Cleanup date March 2008 selfref This article is about the physics of irradiation. See irradiation illusion for information about a visual illusion. Irradiation is the process by which an item is exposed to radiation . The exposure can originate from any of various sources, including those occurring naturally, or as part of a mechanical process, or otherwise. In common usage the term refers specifically to ionizing radiation , and to a level of radiation that will serve that specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation or abnormal levels of radiation ... instruments and disposables, such as syringe s as well as in the disinfestation and Food irradiation ..., or other organic material, including blood. Citation needed date February 2009 Irradiation also includes by the principle microwave heating . Food irradiation , while effective, is seldom used due ... Main Ion implantation Ion irradiation is routinely used to implant impurity atom s into materials ... chemistry Irradiation can furthermore be used in cross linking of plastics or to improve material ... in the irradiation treatment of polymer based products to improve the mechanical, thermal, and chemical ... submit.html Agriculture After its discovery by Lewis Stadler at the University of Missouri , irradiation ... needed date January 2009 . Irradiation is also employed to prevent sprouting of certain cereal ... Information Associates, 1988. ref Appropriate irradiation doses are also used to produce sterile ... irradiation The U.S. Department of Agriculture s USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service FSIS recognizes irradiation as an important technology to food safety protecting consumers . Fresh meat and poultry ... s, ground meat , and ground poultry are approved for irradiation. ref http www.fsis.usda.gov Fact Sheets Irradiation and Food Safety index.asp Irradiation and Food Safety , U.S. Drug and Food ... irradiation Radiolyse Category Radiobiology ar de Bestrahlung fr Irradiation sl Iradiacija ... more details
Mergewith Electron beam processing date October 2008 Electron irradiation is a process which involves using electrons, usually of high energy, to treat an object for a variety of purposes. This may take place under elevated temperatures and nitrogen atmosphere. Possible uses for electron irradiation include Sterilization microbiology and to cross link polymers. Electron energies typically varies from the keV to MeV range, depending on the depth of penetration required. The irradiation dose is usually measured in Gray unit but also in Rad unit Mrads . Where 1Gy is equivalent to 100rad. In polymers, an cathode ray electron beam may be used on the material to induce effects such as chain scission which makes the polymer chain shorter and cross link cross linking . The result is a change in the properties of the polymer which is intended to extend the range of applications for the material. The effects of irradiation may also include changes in crystallinity as well as microstructure . Usually, the irradiation process polymer degradation degrades the polymer . The irradiated polymers may sometimes be characterized using Differential scanning calorimetry DSC , X ray crystallography XRD , Fourier transform spectroscopy FTIR , or Scanning electron microscopy SEM . In poly vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene copolymers, high energy electron irradiation lowers the energy barrier for the ferroelectric paraelectric phase transition and reduces polarization hysteresis losses in the material ref Z.Y. Cheng, V. Bharti, T. Mai, T. B. Xu, Q. M. Zhang, T. Ramotowski, K. A. Wright, R. Ting, Effect of High Energy Electron Irradiation on the Electromechanical Properties of Poly vinylidene Fluoride Trifluoroethylene 50 50 and 65 35 Copolymers , IEEE Trans. on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control , 47 6 , 1296 1307, Nov 2000. ref . See also Electron beam lithography Beta Particle Beta decay Sterilization microbiology Examples of Irradiation references Category Radioactivity ... more details
wiktionary irradiation The irradiation illusion is an illusion of visual perception in which a light area of the visual field looks larger than an otherwise identical dark area. It was named by Hermann von Helmholtz around 1867 ref Hermann von Helmholtz, Handbook of Physiological Optics J. P. C. Southall, Trans. 3rd ed. , New York 1910, 1962 , Dover ref but the illusion was familiar to scientists long before then Galileo mentions it in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . ref Galileo Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1632 , Day 1. ref It arises partly from scattering of light inside the human eye eye . This has the effect of enlarging the image of a light area on the retina . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Irradiation Illusion Category Optical illusions optics stub nl Irradiatie pl Irradiacja fizyka ru ... more details
