wiktionary Kernel may refer to ComputerscienceKernel computing , the central component of most operating systems Linux kernel , from GNU Linux operating systems architecture of Windows 9x Windows 9x kernel , used in Windows 95, 98 and ME architecture of Windows NT Windows NT kernel , used in all Windows NT systems including Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7 XNU , from Mac OS X operating systems Kernel programming language , a Scheme like language Kernel trick , in machine learning and statistics TOCRight Literature Kernel Lilo & Stitch Kernel Lilo & Stitch , experiment 014 from the Lilo & Stitch cartoon series Kernel Fleck , a character in the Demonata series of books Mathematics Kernel algebra Kernel category theory Kernel linear operator Kernel mathematics Kernel matrix Kernel statistics Kernel smoother , a statistical technique Convolution kernel , as of a linear filter Heat kernel Polygon kernel Positive definite kernel Stochastic kernelKernel of an integral transform Kernel of a function The kernel in the Cooperative game The kernel cooperative game , in game theory Science A seed of some plants Palm kernel Atomic nucleus See also Wikisource1911Enc kernel KERNAL , Commodore s 8 bit OS software Colonel disambig cs J dro de Kernel eo Nukleo fr Noyau ko he lt Branduolys ja simple Kernel sk Jadro th uk zh ... more details
graphics computerscience File Sorting quicksort anim frame.png 94px alt Plot of a quicksort algorithm ... interaction link Human computer interaction div class thumbcaption Computerscience deals with the theoretical ... and application. div div div Computerscience or computing science abbreviated CS is the study ... ref cite conference author Wegner, P. title Research paradigms in computerscience booktitle Proceedings ... Computerscience is the study of information structures ref Computer scientists invent algorithm ic ... science abstraction s to model complex systems. Computerscience has many List of computerscience ... to humans . The general public sometimes confuses computerscience with careers that deal with computers ..., the focus of computerscience is more on understanding the properties of the programs used to implement ... or improve existing ones. ref Common myths and preconceptions about Cambridge ComputerScience http www.cl.cam.ac.uk admissions undergraduate myths ComputerScience Department , University of Cambridge ref History Main History of computerscience The early foundations of what would become computerscience predate the invention of the modern digital computer . Machines for calculating fixed numerical ... of computerscience broadened to study computation in general. Computerscience began to be established ... ref http www.cl.cam.ac.uk conference EDSAC99 statistics.html CAM.ac.uk ref The first computerscience ... feature conte.html Computerscience pioneer Samuel D. Conte dies at 85 July 1, 2002 ref Since ... Doubleday ref It is the now well known IBM brand that formed part of the computerscience revolution ... Levy1984 During the late 1950s, the computerscience discipline was very much in its developmental ... of computerscience technology. Modern society has seen a significant shift from computers ..., computerscience has made a number of fundamental contributions to science and society . These include ... ComputerScience Achievements and Challenges circa 2000 format PDF ref The concept of a programming ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2011 In Microsoft Windows terminology, Kernel Streaming is a technique that supports kernel mode processing of streamed data. It enables efficient real time streaming for multimedia devices such as sound card s and TV tuner card s. Kernel streaming allows a device driver to create DirectShow like filters and pins in kernel mode , providing access to hardware, lower Latency audio latency communication and still be used within a DirectShow filter graph . Music players such as Media Center software application J. River Media Center , foobar2000 and Winamp support Kernelcomputersciencekernel streaming. Compared to the regular wave out method in Microsoft Windows , kernel streaming requires less CPU time. This comes at the expense of bypassing the KMixer and Windows volume control. See also Windows legacy audio components External links http www.foobar2000.org components view foo out ks foobar2000 plug in Kernel Streaming plug in for foobar2000 http www.stevemonks.com ksplugin Winamp Kernel Streaming Plugin http wiki.silverblade.co.uk index.php?title ReactOS Sound Kernel Streaming Kernel Streaming components documented for re implementation in ReactOS Category Microsoft Windows multimedia technology compu stub ... more details
