Globalize date December 2010 File JMR Memphis1.jpg thumb 200px right Lady Justice Justitia , symbol of the judiciary. ref Hamilton, Marci. http books.google.com books?id Ox4 vqFCjcEC&pg PA296&dq 22lady justice 22 symbol&lr &as brr 3&ei uXb8Se IC4GuyATlm5SPBg God vs. the Gavel , page 296 Cambridge University Press 2005 The symbol of the judicial system, seen in courtrooms throughout the United States, is blindfolded Lady Justice. ref ref Fabri, Marco. http books.google.com books?id AwwH0F8iC9QC&pg PA137&dq 22lady justice 22 symbol&lr &as brr 3&ei uXb8Se IC4GuyATlm5SPBg The challenge of change for judicial systems , page 137 IOS Press 2000 the judicial system is intended to be apolitical, its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding balanced scales. ref The judiciary also known as the judicial system or judicature is the system of court s that interprets and applies the law in the name of the State polity state . The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the dispute resolution resolution of disputes . Under the doctrine of the separation of powers , the judiciary generally ... the body of constitutional law. During last decades the judiciary became active in economic issues ... Readings , edited by Larry May and Jeff Brown, Wiley Blackwell, UK, 2010. ref Budget of the judiciary .... The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary ... of corruption of the judiciary the state through budget planning and various privileges , and the private ... Lawyer volumge Issue 90 date October 2009 ref The term judiciary is also used to refer collectively to the personnel, such as judge s, magistrate s and other adjudicators, who form the core of a judiciary ... Corruption Executive government Executive Independence of the judiciary Judicial Review Legislature ... qu Kamay paqtachi atiy ru si simple Judiciary sk S dnictvo sr ... more details
Judiciary Committee may refer to United States House Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary disambig ... more details
Committee on the Judiciary may mean United States House Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary disambig ... more details
The title Judiciary Act may refer to any of several statute s relating to the organization of national court systems Australia Judiciary Act 1903 United States Judiciary Act of 1789 , established the federal judiciary. Judiciary Act of 1801 , also called the Midnight Judges Act . Judiciary Act of 1802 , repealed the 1801 Act. Judiciary Act of 1866 may refer to two different laws. Ch. 210, USStat 14 209 July 23, 1866 is more commonly called the Judicial Circuits Act Ch. 288, USStat 14 306 July 27, 1866 provided for the removal of certain cases from state courts to the federal courts. Judiciary Act of 1869 , also called the Circuit Judges Act of 1869 Judiciary Act of 1891 , also called the Evarts Act or the Circuit Courts of Appeals Act . Judiciary Act of 1925 , also called the Certiorari Act or the Judges Bill . References cite web url http wyomcases.courts.state.wy.us applications oscn DeliverDocument.asp?citeID 124523 title Barnett v. Mayes work Wyoming State Law Library accessdate June 2, 2005 an example of a legal document referring to 14 Stat. 306 as the Judiciary Act of 1866 cite web url http www.archives.gov publications prologue 1975 fall civil war courts.html title The Civil War Era as a Crucible for Nationalizing the Lower Federal Courts work Prologue Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration accessdate June 2, 2005 footnote 23 refers to USStat 14 209 as the Judiciary Act of 1866 disambig Category United States federal judiciary legislation ... more details
orphan date July 2010 The Judiciary of Macao is responsible for the administration of justice in Macau. It hears all prosecutions and civil disputes, including disputes between individuals and the government. It is fundamental to Macau s Legal system of Macau legal system that members of the judiciary are independent of the executive and legislative branches of the Government of Macau government . The courts of law in Macau comprise the Court of Final Appeal Macao Court of Final Appeal and 11 other courts. The President of the Court of Final Appeal of the Macao Special Administrative Region is head of the judiciary. A bilingual court system in which Chinese language Chinese , Portuguese language Portuguese or both can be used was put in place, in accordance with the requirement of the Macau Basic Law Basic Law . List of courts of Macau Court of Final Appeal Macau or Tribunal de Ultima Instancia the highest court in Macau. The court consists of 3 judges, one is the President. Judiciary Council of Macao Conselho dos Magistrados Judiciais Higher Court of Justice Court of First Instance Court of First Instance Tribunais de Primeira Instancia Court of General Competence Administrative Court Tribunal Administrativo Criminal Preliminary Hearing Court Juizos de Instrucao Cruminal Audit Court Tribunal Judicial de Base Judiciary Council of Macao Tribunal Judicial de Base Court of Second Instance or Court of Appeal Tribunal de Segunda Instancia Each court is headed by a chief judge or President. Appointment of Judges Judges of Macau are appointed by the Chief Executive of Macau with recommendation of an independent commission composed of local judges, lawyers and eminent persons. Most judges are local Macanese, but foreign judges maybe appointed. Judiciary Dress Judges in Macau wear a simple dark gray off black robe with a dark sash. Some judges have colour cuffs and waist bands yellow, red and teal . Suits are worn underneath. It is similar to those worn by Portuguese people Portuguese ... more details