with ionizing radiation. Food irradiation is the process of exposing food to ionizing radiation ref ... cases there may be subtle chemical changes. Irradiation is a more general term of the exposure ... isolation , tires, and even gemstones. Food irradiation acts by damaging the target organism s DNA beyond ... and irradiation are fundamentally different processes. Food irradiation is currently permitted ... worldwide. ref http nucleus.iaea.org CIR CIR FICDB.html Food Irradiation Clearances ref ref Food irradiation, Position of ADA, J Am Diet Assoc. 2000 100 246 253. http www.mindfully.org Food Irradiation ..., D.A.E. Ehlermann, The development of food irradiation in the Asia Pacific, the Americas and Europe ... name Kume2009 Kume, T. et al., Status of food irradiation in the world, Radiat.Phys.Chem. 78 2009 , 222 ... into the final product. It has also been shown that irradiation can delay the ripening of fruits ... incapable of proliferation using irradiation at relatively low doses. ref Joint FAO IAEA Division ... the use of low level irradiation as an alternative treatment to pesticides for fruits and vegetables ... irradiation technology for their national phytosanitary programs the General assembly of the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA has urged to make wider use of the irradiation technology ... Irradiation &mdash Community Legislation http ec.europa.eu food food biosafety irradiation index en.htm ref The implementing directive contains a positive list permitting irradiation of only dried ... irradiation prevails, under the condition that the food has been irradiated legally in the state of origin. Furthermore, imports into the EC are possible from third countries if the irradiation ... amending Decision 2002 840 EC adopting the list of approved facilities in third countries for the irradiation ... on Food. 15. ref the SCF voted positive on a number of irradiation applications that had been allowed ... upper dose limit for food irradiation, the SCF adopted a revised opinion , ref http eu.europa.eu food ... more details
Primary Knock on Atom or PKA is an atom, which is displaced from its Bravais lattice lattice site by irradiation , in other words, it is the first atom that the incident particle encounters in the target. At most of the time, the PKA comes to rest in the lattice as an Interstitial defect interstitial . See also vacancy defect interstitial defect Uncategorized date March 2011 physics stub ... more details
The gemstone irradiation is a process in which a gemstone is artificially Irradiation irradiated in order to enhance its optical properties. High levels of ionizing radiation can change the atomic structure of the gemstone s crystal lattice , which in turn alters the optical properties within it. ref name Hurlbut 170 Harvnb Hurlbut Kammerling 1991 p 170 ref As a result, the gemstone s color may be significantly altered or the visibility of its inclusions may be lessened. The process, widely practised in jewelry industry , ref name Omi Harvnb Omi Rela 2007 ref is done in either a nuclear reactor ..., 2008 This article incorporates text from the source, which is in the public domain . ref The irradiation ... and after irradiation and annealing. Clockwise from left bottom 1 Initial 2 2 mm 2 4 Irradiated by different ... irradiation is a very broad one, which covers bombardment by subatomic particle s as well as the use .... Irradiation, particularly when done in a nuclear reactor, can make gemstones slightly radioactive ... 1993 to 2003. ref cite web title Gems Enhancement by Irradiation Technique url http www.oaep.go.th clinictechno ... style text align center bgcolor CDC0B0 colspan 3 Effects of irradiation on br various gemstone materials ... always the result of artificial irradiation. ref name Skuratowicz 13 Harvnb Skuratowicz Nash 2005 ... of coloration Gemstones that have been subjected to artificial irradiation generally show ... the keel line. ref name Hurlbut 127 In topaz, some irradiation sources may produce mixtures ... colors induced by artificial irradiation may fade rapidly when exposed to light or gentle heat, ref ... blue upon irradiation, which are called Maxixe type beryl. However, the color easily fades when exposed ... 2 References citation last Ashbuugh III first Charles E. title Gemstone Irradiation and Radioactivity ... first K. title Irradiation Induced Colors in Gemstones url http lgdl.gia.edu pdfs gemsandgemology ... year 1916 publisher Read Books isbn 1406758051 . Category Gemstones Irradiation Category Nuclear technology ... more details