A kernel debugger is a debugger present in some Kernelcomputerscience kernels to ease debugging and kernel development by the kernel developers. A kernel debugger might be a stub implementing low level operations, with a full blown debugger such as gdb , running on another machine, sending commands to the stub over a serial line or a network connection, or it might provide a command line that can be used directly on the machine being debugged. Operating systems and operating system kernels that contain a kernel debugger The Windows NT family includes a kernel debugger named KD ref cite web title KD url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff551837.aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref , which can act as a local debugger with limited capabilities reading and writing kernel memory, but not setting breakpoints ref cite web title Performing Local Kernel Debugging url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff553382 v VS.85 .aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref and can attach to a remote machine over a serial line, IEEE 1394 connection, or Universal Serial Bus USB 2 connection. ref cite web title Attaching to a Target ComputerKernel Mode url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff538141 v VS.85 .aspx accessdate 2011 01 25 ref The WinDbg GUI debugger can also be used to debug kernels on local and remote machines. BeOS DragonFly BSD Linux kernel No kernel debugger was included in the mainline Linux tree prior to version 2.6.26 rc1 because Linus Torvalds didn t want a kernel debugger in the kernel. ref name linus cite web title LWN.net url http lwn.net 2000 0914 a lt debugger.php3 accessdate 2008 05 29 ref ref http lwn.net Articles 280912 3rd may 2008 Message from Linus Torvalds for the 2.6.26 rc1 kernel merge ref KDB local ref name kdb cite web last Nellitheertha first Hariprasad title Inside the Linux kernel debugger url http www.ibm.com developerworks linux library l kdbug index.html accessdate 2008 05 29 ref KGDB remote References Reflist Category Debuggers Category Operating system ... more details
of Death . The Kernelcomputersciencekernel routines that handle panics in AT&T derived and Berkeley ...Refimprove date November 2009 Image Ubuntu linux kernel panic by jpangamarca.JPG thumb right Linux kernel panic caused by a hard disk hardware failure. Image FreeBSD kernel panic.png thumb right A kernel panic in FreeBSD , forced by sending SIGSEGV to init . A kernel panic is an action taken by an operating ... designed to output an error message to the system console console , dump an image of kernel memory ... an automatic Reboot computer reboot . ref http www.unix.com man page FreeBSD 9 panic ref The information ... permitted memory address are a common source of kernel panics. A panic may also occur as a result of a hardware ... further damage and facilitate diagnosis of the error. The kernel panic was introduced in an early version ... various forms of debugging information to the console. Linux Linux has kernel panic as other unix like systems. There is also Linux kernel oops kernel oops message that informs about a bug in the kernel ... that some subsystem or resource could be then unavailable, this could later lead to a kernel panic when the kernel will try to use them. Mac OS X Image MacOSX kernel panic.png commented out because the article is too short at the moment Image Panic10.6.png right thumb Mac OS X 10.6 kernel panic. File MacOSX kernel panic.png right thumb Mac OS X kernel panic, featured in versions Mac OS X Panther 10.3 through to Mac OS X Leopard 10.5 . article is too short Kernel panics also appear in Mac ... Similar to the current versions of the kernel panic except the text is more spaced out and the background ... to a log file on reboot. See also Fatal system error Screen of death Linux kernel oops References reflist Screens of death DEFAULTSORT Kernel Panic Category Screens of death Category Computer errors Category Operating system kernels Link GA ru bg Kernel panic de Kernel panic es Kernel panic fr Panique du noyau it Kernel panic hu Kernelp nik pl Kernel panic pt Kernel panic ru Kernel panic ... more details
The phrase Kernel function may refer to a kernel function , i.e., the kernel of an integral operator for that topic see kernel mathematics , or the kernel of a function . disambig ... more details
A hybrid kernel is a Kernelcomputersciencekernel architecture based on combining aspects of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating system s. The category is controversial due to the similarity to monolithic kernel the term has been dismissed by some as simple marketing. ref quote text As to the whole hybrid kernel thing it s just marketing. It s oh, those microkernels had good PR, how can we try to get good PR for our working kernel? Oh, I know, let s use a cool ... ref The traditional kernel categories are monolithic kernel s and microkernel s with nanokernel ... 1024px Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel based operating systems The idea behind this category is to have a kernel structure similar to a microkernel, but implemented in terms of a monolithic kernel. In contrast to a microkernel, all or nearly all operating system services are in kernel space . While there is no performance overhead for message passing and context switching between kernel and user mode, as in monolithic kernel s, there are no performance benefits of having services in user space , as in microkernel s. Examples NT kernel Image Windows 2000 architecture.svg ... mode and kernel mode , with many different modules within both of these layers. The best known example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft architecture of the Windows NT operating system line NT kernel ... Server 2008 and Windows 7 . NT based Windows is classified as a hybrid kernel or a macrokernel ref name Microsoft 2007 cite web title MS Windows NT Kernel mode User and GDI White Paper publisher Microsoft ...?mfr true accessdate 2007 03 01 ref rather than a monolithic kernel because the emulation subsystems run in user mode server processes, rather than in kernel mode as on a monolithic kernel ... the separation of OS personalities from a general kernel design . Conversely, the reason NT is not a microkernel system is because most of the system components run in the same address space as the kernel ... more details