At the apex of the judiciary of Vietnam is the Supreme People s Court of Vietnam SPC , which is the highest court for appeal and judicial review review . The SPC reports to the National Assembly of Vietnam , which controls the judiciary s budget and confirms the president s nominees to the SPC and Supreme People s Procuracy of Vietnam . The Supreme People s Procuracy issues arrest warrants, sometimes retroactively. Below the SPC are district and provincial people s courts, military tribunals, and administrative, economic, and labor courts. The people s courts are the courts of first instance. The Ministry of Defense MOD has military tribunals, which have the same rules as civil courts. Military judges and assessors are selected by the MOD and SPC, but the SPC has supervisory responsibility. Although the constitution provides for independent judges and lay assessors who lack administrative training , the U.S. Department of State maintains that Vietnam lacks an independent judiciary, in part because the Vietnamese Communist Party VCP selects judges and vets them for political reliability. Moreover, the party seeks to influence the outcome of cases involving perceived threats to the state or the party s dominant position. In an effort to increase judicial independence, the government transferred local courts from the Ministry of Justice to the SPC in September 2002. However, the Department of State saw no evidence that the move actually achieved the stated goal. Vietnam s judiciary also is hampered by a shortage of lawyers and rudimentary trial procedures. The death penalty often is imposed in cases of corruption and drug trafficking . References loc Asia in topic Judiciary of Category Vietnamese court system Category Vietnamese law Category Judiciaries Vietnam ... more details
The Judiciary of Morocco is an independent branch of the Category Government of Morocco Moroccan government , subject only to the Constitution of Morocco Moroccan Constitution . Structure The Moroccan court structure consists of Communal and District Court s Administrative Tribunal s First Instance Court s Court of Appeal Courts of Appeal Supreme Court Special Court of Justice High Court of Morocco High Court Trade Court s The Standing Tribunal of the Royal Armed Forces Agreements with other judiciaries In June 2006, Morocco and Argentina signed a bilateral agreement on judicial cooperation. See also Moroccan Dahir References http www.mincom.gov.ma english generalities state st court st.html The website of the ministry of Communications Africa in topic Judiciary of Morocco stub Politics stub Law stub Category Government of Morocco Category Moroccan law Category Politics of Morocco Category Judiciaries Morocco ar ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove January 2008 globalize December 2010 Independence of the judiciary also judicial independence is the idea that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government ... interests. In some countries, the ability of the judiciary to check the legislature is enhanced by the power of judicial review . This power can be used, for example, when the judiciary perceives ... the government spending on the judiciary, which in many transitional and developing countries ... , as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. It is important to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary the state through budget planning and various privileges being the most dangerous , and the private. The state corruption of the judiciary ... , independence of the judiciary has been the tradition since the territory became a British crown ... of the judiciary, along with continuation of English common law , has been enshrined in the territory ... against royal manipulation of the judiciary. King William III of England William III finally ... times, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 , s.3. In order to try to promote the independence of the judiciary, the selection process is designed to minimize political interference. The process focuses on senior members of the judiciary rather ... politics diversity among the judiciary. The pay of judges is determined by an independent pay ... typically he consults with the American Bar Association , whose Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary ... position and in this respect had become a symbol of the independence of the judiciary. ref The Moscow ... of the judiciary in many ways, and several forms of judicial selection are used for both ... Law Constitutional economics JudiciaryJudiciary in Russia Judicial reform Separation of powers ... Of The Judiciary Category Court systems Category Constitutional law Category Accountability Category ... more details
