in kilowatt s, and are used in amateur radio . Other types of linear amplifier are used in Sound audio and laboratory equipment . Explanation An RF linear amplifier can be based on either solid state electronics solid state or vacuum tube technology. Most commercially manufactured one to two kilowatt linear amplifiers used in amateur radio still use vacuum tube s valves and can provide between 10 to 20 times RF power amplification. For example, a transmitter driving the input with 100 watts will be amplified to 2000 watts 2 kW output to the antenna. Solid state linear amplifiers are more commonly in the 500 watt range and can be driven by as little as 25 watts. However, AM radio broadcast transmitters of up to 50 kW are now solid state. Large vacuum valves or klystron s are still used for international long, medium, and shortwave broadcast transmitters between 500 kW up to 2 MW. Usually, several ... vacuum tube linear amplifiers are based on old radio broadcast techniques and generally rely on a pair ... of electrical energy into radio frequency energy. Linear amplifiers need to operate with class A or class ... C has far higher efficiency, a class C amplifier is not linear, and is only suitable for the amplification ... of the linear section of the curve of the anode current vs grid bias potential. Class B can be 60 ... of about 120 sup o sup but they are very non linear . They can only be used for FM or CW use only ... linear is used to amplify morse code morse carrier on off keying , it has been the case under some ... s regular 50 kW transmitter. Not a linear amplifier, it operated in Class C with high level plate ... more details
Infobox Comet name 158P Kowal LINEAR image discoverer Charles T. Kowal br Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research LINEAR discovery date July 24, 1979 designations 1979 O1 2001 RG100 epoch March 6, 2006 semimajor 4.724 Astronomical Unit AU perihelion 4.592 AU aphelion 4.857 AU eccentricity 0.02799 period 10.27 Julian year astronomy a inclination 7.9066 last p July 8, 2002 next p September 27, 2012 158P Kowal LINEAR is a periodic comet in our solar system . External links http cometography.com pcomets 158p.html 158P at Kronk s Cometography PeriodicComets Navigator 157P Tritton 159P LONEOS DEFAULTSORT Kowal Linear, P158 Category Comets Kowal LINEAR comet stub pl 158P Kowal LINEAR sk 158P Kowal LINEAR sl Komet Kowal LINEAR ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A linear medium is any medium which is intended to be written to or accessed in a linear fashion, literally meaning in a line . This means that the information is written to or read from the medium in a given order, so for example a book containing a novel is intended to be read from front to back, beginning to end, and is therefore a linear medium. It may be written in the same way, but would not necessarily need to be, to be considered a linear medium. A book containing an encyclopedia however is a non linear medium, as it is not necessary for the articles to be accessed or written in any particular order. Even though both non linear and linear mediums have perimeters to which they are restricted, linear mediums have a set path of how to get from point A to point B, whereas non linear mediums do not. Examples in technology are a pre recorded videocassette which is usually accessed one item after another, compared with a pre recorded DVD which can be accessed in any order. Types of linear medium Scroll Magnetic tape data storage Paper tape Photographic film Novel story book s Compact cassette s See also Serial access Sequential access Random access DEFAULTSORT Linear Medium Category Data management ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 A linear octree is an octree that is complete that is, every internal node has exactly 8 child nodes and where the maximum permissible depth is fixed a priori making it sufficient to store the complete list of leaf node s . A linear octree can be represented by a linear array instead of a tree data structure . That is, all the nodes of the octree can be generated from the list of its leaf nodes. Space filling curves are often used to represent linear octrees. Category Trees structure datastructure stub ... more details
A linear compressor is a gas compressor where the piston moves along a linear track to compress to minimize energy loss during conversion. History The first linear compressors were developed in 1973, the first market introduction of a linear compressor to compress refrigerant was in 2001 ref http www.lge.com about press release print 21163.jhtml Linear Compressor history ref ref http www.aceee.org conf mt04 wbprsnt Lee R3.pdf Linear DOS ref Valved linear compressor The single piston linear compressor uses dynamic counterbalancing, where an auxiliary movable mass is flexibly attached to a movable piston assembly and to the stationary compressor casing using auxiliary mechanical springs with zero vibration export at minimum electrical power and current consumed by the motor ref http www.eng.ox.ac.uk cryogenics linearcomp.html Valved linear compressor ref . It is used in cryogenic s ref http www.eng.ox.ac.uk cryogenics papers Preprint ValvedComp.pdf Development of a valved linear compressor for a satellite borne J T cryocooler ref . See also hydrogen compressor liquid hydrogen Timeline of low temperature technology Timeline of hydrogen technologies References references Category Compressors Category Cooling technology Category Hydrogen technologies nl Lineaire compressor ... more details