notability date February 2009 unreferenced date February 2009 Kernel preemption is a method used mainly in monolithic kernel monolithic and hybrid kernel hybrid kernel computing kernel s where all or most device drivers are run in kernel space , whereby the Scheduling computing scheduler is permitted to forcibly perform a context switch ie, preemptively schedule on behalf of a runnable and higher priority process on a driver or other part of the kernel during its execution, rather than Computer multitasking Cooperative multitasking.2Ftime sharing co operatively wait for the driver or kernel function such as a system call to complete its execution and return control of the processor to the scheduler. There are two main benefits to this method in monolithic and hybrid kernels, and answer one of the main criticisms of monolithic kernels from microkernel advocates, which is that A device driver can enter an infinite loop or other unrecoverable state, crashing the whole system Some drivers and system calls on monolithic kernels are slow to execute, and can t return control of the processor to the scheduler or other program until they complete execution. External links http www.freebsd.org doc en books arch handbook smp design.html Category Scheduling computing Category Operating system kernels ... more details
OpenVMS XTS 400 References Reflist See also Exokernel Hybrid kernelKernelcomputerscience Microkernel ...File OS structure2.svg thumb right 400px Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel based operating systems A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture where the entire operating system is working in the kernel space and alone as supervisor mode . The monolithic differs from other operating system architectures ref cite web title Modular system programming in Minix3 url http www.usenix.org publications login 2006 04 openpdfs herder.pdf ref ref cite web title Server Client, or layered structure url http www.gridbus.org raj microkernel chap2.pdf date work publisher The Design of PARAS Microkernel accessdate 15 July 2009 ref in that it defines alone a high level virtual interface over computer hardware, with a set of primitives or system call s to implement all operating system services such as Process computing process management, Concurrency computerscience concurrency , and memory management itself and one or more device drivers as module programming modules . Loadable modules Modular operating systems such as OS 9 and most modern monolithic operating systems such as OpenVMS , Linux kernel Linux , BSD and its flavors FreeBSD , NetBSD , OpenBSD , and UNIX variants such as SunOS , and AIX , in addition to MULTICS , can dynamically load and unload executable ... sometimes marketed as hybrid kernel which use microkernels and servers not to be mistaken ... the amount of code running in kernel space to a minimum for example, to minimize operating system ... 4.x UNIX System V IBM AIX operating system AIX HP UX Unix like kernels Linux kernel Linux DOS DR ... kernel af Monolitiese kern ca Nucli monol tic cs Monolitick j dro da Monolitisk kerne de Monolithischer Kernel es N cleo monol tico ko id Kernel monolitik ml ms Inti monolit nl Monolithische kernel ja pl J dro monolityczne pt N cleo monol tico ru ... more details
because the markers are in the source code. Kernel Markers consisted essentially of a C programming language C preprocessing macro computerscience macro which added, in the instrumented function ...Kernel markers were a static kernel instrumentation support mechanism for Linux kernel source code, allowing special tools such as LTTng ref name TracingWiki http ltt.polymtl.ca tracingwiki index.php Tracepoints and Markers Tracepoints and Markers , LTTng s Tracing Wiki ref or SystemTap ref name SystemTapWiki ... software trace information exposed by these probe points. Kernel markers were declared in the kernel ... in standard kernel execution. ref name 2009Desnoyers Mathieu Desnoyers, http lttng.org pub thesis ..., December 2009 ref Two Kernel Markers drawbacks were identified ref name 2009Desnoyers which ... unless the whole kernel tree is monitored. A patch set implementing them was merged into version ... Linux 2.6.24 Changelog , Linux Kernel Newbies ref , which was released on January 24, 2008. To address issues regarding kernel markers, Mathieu Desnoyers, their original author, implemented ... 2 6 28 head 87501bfdeacc6b01eea92db039af6a6150a4cd1f Linux 2.6.28 Changelog , Linux Kernel Newbies ref , which was released on December 25, 2008. Starting then, kernel markers were slowly removed from kernel sources and eventually fully removed in Linux kernel 2.6.32 ref name Linux 2 6 32 http kernelnewbies.org ... Kernel Newbies ref ref name 2009Hellwig Christoph Hellwig, http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel ... Value Kernel debugger Tracepoint References references External links Jonathan Corbet, http lwn.net Articles 245671 Kernel markers , LWN.net, 2007 Mathieu Desnoyers, http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob plain f Documentation markers.txt hb v2.6.24 Using the Linux Kernel Markers , Linux kernel documentation, 2008 Jonathan Corbet, http lwn.net Articles 291091 Tracing no shortage of options , LWN.net, 2008 Category Linux kernel features linux stub operating system ... more details