copyedit date November 2009 PoliticsES The Judiciary of Spain is the combination of the Court s and Tribunal s, composed of judge s and magistrates Justices that have the power to administer justice in the name ... is based on precedent court rulings. The Spanish judiciary is ruled by the following laws Organic Law 6 1985 of the Judiciary Power, Law 1 2000 of Civil Judgement, Law of September 14 1882 on Criminal ... publisher Colex, Spain year 2000 isbn 8478795812 oclc 50563214 ref The Judiciary Career The Spanish Judiciary is a professional Judiciary, where Judges and Magistrates are public servants, that belong ... Court Magistrate ref Art. 298.2 LO 6 1985 lang es Del Poder Judicial LOPJ ref Access to the Judiciary ... the Judiciary School Spain Judiciary School where they will receive the necessary courses ... this way ref art 343 LOPJ ref . Justices of the Peace that do not belong to the judiciary career are neighbours ..., and from attending public meetings or rallies in their condition of members of the judiciary ... guarantees the respect of the essential principles necessary for the correct functioning of the Judiciary ... are. Government The Government of the Spanish Judiciary is assigned to the General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain General Council of the Judiciary . This Constitutional Body though not a court ... The Spanish Judiciary structure is divided into five jurisdictional orders, Private law civil jurisdiction ... is composed of several different circuits. Territorial Organisation The Spanish Judiciary relays ... nation. Jurisdictional Circuits Supreme Court See Supreme Court of Spain Is the maximum judiciary ... courts controlled by judge panels. They are also the basic units for the judiciary procedure ... of the judiciary, but to be an independent power of the state responsible to be the supreme interpreter ... of the judiciary. ref Moreno Catena, Victor et al. ref References reflist 2 External links http www.poderjudicial.es Judiciary of Spain webpage Category Spanish law Category Government of Spain ... more details
Politics of Somalia The Judiciary of Somalia as defined by the Transitional Federal Charter TFC began its formative stages in early 2007 with the swearing in of the first jurists recognized by the Transitional Federal Government TFG . Chapter 2 of the Charter defines Islam as the national religion and sharia law as the basis of national legislation Article 8 . Chapter 9 of the Charter defines the scope and powers of the federal judiciary. The new court system consists of The Transitional Supreme Court seated at Mogadishu The Transitional Appeals Court Other Courts established by law As well, a Judicial Service Council is to direct policy and administration of the judiciary, composed of the President of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General, three Judges elected from the Supreme Court, and four lawyers selected from private practice. Judges and the Attorney General would be appointed by the President. The Judicial Service Council can advise the President on matters of judicial appointment. The Council of Ministers can advise the President on the appointment of Attorney General. Until its broader adoption, many de facto decisions were or still are made by local tribal meetings, or, up to the end of 2006, by the sharia courts organized by the Islamic Courts Union . Establishing the new judiciary On January 4, 2007, Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi attended the swearing in of the first court judges and commissioners of Banadir district recognized by the TFG. ref name SOMALIA JUDGES SWORN IN THE CAPITAL cite news title Somalia Judges sworn in the capital url http somalinet.com news world Somalia 6446 publisher SomaliNet date 2007 01 04 accessdate 2007 01 15 ref History Beginning with the early period of independence, 1960 1962 to the fall of Siad Barre in 1991 , the Somali judiciary was organized into a four tier system, with judges selected by a Higher Judicial Council ... Judiciary of DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Somalia Category Judiciaries Somalia Category Politics ... more details
the authority of the judiciary in violation of the judicial code and forced him to resign from the Council ... judiciary in Russia. ref http www.sobesednik.ru politics kononov sb 41 09 ref Kononov ... to Retire Amid Kremlin Row ref See also Constitution Independence of the judiciaryJudiciary Judicial ... http icj.org dwn database Mission Report FINAL ENG.pdf The state of the judiciary in Russia http ... more details
Politics of Brazil The Judiciary of Brazil is the Judiciary branch of the Brazilian government . The structure and the division of jurisdiction of the ramifications of the Brazilian Judiciary is defined in the Brazilian Constitution . The Courts system overview The system is divided primarily in the Ordinary courts Justi a comum and the Specialized courts Justi a especializada . The Specilized courts are kept entirely by the Federal Government and are divided in three ramifications the Military courts, the Labor courts and the Electoral courts. The Ordinary courts are divided between the Federal and the State s judiciaries. The Judiciary of the Brazilian Federal District has the same Subject matter jurisdiction of the ordinary state level judiciary over that special territory, but is kept and organized by the Federal Government. Municipalities hold no judicial powers. The system is still composed by two special central Courts that do not fit any of the mentioned ramifications of the Judiciary The Supreme Federal Court Brazil Supreme Federal