Linear phase is a property of a filter signal processing filter , where the phase response of the filter is a linear function of frequency , excluding the possibility of wraps at math pm pi math . In a causal system , perfect linear phase can be achieved with a discrete time Finite Impulse Response FIR filter. Linear phase system has the property of the true time delay . Since a linear phase or Linear phase Generalized linear phase generalized linear phase filter has constant group delay , all frequency components have equal delay times. That is, there is no distortion due to the time delay of frequencies relative to one another in many applications, this constant group delay is advantageous. By contrast, a filter with non linear phase has a group delay that varies with frequency, resulting in phase distortion . Some examples of linear and non linear phase filters are given below. The plots below represent the phase response as a function of frequency in radians math w math . Image Phase Plots.svg Generalized linear phase Systems with generalized linear phase have an additional frequency independent constant added to the phase. Because of this constant, the phase of the system is not a strictly linear function of frequency, but it retains many of the useful properties of linear phase systems. ref Oppenheim & Schafer first edition, chapter 5 ref See also Minimum phase References reflist Category Electronics terms Category Digital signal processing signal processing stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 In computer science , a Formal grammar grammar is linear if it is context free grammar context free and all of its productions Left hand side and right hand side of an equation right hand sides have at most one nonterminal. A linear language is a language generated by some linear grammar. Example A simple linear grammar is G with N S , a, b , P with start symbol S and rules ... grammars Two special types of linear grammars are the following the left linear or Regular ... the right linear or right regular grammars, in which all nonterminals in right hand sides are at the right ends . Collectively, these two special types of linear grammars are known as the regular grammar s both can describe exactly the regular language s. Another special type of linear grammar is the following linear grammars in which all nonterminals in right hand sides are at the left or right ends, but not necessarily all at the same end. By inserting new nonterminals, every linear grammar ... above can be replaced with S &rarr aA A &rarr Sb S &rarr &epsilon Hence, linear grammars of this special form can generate all linear languages. Expressive power We have seen that all regular languages are linear the example gave a linear, non regular language. All linear languages are context free language context free by definition a simple example of a context free, non linear language is the Dyck language of well balanced bracket pairs. Hence, the regular languages are a proper subset of the linear ... is a linear language and M is a regular language, then the intersection math L cap M math is again a linear language in other words, the linear languages are closed under intersection with regular sets. Furthermore, the linear languages are closed under String operations String homomorphism homomorphism ... 1979 , Ex. 11.1, pp. 282f. ref . These three closure properties show that the linear languages form ..., Reading Massachusetts, 1979. ISBN 0 201 029880 X. DEFAULTSORT Linear Grammar Category Formal languages ... more details
Image with unknown copyright status removed Image line network.gif frame Image showing line network layout A linear bus topology is a network topology consisting of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes file server, workstations, and peripherals are connected to the linear cable. Ethernet and LocalTalk networks use a linear bus topology. Advantages of a linear bus topology Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. Requires less cable length than a star topology . Disadvantages of a linear bus topology Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. Not meant to be used as a stand alone solution in a large building. External links http fcit.usf.edu network chap5 chap5.htm Category Network topology compu network stub id Topologi linier ... more details
No footnotes date March 2011 Linear filters in the time domain process time varying input signals to produce output signals, subject to the constraint of linearity . This results from systems composed solely of components or digital algorithms classified as having a linear response. Most filters implemented ... as causal , time invariant , and linear . However the general concept of linear filtering is broader ... methods, which are discussed elsewhere. A linear time invariant LTI system theory LTI filter can be uniquely ... of a linear time invariant causal filter specifies the output that the filter would produce if it were ... principle , applicable to all linear systems yields the output waveform. Mathematically ... characterizes any linear time invariant or shift invariant in the discrete time case filter. The input ... cases. Infinite impulse response filters Consider a physical system that acts as a linear filter, such as a system of springs and masses, or an analog electronic circuit that includes capacitors and or inductors along with other linear components such as resistor s and amplifiers . When such a system ..., or a resonant L C tank circuit . If the pendulum has been at rest and we were to strike it with a hammer ... since it specifies the number of reactive components in an analog circuit in a digital IIR filter ... Chebyshev , and elliptic filter s. Image Electronic linear filters.svg 500px center As is clear from ... Example implementations A popular circuit implementing a second order active R C filter is the Sallen .... Mathematics of filter design Linear analog electronic filter LTI system theory describes linear ... of linear differential equation s, and their impulse responses considered as Green s function ... Gaussian, Bessel, linear phase, Butterworth, Chebyshev, Legendre, elliptic. with graphs . http www.analog.com ... of Analog Filters A Signal Processing Perspective by L. D. Paarmann refend Category Linear filters Category Filter theory cs Line rn filtr es Filtro lineal fr Filtre lin aire pt Filtro linear ... more details