Orphan date May 2010 Advert date July 2009 Infobox OS name The Everyman Kernel. logo screenshot caption developer Barry Watson kernel type Microkernel supported platforms ui family real time operating system s released latest release version 1 latest release date June 26, 2009 latest test version latest test date marketing target programmed in prog language language updatemodel package manager working state Current license BSD License website http barrywatson.se ?p 3 barrywatson.se The Everyman kernel is a minimalistic Kernelcomputersciencekernel designed to support hard Real time computing real time applications. The kernel is built from three parts scheduling, resource access, and communication. Each part is implemented with an algorithm that does not lead to blocking. The removal of any blocking leads to predictable execution times and it is this which makes the kernel suitable for hard Real time computing real time systems development. ref name buttazzo1997 cite book title Hard Real time Computing Systems year 1997 author Giorgio C. Buttazzo publisher Kluwer isbn 0585280053 ref Scheduling is implemented with either the Earliest deadline first scheduling Earliest Deadline First ref name ll1973 cite journal author C.L. Liu, J.W. Layland month January year 1973 title Scheduling ... which never blocks. The kernel is designed to be simple enough that a single programmer can understand the entire system. The kernel is effectively one file containing 22 C functions. Most kernel code is written in C and is in places 32 bit specific. To port the kernel to a new platform requires the implementation of at least five functions in assembly language. The Everyman kernel can be run in Unix user space and, along with POSIX.1b real time scheduling, the kernel can be used to implement ... software Real time operating system External links http barrywatson.se ?p 3 The Everyman kernel official announcement DEFAULTSORT Everyman Kernel Category Real time operating systems Category Free software ... more details
. For various reasons, a kernel might not even be able to use the Abstraction computerscience ...Image Kernel Layout.svg thumb 200px A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer. In computing , the kernel is the central component of most computer operating system s it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level. The kernel s responsibilities include managing the system s resources the communication between Computer hardware hardware and Computer software software components . ref name Wulf74 Usually as a basic component of an operating system, a kernel can provide the lowest level abstraction layer for the resources ... of a kernel is a natural consequence of designing a computer system as a series of abstraction ..., kernel mode, CPL0, DPL0, Ring 0, etc. See Ring computer security for more information. ref The kernel ... of a computer system, responsible for running or executing programs on it. The kernel takes responsibility ... to memory, frequently demanding more memory than the computer has available. The kernel is responsible ... usually provide methods for synchronization computerscience synchronization and inter process communication ... means providing synchronization computerscience synchronization mechanisms such as spinlock ... need access to the peripheral s connected to the computer, which are controlled by the kernel through ... point of view, Atomicity programming atomic Lock computerscience lock and unlock operations operating ... Notes In ComputerScience Vol. 563. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Operating Systems ... process communication . Other services, including those normally provided by the kernel, such as Computer ... Monolithic kernels vs. microkernels As the computerkernel grows, a number of problems become ... and implementation. While monolithic kernel s execute all the operating system code in the same ... extremes. Overview Image Computer abstraction layers.svg thumb 200px A typical vision of a computer ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2007 Accent was an operating system kernelcomputersciencekernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University CMU . Accent was developed as a follow on to the Aleph kernel developed at the University of Rochester , fixing several of its problems and re targeting its hardware support for networks of workstation machines specifically, the Three Rivers Computer Corporation Three Rivers PERQ instead of minicomputer s. Accent was part of the SPICE Project at CMU which ran from 1981 to 1985. Development of Accent led directly to the famous Mach kernel Mach kernel . The original Aleph project used data copying to allow programs to communicate. Applications could open ports , which would allow them to receive data sent to them by other programs. The idea was to write a number of servers that would control resources on the machine, passing data along until it reached an end user. In this respect it was similar in concept to Unix , although the implementation was much different, using messages instead of memory. This turned out to have a number of problems, notably that copying ... on the computer that it had not been granted. This made the Aleph system rather insecure. To address this, Accent made the port ID s internal to the kernel only. Programs opening ports were handed back a different ID, stored in a mapping in the kernel. Whenever a message was sent to the kernel for delivery ... gave no clue of the real IDs in the kernel, and any attempt to talk on one not explicitly handed out by the kernel was an error. Thus Accent s ports represented Capability based security capabilities ... the Accent kernel was not really equipped to handle. Adding to the problem was that a new generation ... use Accent s ports system within a Unix kernel, creating the famed Mach kernel . Some features of Accent ... to the kernel exactly as if the kernel was just another user level server process. External links ... oriented network operating system kernel authorlink Richard Rashid last Rashid first Richard ... more details