Court and the Superior Court of Justice Brazil Superior Court of Justice . Both have headquartes in Bras lia . Supreme Federal Court The Supreme Federal Court Supremo Tribunal Federal is the highest Brazilian Judiciary. Its main responsibility is to serve as the ultimate guardian of Brazilian Constitution, with the roles of a constitutional court . The most common tool of that Court is the Extraordinary Appeal Recurso Extraordin rio , granted when judgements of second instance courts violate the Constitution. The Supreme court also holds the power to analyze the constitutionality of a federal or state law or statute, and thus making it invalid ... range actuation, have the objective to exercise administrative control over the Judiciary except ... is some extra judiciary roles. It includes organizing, executing and controlling all official political ... systems, or, in the case of Regional and Superior courts, Ordinary courts State level judiciary ... more details
Politics of Ghana The Judiciary of Ghana comprises the Superior Courts of Judicature, established under the 1992 Constitution, and the Inferior Courts, established by Parliament. The hierarchy of courts derives largely from British juridical forms. The courts have jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters. Superior Courts of Judicature The Superior Courts are, from highest to lowest, the Supreme Court of Ghana , the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice, and the ten Regional Tribunals, ref name criminal court system cite web url http www.acclawyers.org resources ghana title Ghanaian criminal court system publisher Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers date accessdate 2011 01 28 ref with one for each Regions of Ghana region . Inferior Courts The Inferior Courts, since the Courts Act 2002, include the Circuit Courts, the Magistrate Courts, and special courts such as the Juvenile Courts. ref name criminal court system cite web url http www.acclawyers.org resources ghana title Ghanaian criminal court system publisher Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers date accessdate 2011 01 28 ref Traditional Courts Ghana s traditional courts deal only with matters related to Chieftancy. These are the Judicial Committees of the National House of Chiefs, the Regional Houses of Chiefs, and the traditional councils, as regulated by the Chieftancy Act of 1971 Act 370 . ref name OSI AfriMap cite web url http www.afrimap.org english images report AfriMAP Ghana Justice.pdf title Ghana Justice Sector and the Rule of Law page 37 format PDF isbn 978 1 920051 72 3 publisher Open Society Initiative for West Africa date 2007 accessdate 2011 01 28 ref The traditional courts enjoy a final appeal to the Supreme Court of Ghana Supreme Court . See also Supreme Court of Ghana Politics of Ghana References reflist External links http www.judicial.gov.gh Official Website of the Judicial Service of Ghana Africa in topic Judiciary of law stub ghana stub Category Judiciaries Ghana Category ... more details
Image Judiciary of Italy.jpg thumb 500px Italian Court system In Italy, Judges are public official s and, since they exercise one of the sovereign powers of the State, only Italian citizens are eligible for Judgeship. br Italy s independent judiciary enjoys special constitutional protection from the executive branch. Once appointed, Judges serve for life and cannot be removed without specific disciplinary proceedings conducted in due process before the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura . The Ministry of Justice Italy Ministry of Justice handles the administration of courts and judiciary including paying salaries or constructing new courthouses. The Ministry of Justice and that of the Infrastructures fund and the Ministry of Justice and that of the Interiors administer the prison system. Lastly, the Ministry of Justice receives and processes applications for presidential pardon s and proposes legislation dealing with matters of civil or criminal justice. The structure of the Italian judiciary is divided into three tiers Inferior courts of original and general jurisdiction Intermediate appellate courts which hear cases on appeal from lower courts Courts of last resort which hear appeals from lower appellate courts on the interpretation of law. Politics of Italy Glossary of key terms Note There exist significant problems with applying non Italian terminology and concepts related to law and justice to the Italian justice system. For this reason, we shall define some of the words used in the rest of the article. Appello appeal for almost all courts in Italy except very minor cases , it is possible to appeal the ruling, both for disagreement on how the court appreciated the facts ..., or judiciary , is a collective term for all judicial officers. Magistrati are government ... , literally ordinary judiciary courts of this order judge civil and criminal cases. Procura della ... of Cassation Italy DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Italy Category Government of Italy Category Judiciary ... more details