Blood irradiation therapy is a procedure in which the blood is exposed to light often laser light for therapeutic reasons. Most research on blood irradiation therapy has been conducted in Russia and China ref name Moshkovska cite pmid 15998818 ref and it is rarely used outside of those countries. Its effectiveness and utility as a treatment has been questioned. Blood irradiation therapy can be administered through a catheter in a vein , through the blood vessels inside the nose or applied externally through the skin. It is not related to the practice of Gamma ray gamma irradiation of blood in transfusion medicine . History Intravenous laser blood irradiation was developed experimentally by the Russian researchers, Meshalkin and Sergievskiy, and introduced into clinical practice in 1981. Originally the method was applied in the treatment of cardiovascular abnormalities. ref name Moshkovska ... , Novosibirsk Nauka , 1981 ref Laser blood irradiation therapy was government certified in Germany in 2005 ... Image Intravenous Blood Irradiation.JPG 150px thumb alt An intravenous blood irradiation therapy in use. Intravenous blood irradiation. Intravenous or intravascular blood irradiation involves the in vivo ... blood irradiation journal German Journal of Acupuncture and related Techniques volume 50 issue 3 pages 12 23 ref The feasibility of intravascular laser irradiation for therapy of cardiocirculatory diseases ... irradiation may also be applied, though it involves drawing blood out through a vein and irradiating ... JAMA url http jama.ama assn.org cgi content summary 149 13 1180 year 1952 title Ultraviolet Irradiation ... , writing for Quackwatch , lists ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy as a questionable treatment ... irradiation device in use. Portable intranasal blood irradiation device. Intranasal blood irradiation also commonly known as intranasal light therapy involves the non invasive irradiation of the nasal ... date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Blood Irradiation Therapy Category Therapy Category Light therapy ... more details
Total body irradiation TBI is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation haematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation . As the name implies, TBI involves irradiation of the entire body, though in modern practice the lung s are often partially shielded to lower the risk of radiation induced lung injury. ref cite journal author Gore EM, Lawton CA, Ash RC, Lipchik RJ title Pulmonary function changes in long term survivors of bone marrow transplantation journal Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. volume 36 issue 1 pages 67 75 year 1996 month August pmid 8823260 doi url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S036030169600123X ref ref cite journal author Soule BP, Simone NL, Savani BN, et al. title Pulmonary function following total body irradiation with or without lung shielding and allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant journal Bone Marrow Transplant. volume 40 issue 6 pages 573 8 year 2007 month September pmid 17637691 doi 10.1038 sj.bmt.1705771 url ref Total body irradiation in the setting of bone marrow transplantation serves to destroy or suppress the recipient s immune system, preventing ... cell blood stem cells . Additionally, high doses of total body irradiation can eradicate residual cancer .... Doses of total body irradiation used in bone marrow transplantation typically range from 10 to 12 ..., 2008. ref At these doses, total body irradiation both destroys the patient s bone marrow allowing donor ... uses lower doses of total body irradiation, typically about 2 Gy, which do not destroy the host bone ... practice, total body irradiation is typically fractionated. That is, the radiation is delivered in multiple ... in first remission using fractionated or single dose irradiation journal Int. J. Radiat. Oncol ... to its use in bone marrow transplantation, total body irradiation has been explored as a treatment modality ... s tumors results of two consecutive regimens assessing the role of total body irradiation journal ... more details
Post Irradiation Examination PIE is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel . It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident can be studied. In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels. After major accidents the core or what is left of it is normally subject to PIE in order to find out what happened. One site where PIE is done is the ITU which is the EU centre for the study of highly radioactive materials. Materials in a high radiation environment such as a reactor can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling ref Armin F. Lietzke, http ntrs.nasa.gov archive nasa casi.ntrs.nasa.gov 19700006935 1970006935.pdf Simplified analysis of nuclear fuel pin swelling , NASA TN D 5609, 1970 ref and non thermal creep. If there are nuclear reactions within the material such as what happens in the fuel , the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time. These behaviors can lead to new material properties, cracking, and fission gas release Fission gas release As the fuel is degraded or heated the more volatile fission products which are trapped within the uranium dioxide may become free. ref J.Y. Colle, J.P. Hiernaut, D. Papaioannou, C. Ronchi, A. Sasahara, Journal of Nuclear Materials , 2006, 348 , 229. ref Fuel cracking As the fuel expands on heating, the core of the pellet expands more than the rim which may lead to cracking. Because of the thermal stress thus formed the fuel cracks, the cracks tend to go from the centre to the edge in a star shaped pattern. In order to better understand and control these changes in materials, these behaviors are studied. http www.scn.ro lepi.htm http www.ornl.gov webworks cppr y2001 ... Atomic Energy Agency Post Irradiation Examination Database References references Nuclear ... more details
Burn up may refer to Burnup , a measure of the neutron irradiation of the fuel in nuclear power technology Burn Up , a 1991 original video animation Burn Up TV miniseries Burn Up TV miniseries , a 2008 British Canadian two part mini series disambig ... more details
size can be a relative contraindication. Treatment by irradiation of women with large or pendulous ... exists for greater than or equal to six MV photon beam irradiation to obtain adequate dose homogeneity ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2010 Calrose rice is an Irradiation Agriculture irradiation bred variety of Japanese rice japonica medium grain rice developed in California in the early 1970s. It is the most recognized variety of California rice in the United States and abroad, especially in the Pacific. In Hawaii , Guam and other islands, Calrose rice accounts for more than 90 of the rice consumed. The variety is grown in other areas of the world where it is suited to growing conditions, such as Australia . After cooking, Calrose rice grains hold flavor well, and are soft and stick together, making it good for use in sushi . Calrose was once a much sought after variety in parts of Asia, where it was considered exotic. There was even a black market for the variety and it was smuggled in large quantities. External links http www.calrice.org California Rice Commission Varieties of rice Category Varieties of rice Category Agriculture in California ingredient stub ja ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The colorless carotenoids , phytoene and phytofluene , are natural carotenoid s that lack visible color due to their lower number of conjugated double bond s on the C40 carbon backbone of the molecule . This structure allows them to absorb light in the UVA and UVB range and quench free radical s also formed by Ultraviolet light UV light . Phytoene and phytofluene were initially discovered as a potent and stable substitutes to pigmented carotenoids to protect the skin via mostly topical application . The colorless carotenoids may be beneficial for health protection and nutrition al and beauty applications such as protection against UV and oxidative damage . Several articles summarized their protective activities against Ultraviolet irradiation UV irradiation and free radicals derived from UV, damage to DNA and collagen , anti inflammatory and the ability to reduce pigmentation . All of which lead to reduction in pre mature aging and damaged skin resulting in brighter, younger looking and protected skin. Category Carotenoids ... more details
Citation Irradiated mail is mail that has been deliberately exposed to radiation , typically in an effort to disinfect it. The most notable instance of mail irradiation occurred in response to the 2001 anthrax attacks the level of radiation chosen to kill anthrax spores was so high that it often changed the physical appearance of the mail, in some cases spectacularly so. Citation needed date March 2011 The United States Postal Service began to irradiate mail in November 2001, in response to the discovery of large scale contamination at several of its facilities that handled the letters that were sent in the attacks. A facility in Bridgeport, New Jersey , operated by Sterigenics International, uses a Rhodotron continuous wave electron beam accelerator built by IBA Industrial, to irradiate the mail. A few facilities were planning to use cobalt 60 sources, though it is unclear whether this was ever done. Effect on mail The USPS warned that a number of products could be adversely affected, such as seed s, photographic film , biology biological samples, food , medicines , and electronic equipment . In addition, a number of papers and plastics have been observed to react badly to the irradiation paper may become grayed and fragile, and some plastics have bubbled or melted. Irradiation s effects on paper caused some alarm in the philately philatelic world, which sends large numbers of rare postage stamp s and cover philately cover s through the mail. A number of auction houses stopped sending material through the mail, and Linn s Stamp News regularly featured reports on stamps and covers that had been ruined by irradiation. Although at one time the USPS expected to irradiate all mail, it later scaled back to just treating mail sent to government offices. External links http www.epa.gov radiation sources mail irrad.html US Environmental Protection agency Irradiated Mail DEFAULTSORT Irradiated Mail Categories Category Radioactivity Category Postal system Category 2001 anthra ... more details