multitasking both in user mode and kernel mode , virtual memory , Library computerscience shared ... kernel mailing list . The Linux kernel was initially conceived and created by Finns Finnish computerscience student ref cite web author Marjorie Richardson title Interview Linus Torvalds url http www.linuxjournal.com ... protocol suite , and Thread computerscience threading . Architecture see also vmlinuz ... pub linux kernel v1.2 Kernel 1.2 Source Code Release last checked 2008 10 27 ref gained support for computer ... computer insecurity issues in the Linux kernel. ref cite book url http books.google.com books?id f5Vz08spzw8C ... an unstable kernel tree, one that changes as rapidly as new patches come in. Andrew Morton computer ...Infobox software The OS template doesn t fit nor the software2 template so we must create a kernel template ... x86 under qemu.png 200px caption Linux kernel 2.6.25.17 booting author Linus Torvalds developer ... C language English operating system Unix like genre Kernel computing Kernel license GNU General ... www.kernel.org The Linux kernel is an operating system kernel computing kernel used by the Linux ... ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob f README h 90a07658ede14840346eee6610648bcf4ec79997 ... Statement ref The Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 GPLv2 ref name COPYING http git.kernel.org ?p linux kernel git torvalds linux 2.6.git a blob f COPYING COPYING this updates with the kernel, at citation was h ca442d313d86dc67e0a2e5d584b465bd382cbf5c hb f3b8436ad9a8ad36b3c9fa1fe030c7f38e5d3d0b ... Oreilly.com date accessdate 2010 11 12 ref The Linux kernel has received contributions from thousands ... title Linux Kernel Development How Fast it is Going, Who is Doing It, What They are Doing ... Since 2005, over 3700 individual developers from over 200 different companies have contributed to the kernel. postscript . ref Many Linux distribution s have been released based upon the Linux kernel ... code to the project. Early on, the MINIX community contributed code and ideas to the Linux kernel. At the time ... more details
The order of a kernel is the first non zero Moment mathematics moment of a Kernel statistics kernel . Statistics stub Category Non parametric statistics ... more details
A separation kernel is a type of security kernelcomputersciencekernel used to simulate a distributed environment. The concept was introduced by John Rushby in a 1981 paper. ref name Rushby John Rushby, The Design and Verification of Secure Systems, Eighth ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, pp. 12 21, Asilomar, CA, December 1981. ACM Operating Systems Review , Vol. 15, No. 5 . ref Rushby proposed the separation kernel as a solution to the difficulties and problems that had arisen in the development and verification of large, complex security kernels that were intended to provide multilevel secure operation on general purpose multi user systems. According to Rushby, the task of a separation kernel is to create an environment which is indistinguishable from that provided by a physically distributed system it must appear as if each regime is a separate, isolated machine and that information can only flow from one machine to another along known external communication lines. One of the properties we must prove of a separation kernel, therefore, is that there are no channels for information ... kernel, the partitioning kernel, has gained acceptance in the commercial aviation community as a way ... of the U.S. National Security Agency NSA published the Separation Kernel Protection Profile ... of Rushby s conceptual separation kernel. It defines the security functional and assurance requirements ... in the choices available to developers. The SKPP defines separation kernel as hardware and or firmware ... partitions. Further, the separation kernel s core functional requirements include protection of all ... flows between partitions and between exported resources audit services The separation kernel ... kernel provides to its hosted software programs high assurance partitioning and information ..., Green Hills INTEGRITY 178B became the first separation kernel certified against the SKPP. The certification ... River Systems have separation kernel technologies that were in active certification processes in 2009 ... more details