The judiciary in Slovenia is one of the three Constitution of Slovenia constitutional branches of government and is independent of the other two. Judges enjoy a permanent mandate and are appointed by the National Assembly Slovenia National Assembly lang sl Dr avni zbor after they have been nominated by the Judicial Council lang sl Sodni svet , which itself is not part of the judicial branch of the government. All lawyers practicing before the courts must have passed a special state examination after they have finished their legal studies and completed a training period at a court or a practicing advocate. Judges are usually not chosen from practicing lawyers but rather they follow a training at a court as one of the judicial officials. The judicial system comprises several types of court s and is hierarchically divided in three instances. On the first instance, the ordinary courts are divided into Civil law area civil and criminal law criminal courts and are further divided upon the importance of cases before them into 44 Okrajna local courts for minor offences and small civil cases and 11 Okro na district courts for all other cases courts. There exist also specialised labour, social security and administrative courts. On the second instance, there are four appellate court appellate courts Vi ja sodi a located in Celje , Koper , Ljubljana and Maribor and a specialised appellate court for labour and social security located in Ljubljana. These courts hear appeals against first instance decisions concerning law and facts. The supreme court highest court is the Supreme Court Slovenia Supreme Court of the Republic of Slovenia lang sl Vrhovno sodi e Republike Slovenije , which is responsible for the uniform jurisprudence and thus normally only hear appeals concerning the proper application of law. The Constitutional Court of Slovenia is separated from the regular judiciary system. Slovenia topics Slovenia stub Category Government of Slovenia ... more details
essay like date October 2008 Refimprove date March 2011 The Judiciary in the Maldives has been a systematic ... http www.haveeru.com.mv english details 34946 ICJ report reveals Maldives judiciary still not completely independent, ICJ report reveals Maldives judiciary still not completely independent, DATE ..., and the Peoples Majlis. Notably, the judiciary is not included as an independent organ of the state ... whatsoever. Yet, the judiciary was under the direct control of the King and, hence, no other organ in the state had any power, or a formal capability, to influence the judiciary. Therefore, it may be said that the judiciary was independent from other organs of the state. Amendments were brought ... the judiciary the status of a separate organ, and provided that the King was the highest authority .... Here again the judiciary was not considered as a separate organ of the state. There was a separate chapter which included provisions regarding the judiciary. The first article in this chapter provided ... was lifted from the judiciary by this constitution. That may be a step towards a higher level of specialization ... any changes to the pattern of the judiciary. It is the new Constitution of 1998 which established the judiciary as a separate organ of the state of the Maldives for the first time. This is obviously ... the President the highest authority in the administration of justice. Based on this provision the judiciary is still under the control of the Head of the State. Therefore, judiciary is not an independent ... structure of the Maldivian judiciary, the High Court is the highest authority in the administration ... of the state.9 This fact does not mean that the judiciary was an independent institution in the political ... the judgments of them. The judiciary of the Maldives was a separate institution in the political ... system. During the first century after Islam the judiciary, therefore, underwent a radical change, with a completely ... judiciary came to the country in 1602 A.C., about four centuries after Ibn Batuta. Unlike ... more details
Merge to Law of Australia date November 2010 The judiciary in Australia is modelled substantially on the system of courts which existed in England . The large number of court s and tribunal s in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. The Supreme Courts of the states and territories of Australia states and territories are superior court of record courts of record with general and unlimited jurisdiction within their own state or territory. They can try any justiciable dispute, whether it be for money or not, and whether it be for 1 or 1 billion. Like the Supreme Courts, the Family Court of Australia Family Court and Federal Court of Australia Federal Court are superior courts of record, which means that they have certain inherent procedural and contempt of court contempt powers. But unlike their Supreme Court counterparts, their subject matter jurisdiction must be granted by statute. The Federal Court can, however, hear part of a dispute over which it has no direct jurisdiction, if that aspect is accrued to another part of the case which does fit within its jurisdiction. The High Court of Australia High Court has limited trial powers, but very rarely exercises them. It has ample power to transfer cases started there to another, more appropriate court, so that the High Court can conserve its energies for its appellate functions. Common law and Equity law equity are administered by the same courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 United Kingdom . Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. Judges Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. ref Attorney General NSW v Quin 1990 170 CLR 1 at 33 93 ALR 1 at 23 64 ALJR 327 at 327, 340. ref Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example ... more details