Context date March 2010 Linear referencing also called linear reference system or linear referencing system or LRS , is a reference system in which the location of features are identified by a relative measure along a linear element, for example a milestone along a road . Each feature is located by either a point known as a milepoint or a linear event segment . The system is designed so that if a segment of a route is changed only those milepoints on the changed segment need to be updated. Linear referencing is suitable for management of data related to linear features like road s, railway s, oil and gas transmission Pipeline transport pipeline s, power and data transmission lines and river s. A system for identifying the location of pipeline features and characteristics by measuring distance from the start of the pipeline. An example linear reference address is Engineering Station 1145 86 on pipeline Alpha 114,586 feet from the start of the pipeline. With a Reroute Cumulative Stationing might not be the same as engineering stationing, because of the addition of the extra pipeline. Linear reference systems solves this dilemma, and the appropriate measures. Supported platforms Linear referencing is supported for example by several Geographic Information System software, including ArcGIS ref cite web url http webhelp.esri.com arcgiSDEsktop 9.3 index.cfm?TopicName An overview of linear referencing title ArcGIS 9.3 An overview of linear referencing author Esri date 24 February 2009 work publisher Esri accessdate 8 March 2011 ref GRASS GIS ref cite paper author Radim Blazek date March 2005 url http www.gisdevelopment.net proceedings fossgrass papers Introducing 20the 20Linear 20Reference 20System 20in 20GRASS.pdf format PDF title Introducing the Linear ... manual 1.5 reference.html Linear Referencing title PostGIS 1.5.2 Manual author PostGIS team ... Val last2 Church first2 Richard L. year 2002 title Linear Referencing and Alternate Expressions of Location ... more details
No footnotes date March 2009 In cryptography , linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis ... been developed for block cipher s and stream cipher s. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most ..., 1992 . ref name FEAL linear cite conference author Matsui, M. and Yamagishi, A title A new method ... DES linear cite conference author Matsui, M title Linear cryptanalysis method for DES cipher booktitle ... 2 sup 43 sup known plaintext attack known plaintexts . ref name DES linear A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including using multiple linear approximations or incorporating non linear expressions, leading to a generalized partitioning cryptanalysis . Evidence of security against linear cryptanalysis is usually expected of new cipher designs. Overview There are two parts to linear cryptanalysis. The first is to construct linear equations relating plaintext, ciphertext and key ... values of their variables are as close as possible to 0 or 1. The second is to use these linear equations in conjunction with known plaintext ciphertext pairs to derive key bits. Constructing linear equations For the purposes of linear cryptanalysis, a linear equation expresses the equality of two ... of the key math P 1 oplus P 3 oplus C 1 K 2. math In an ideal cipher, any linear equation relating plaintext, ciphertext and key bits would hold with probability 1 2. Since the equations dealt with in linear cryptanalysis will vary in probability, they are more accurately referred to as linear approximations ... in a linear equation . For small enough S boxes, it is possible to enumerate every possible linear ... ones. Linear approximations for S boxes then must be combined with the cipher s other actions, such as permutation and key mixing, to arrive at linear approximations for the entire cipher. The piling ... linear approximations Matsui 1994 . Deriving key bits Having obtained a linear approximation .... This procedure can be repeated with other linear approximations, obtaining guesses at values of key ... more details
File Linear subspaces with shading.svg thumb 250px right Euclidean space R sup 3 sup is a vector linear ... sup 3 sup . Subspaces are a common object of study in linear algebra. Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies vector space s, also called linear spaces, along with linear functions that input one vector and output another. Such functions are called linear map s or linear transformations or linear operators and can be represented by matrix mathematics matrices if a Basis linear algebra basis is given. The matrix theory is often considered as a part of linear algebra. Linear algebra ... the peculiarities of the infinite dimensional case are traditionally covered in linear functional analysis . Linear algebra is central to modern mathematics and its applications. An elementary application of linear algebra is to find the solution of a system of linear equations in several unknowns ... analysis . Linear algebra has a concrete representation in analytic geometry and is generalized in operator ... be approximated by linear ones. History The subject first took its modern form in the first half ... did much to spread the subject of linear algebra beyond pure mathematics. The origin of many of these ideas ... The main structures of linear algebra are vector space s and linear map s between them. A vector space ... , a linear transformation is a map mathematics map math T V to W math that is compatible with addition ... r F . A fundamental role in linear algebra is played by the notions of linear combination , span linear algebra span , and linear independence of vectors and basis linear algebra basis and the dimension linear algebra dimension of a vector space. Given a vector space V over a field F , an expression ... sub k sub are vectors and r sub 1 sub , r sub 2 sub , , r sub k sub are scalars, is called the linear ... , r sub 2 sub , , r sub k sub . The set of all linear combinations of vectors v sub 1 sub , v sub 2 sub , , v sub k sub is called their span. A linear combination of any system of vectors with all zero ... more details
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