. The fruits of the oil palm tree, however, yields two distinct oils palm oil and palm kernel oil. ref ..., 60pg, ISBN 9251048592 ref Palm kernel cake are the leftovers after kernel oil is pressed out from the nut in the palm fruit. Palm kernel cake is commonly used as animal feed for dairy cattle because ... of palm kernel cake, depending on the process to get it either through mechanical or solvent process ... pod34 hisham.pdf Malaysian Palm Kernel Cake as Animal Feed Hishamuddin Mohd Aspar, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34 ref Uses Although palm kernel cake supplies both protein and energy, it is looked upon more as a source of protein. Palm kernel cake is a reasonably good economic feed for cattle, both .... ref http www.fao.org ag AGP agpc doc Proceedings manado chap25.htm Palm Kernel Cake as a supplement for fattening and dairy cattle in Malaysia FY Chin, 1992, FAO, Manado, Chapter 25 ref Palm kernel ... of Palm Kernel Meal and Corn Distillers Grains in Corn Silage Based Diets for Lactating Dairy Cows Carvalho, Cabrita, Dewhurst, Vicente, Lopes, and Fonseca, 2006, Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 89, No. 7 ref Palm kernel cake is ranked a little higher than copra cake and cocoa pod husk ref http ebookshop.mardi.gov.my pub detail.php?id 326&type S Nutritive value of palm kernel cake and cocoa ... and Food Science, Vol. 25, No. 1, ISSN 1394 9829 ref but lower than fish meal and groundnut cake, especially in its protein value. Besides oil and protein, palm kernel cake also has high fibre content ... of Malaysian Palm Kernel Cakes Expellers Tang Thin Sue, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34 ref The typical feed ration formulated for the feeding of dairy cattle comprises 50 per cent palm kernel ... pod40 wan.pdf Use of Palm Kernel Cake and Oil Palm By Products in Compound Feed M Wan Zahari and A R Alimon, 2004, Palm Oil Developments 40 ref Palm kernel by country New Zealand New Zealand is the largest ... boards palm kernel boat title Greenpeace activist arrested in New Plymouth last Humpheys first Lyn ... more details
Infobox OS name VisualDSP Kernel logo screenshot caption developer Analog Devices Analog Devices Inc source model Closed source kernel type Real time computing Real time kernel supported platforms Blackfin , Super Harvard Architecture Single Chip Computer SHARC , and TigerSHARC processor families ui none family Real time operating system s latest release version 5.0 update 8 latest release date marketing target Embedded system s programmed in ? prog language C, C , Assembly language language ? updatemodel package manager working state Current license Proprietary software Proprietary website VisualDSP Kernel VDK is a real time operating system RTOS created by Analog Devices Analog Devices Inc ADI . VDK is designed to run on many of ADI s processors including the Blackfin , Super Harvard Architecture Single Chip Computer SHARC , and TigerSHARC processor families. Development with VDK is bundled with ADI s VisualDSP integrated development environment . Code can be written in C , C , and assembly language . ref http www.analog.com static imported files software manuals 50 vdk man.3.1.pdf ref VDK is designed for use in embedded systems. References Reflist External links http www.analog.com Analog Device, Inc. Real time operating systems Category Real time operating systems Category Embedded operating systems ... more details
Context date February 2010 In mathematics, the Fisher kernel , named in honour of Sir Ronald Fisher , is a Integral transform kernel . It was introduced in 1998. ref Tommi Jaakkola and David Haussler 1998 , Exploiting Generative Models in Discriminative Classifiers. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11 , pages 487&ndash 493. MIT Press. ISBN 978 0 262 11245 1 http people.csail.mit.edu tommi papers gendisc.ps PS , http citeseer.ist.psu.edu jaakkola98exploiting.html Citeseer ref . The Fisher kernel combines the advantages of Generative model generative statistical models like the hidden Markov model and those of Statistical classification discriminative methods like support vector machine s generative model can process data of variable length adding or removing data is well supported discriminative methods can have flexible criteria and yield better results. Derivation Fisher score The Fisher kernel makes use of the Fisher Score statistics score , defined as math U X nabla theta log P X theta math with being a set vector of parameters. The function taking to log P X is the log likelihood of the probabilistic model. Fisher kernel The Fisher kernel is defined as math K X i, X j U X i T I 1 U X j math with I the Fisher information matrix. Applications Information retrieval The Fisher kernel is the kernel for a generative probabilistic model. As such, it constitutes a bridge between generative and probabilistic models of documents ref Generative vs Discriminative ... kernel 2005 http www.cavi.univ paris3.fr lexicometrica jadt jadt2004 pdf JADT 049.pdf PDF http ... . Image classification and retrieval The Fisher kernel can also be applied to image representation for classification or retrieval problems. Currently, the most popular Bag of words model in computer ... kernel can result in a compact and dense representation, which is more desirable for image classification ... and other kernel based learning methods . Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0 521 78019 ... more details