of the Ontario Courts of Justice Act. See also Special master Judiciary of England and Wales Masters and Registrars Masters and Registrars in England and Wales DEFAULTSORT Master Judiciary Category Legal procedure Category Judiciary of England and Wales Category Canadian court system Category ... more details
The judiciary of the Republic of Chile includes one Supreme Court of Chile Supreme Court , one Constitutional Court, 16 Courts of Appeal, 84 Oral Criminal Tribunals and Guarantee Judges 7 Military Tribunals over 300 Local Police Courts and many other specialized Tribunals and courts in matter of family, labor, customs, taxes, electoral affairs, etc. The law provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected this provision in practice. ref name report http www.state.gov g drl rls hrrpt 2006 78884.htm Report on Human Rights Practices 2006 Chile . United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 6, 2007 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ref Law of Chile Chile s legal system is Civil law legal system civil law based. It is primarily based on the Civil Code Chile Chilean Civil Code of 1855, derived from Spanish law and other codes of Continental Europe of the 19th century. Chilean process provides for a very limited judicial review of legislative acts in the Constitutional Court. It does not accept compulsory International Court of Justice ICJ jurisdiction. ref cite web publisher Central Intelligence Agency title Chile url https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook geos ci.html ref From the year 2000 onwards, Chile completely overhauled its criminal justice system with the implementation ... . Supreme Court main Supreme Court of Chile The head of the Chilean Judiciary System is the Supreme ... be judges of Courts of Appeal and five must be lawyers not related to the judiciary system. All members ... of the other branches of the government, it s not part of the Congress, the Executive Branch or the Judiciary ... law provides for the right to a fair trial and an independent judiciary generally enforced this right ... procedures and remedies While there is an independent and impartial judiciary in civil matters, which permits access for lawsuits regarding human rights violations, modernization of the judiciary ... more details
The Judiciary City lang fr Cit judiciaire is a site in Luxembourg City , in southern Luxembourg , that houses a number of courts and legal offices. It consolidates all of Luxembourg City s judicial buildings, except those related to the institutions of the European Union , on one site, and greatly expands their capacity. The City sits on the Saint Esprit plateau, sandwiched between the Alzette and the P trusse , in the southern part of the central Ville Haute Quarters of Luxembourg City quarter . Its buildings are built in modern Moselle Baroque , to match the surrounding area, and were designed by Robert Krier . Planned since 1991 , the first stone of the City was laid on 7 October 2003, and it was officially inaugurated five years later, on 6 October 2008. ref cite web url http www.gouvernement.lu dossiers justice cite judiciaire index.html title La cit judiciaire sur le plateau du Saint Esprit accessdate 13 December 2008 last first date 7 October 2008 work publisher Service Information et Presse ref The buildings contain convert 43000 m2 sqft sigfig 2 of floor space, including 300 offices and sixteen courtrooms. ref cite web url http www.gouvernement.lu salle presse actualite 2008 10 octobre 06 cite judiciaire index.html title Inauguration de la cit judiciaire accessdate 13 December 2008 last first date 6 October 2008 work publisher Service Information et Presse ref Footnotes reflist coord 49.608 6.1335 display title format dms Luxembourg City buildings and structures Category Government buildings in Luxembourg Category Buildings and structures in Luxembourg City Category Baroque architecture in Luxembourg Category Buildings and structures completed in 2008 Category 2008 in Luxembourg Luxembourg struct stub lb Cit judiciaire ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 PoliticsGermany The judiciary s independence and extensive responsibilities reflect the importance of the rule of law in the German system of government. A core concept is that of the Rechtsstaat , a government based on law, in which citizens are guaranteed equality and in which government decisions may be challenged in court. Federal law delineates the structure of the judiciary, but the administration of most courts is regulated by Land law. The L nder see States of Germany are responsible for the lower levels of the court system the highest appellate courts alone operate at the federal level. This federal Land division of labour allows the federation to ensure that laws are enforced equally throughout the country, whereas the central role of the L nder in administering the courts safeguards the independence of the judicial system from the federal government. Principles of Roman law form the basis of the German judicial system and define a system of justice that differs