Aleph was an operating system kernel developed at the University of Rochester as part of their Rochester Intelligent Gateway RIG project in 1975. Aleph used inter process communication s to move data between programs and the kernel, so applications could transparently access resources on any machine on the local area network which at the time was a 3 Mbit s experimental Xerox PARC Xerox Ethernet . The project eventually petered out after several years due to rapid changes in the computer hardware market, but the ideas led to the creation of Accent kernel Accent at Carnegie Mellon University , leading in turn to Mach kernel Mach . Applications written for the RIG system communicated via ports . Ports were essentially message queues that were maintained by the Aleph kernel, identified by a machine unique as opposed to globally unique ID consisting of a process id, port id pair. Processes were automatically assigned a process number, or pid , on startup, and could then ask the kernel to open ports. Processes could open several ports and then read them, automatically blocking and allowing other programs to run until data arrived. Processes could also shadow another, receiving a copy of every message sent to the one it was shadowing. Similarly, programs could interpose on another, receiving messages and essentially cutting the original message out of the conversation. RIG was implemented on a number of Data General Eclipse minicomputer s. This presented a major performance problem because the system could copy data only 2kB at a time. Another problem, realized only in retrospect, was that the use of global ID s allowed malicious software to guess at ports and thereby gain access to resources they should not have had. References cite conference author Rashid, Richard F title From RIG to Accent to Mach the evolution of a network operating system booktitle Proceedings of 1986 ACM Fall joint computer conference year 1986 pages 1128 1137 ID ISBN 0 8186 4743 4 url http portal.acm.org ... more details
In the various branches of mathematics that fall under the heading of abstract algebra , the kernel of a homomorphism ... Serge Lang title Algebra publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer series Graduate Texts in Mathematics year 2002 isbn 0 387 95385 X ref An important special case is the kernel matrix kernel of a matrix , also called the null space . The definition of kernel takes various forms in various contexts. But in all of them, the kernel of a homomorphism is trivial in a sense relevant to that context ... defined by the kernel. In this article, we first survey kernels for some important types of algebraic .... Survey of examples Linear operators Main Kernel linear operator Let V and W be vector space s and let T be a linear transformation from V to W . If 0 sub W sub is the zero vector of W , then the kernel ... of all those elements of V that are mapped by T to the element 0 sub W sub . The kernel is usually denoted ... of V must belong to the kernel. The transformation T is injective if and only if its kernel is only ... linear algebra dimension of V equals the dimension of the kernel plus the dimension of the image. If V ... been chosen, then T can be described by a matrix mathematics matrix M , and the kernel can be computed by solving the homogeneous system of linear equations M v 0 . In this representation, the kernel ... nullity theorem . Solving homogeneous differential equation s often amounts to computing the kernel ... the essence of kernels in general abelian categories see Kernel category theory . Group homomorphisms ... H sub is the identity element of H , then the kernel of f is the preimage of the singleton set e sub ... e sub H sub . The kernel is usually denoted ker f or a variation . In symbols math mathop mathrm ... element e sub G sub of G must belong to the kernel. The homomorphism f is injective if and only if its kernel is only the singleton set e sub G sub . It turns out that ker f is not only a subgroup ... from R to S . If 0 sub S sub is the zero element of S , then the kernel of f is the preimage of the singleton ... more details
MIT Press year 2002 page 444 ref on strings over an Alphabet computerscience alphabet math Sigma ... String Kernel Category Information science Category Natural language processing Category Machine ...Context date September 2010 A string kernel is a mathematical tool used in large scale data analysis and data mining mining , where sequence data are to be Cluster Analysis clustered or statistical classification classified concerning especially the popular research fields of text mining text and bioinformatics gene analysis ref Citation title The spectrum kernel A string kernel for SVM protein classification last Leslie first C. last2 Eskin first2 E. last3 Noble first3 W.S. booktitle Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing volume 7 pages 566 575 year 2002 ref . Informal Introduction Suppose one wants to compare some text passages automatically and indicate their relative similarity. For many applications, it might be sufficient to find some keywords which match exactly. One example where exact matching is not always enough is found in Spam electronic spam detection ref Citation title Improved Online Support Vector Machines Spam Filtering Using String Kernels last Amayri first O. ref another would be in computational gene analysis, where homologous genes have mutated , resulting in common subsequences along with deleted, inserted or replaced symbols. TODO insert a picture ... on vectors i.e. data are elements of a vector space , using a string kernel allows the extension of these methods to handle sequence data. The string kernel method is to be contrasted with earlier ... Machinery ACM year 2003 volume 5 number 1 page 58 ref Definition A Kernel trick kernel on a domain ... of a string subsequence kernel ref name Lodhi Citation last Lodhi first Huma last2 Saunders first2 ... product of feature vectors, hence the name kernel methods . A desirable consequence of this is that one ... via the kernel, which may be a lot quicker, especially when approximation approximated . ref name ... more details