fundamentally from the common law system, in which courts rely on precedents from prior cases. In Germany, courts look to a comprehensive system of legal codes. The codes delineate somewhat abstract legal principles, and judges must decide specific cases on the basis of those standards. Given the importance of complex legal codes, judges must be particularly well trained. Indeed, judges are not chosen from the field of practising lawyers. Rather, they follow a distinct career path. At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination ... law. At that point, the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary ... state, all the other courts belong to a Land and are administrated by it. The independence of the judiciary ... by and within the judiciary take this kind of decision e.g. France conseil superieur de la magistrature ... Supreme Courts of Germany DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Germany Category Judicial system of Germany de ... more details
Politics of Malta The Chief Justice of Malta Chief Justice and judges, two of whom are currently serving in international courts, are appointed by the President of Malta on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition. Their mandatory retirement age is 65. The highest court, the Constitutional Court, hears appeals in cases involving violations of human rights, interpretation of the constitution, and invalidity of laws. It also has jurisdiction in cases concerning disputed parliamentary elections and electoral corrupt practices. There is a civil court, a family court, and a criminal court. In the latter, the presiding judge sits with a jury of nine. The court of appeal hears appeals from decisions of the civil court and of various boards and tribunals, including the Industrial, Small Claims, and Consumers Tribunal. The court of criminal appeal hears appeals from judgments of conviction by the criminal court. There are also inferior courts presided over by a magistrate. Current Judiciary Chief Justice His Honour the Chief Justice Silvio Camilleri Judges The Hon Mr Justice Alberto Magri The Hon Mr Justice Giannino Caruana Demajo The Hon Mr Justice Geoffrey Valenzia The Hon Mr Justice Gino Camilleri The Hon Mr Justice Carmelo Farrugia Sacco The Hon Mr Justice Raymond Pace The Hon Mr Justice David P. Scicluna The Hon Mr Justice Joseph R. Micallef The Hon Mr Justice Tonio Mallia The Hon Mr Justice Noel Cuschieri The Hon Mr Justice Joseph Azzopardi The Hon Mr Justice Joseph Zammit McKeon The Hon Mr Justice Michael Mallia The Hon Mr Justice Lawrence Quintano The Hon Mr Justice Mark Chetcuti The Hon Madam Justice Abigail Lofaro The Hon Madam Justice Anna Felice Magistrates Magistrate Dr Antonio Mizzi Magistrate Dr Joseph Apap Bologna Magistrate Dr Silvio Meli Magistrate Dr Carol Peralta Magistrate Dr Jacqueline Padovani Magistrate Dr Paul Coppini Magistrate Dr Saviour Demicoli Magistrate Dr Tonio Micallef Trigona Magistrate Dr Giovann ... more details
Politics of Jamaica The judiciary of Jamaica is based on the judiciary of the United Kingdom . ref name dos cite web title Background Note Jamaica publisher U.S. Department of State url http www.state.gov r pa ei bgn 2032.htm accessdate 2009 06 12 ref The courts are organized at four levels, with additional provision for appeal to the Privy Council in London. The Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court. The Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction in all cases, and sits as the Circuit Court to try criminal cases. The Resident s Magistrate s court in each parish hears both criminal and civil cases, excluding grave offences. The Petty Sessions are held under Justices of the Peace, with power to hear minor crimes. ref name report0203 cite web url http www.moj.gov.jm pdf acr acr1 10.pdf accessdate 2009 06 12 title The Annual Court Report 2002 03 publisher Ministry of Justice of Jamaica year 2004 ref ref name hudson seyler Cite book last1 Hudson first1 Rex A. last2 Seyler first2 Daniel J. chapter Jamaica editor1 first Sandra W. editor1 last Meditz editor2 first Dennis M. editor2 last Hanratty title Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean place Washington, D.C. publisher Federal Research Division, Library of Congress year 1989 id LCC F2131.I85 1989 url http lcweb2.loc.gov frd cs cxtoc.html accessdate 2009 06 12 postscript None ref Jamaica is a common law jurisdiction, in which precedents from English law and British Commonwealth tradition may be taken into account. Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court in Jamaica it is superior to the Supreme Court. ref name dos ref name report0203 ref http www.moj.gov.jm laws statutes The 20Judicature 20 Appellate 20Jurisdiction 20Act.pdf The Judicature Appellate Jurisdiction Act , article 10 ref The Court is composed of a President and six other Judges. The Chief Justice is also a judge ex officio of the Court ... and civil cases. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the head of the judiciary. Besides ... more details
parquet the magistrature , or judiciary , is a collective term for all judicial officers. Magistrats ... court system fr icon DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of France Category French law de Gerichtsorganisation in Frankreich ... more details
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