In mathematics , the word kernel has several meanings. Kernel may mean a subset associated with a mapping The kernel of a mapping is the set of elements that map to the Additive identity zero element such as zero or Null vector zero vector , as in kernel linear operator kernel of a linear operator and kernel matrix kernel of a matrix . In this context, kernel is often called nullspace . More generally, the kernel algebra kernel in algebra is the set of elements that map to the neutral element . Here ..., maps neutral element to neutral element. The kernel is then the set of all elements that the mapping cannot distinguish from the neutral element. The Kernel category theory kernel in category ... theory, the Kernel set theory kernel of a function is the set of all pairs of elements that the function cannot distinguish, that is, they map to the same value. This is a generalization of the kernel ... difference kernel or binary equalizer is the set of all elements where the values of two functions coincide. Kernel may also mean a function of two variables, which is used to define a mapping In integral calculus , the kernel also called integral kernel or kernel function is a function of two ... hand side f can be written as Tf above, the kernel becomes the Green s function . The heat kernel is the Green s function of the heat equation. In the case when the integral kernel depends only on the difference between its arguments, it becomes a convolution kernel , as in math T f x int X phi x x f x , dx . math In statistics , a kernel statistics kernel is a weighting function used in kernel density ... theory and statistics , a stochastic kernel is the transition function of a stochastic process . In a discrete time process with continuous probability distributions, it is the same thing as the kernel of the integral operator that advances the probability density function . Kernel trick is a technique ..., a positive definite kernel is a generalization of a positive matrix. The kernel in a reproducing kernel ... more details
In telecommunication , the term security kernel has the following meanings In computer and communications security , the central part of a computer or communications system hardware , firmware , and software that implements the basic security procedures for controlling access to system resources. A self contained usually small collection of key security related statements that a works as a part of an operating system to prevent unauthorized access to, or use of, the system and b contains criteria that must be met before specified programs can be accessed. Hardware, firmware, and software elements of a trusted computing base that implement the reference monitor concept. A Security Kernel is a small module in the Operating System where all security features are located. References FS1037C National Information Systems Security Glossary Category Computing terminology ... more details
used in kernel regression were independently developed and used in Fuzzy System s Coming up with almost exactly the same computer algorithm, fuzzy systems and kernel density based regressions appear to have ...Not to be confused with Kernel principal component analysis . The kernel regression is a non parametric technique in statistics to estimate the conditional expectation of a random variable . The objective is to find a non linear relation between a pair of random variables X and Y . In any nonparametric ... Watson kernel regression Nadaraya 1964 and Watson 1964 proposed to estimate math m math as a locally weighted average, using a kernel statistics kernel as a weighting function. The Nadaraya Watson ... is a kernel with a bandwidth math h math . The fraction is a weighting term with sum 1. Derivation math operatorname E Y X int y f y x dy int y frac f x,y f x dy math Using the kernel density estimation for the joint distribution f x,y and f x with a kernel K , math hat f x,y n 1 h 2 sum i 1 n K ... x x i h right math we obtain the Nadaraya Watson estimator. Priestley Chao kernel estimator math widehat m PC x h 1 sum i 1 n x i x i 1 K left frac x x i h right y i math Gasser M ller kernel estimator ... the unknown regression function using Nadaraya Watson kernel regression via the http cran.r project.org ... kernel along with asymptotic variability bounds Image cps71 lc mean.png center 360px center Estimated ... Tea How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century , W.H. Freeman Owl Book. ISBN ... links http www.cs.tut.fi lasip Scale adaptive kernel regression with Matlab software . http people.revoledu.com kardi tutorial Regression KernelRegression index.html Teknomo s Kernel Regression Tutorial with MS Excel . http pcarvalho.com things kernelregressor An online kernel regression demonstration ... An R programming language R package that provides a variety of nonparametric and semiparametric kernel ... Non parametric statistics de Kernel Regression ... more details
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