terminology and food irradiation, Food Control 20 2009 , 526 528, doi 10.1016 j.foodcont.2008.07.023 ... from the former Pilot Plant for Food Irradiation, Wageningen, Netherlands, which was the nucleus for the later ... was originally used in the 1960s exclusively by a pilot plant for food irradiation in Wageningen ... perceptions of irradiation. Irradiation of food has not been widely adopted due to negative public ... http www.organicconsumers.org irradlink.cfm Information on Food Irradiation. Organic Consumers Association ..., With a Dash of Radiation. New York Times . 1 Feb. 2009. ref Proponents of food irradiation have ... Diehl, Safety of Irradiated Foods, MarcellDekker, New York, 1995 ref ref anon., Food Irradiation .... Food irradiation safe at any level, Public Health Reports 113 1998 , 6 ref The European Community ... with either the statement treated with radiation or treated by irradiation, along with the Radura. In the USA, irradiation labeling requirements apply only to foods sold in stores. For example, irradiated spices or fresh strawberries should be labeled. Irradiation labeling does not apply to restaurant foods or processed foods. ref FDA, Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food ... concerned about food irradiation . References Reflist External links http www.cfsan.fda.gov ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The np reaction is an example of a nuclear reaction . It is the reaction which occurs when a neutron enters a atomic nucleus nucleus and a proton leaves the nucleus simultaneously. For example sulfur 32 and nitrogen 14 both undergo this reaction when neutron irradiation bombarded with neutrons , thus forming phosphorus 32 and carbon 14 . DEFAULTSORT Np Reaction Particle stub Category Nucleosynthesis ... more details
Radurization is the application to food irradiation to foods using a dose of ionizing radiation sufficient to enhance its keeping quality by causing a substantial decrease in numbers of viable specific spoilage microorganisms. The required dose is in the range of 0.4 10 kGy.on what food product can be applied. ref J.F. Diehl, Safety of Irradiated Foods, Marcel Dekker, 1995, p. 99 ff. ref References Reflist Category Food preservation cooking stub ... more details
Microwave thermotherapy , also called microwave therapy , is a type of treatment in which body tissue is heated by microwave irradiation to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. External links http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 44565 Microwave therapy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI cancer dict category Microwave technology category Radiation oncology oncology stub he ... more details
Summary Artist s illustration of the impact of an very nearby gamma ray burst on Earth s atmosphere. The invisible gamma rays are depicted in white. Gamma ray irradiation of the upper atmosphere causes the formation of a brown smog of nitrogen dioxide. Image Credit NASA from http www1.nasa.gov vision universe starsgalaxies gammaray extinction.html Licensing PD USGov NASA ... more details
Summary Information Description Irradiation of 7 Dehydrocholesterol with UV light to produce cholecalciferol vitamin D . Source I User Yid Yid User talk Yid talk created this work entirely by myself. Date 10 43, 27 April 2010 UTC Author User Yid Yid User talk Yid talk other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant ... more details
Summary int filedesc Information Description en 1 Scanning electron microscope SEM picture of silicon spikes as in black silicon after fs laser irradiation Source Sedao 2009 Author Sedao 2009 Date 2009 Permission other versions ImageUpload full Category Silicon Category Scanning electron microscopic images Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The compensation point is the amount of light intensity on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of Cellular respiration respiration . At this point, the uptake of Carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub through photosynthetic pathways is exactly matched to the respiratory release of carbon dioxide, and the uptake of Molecular oxygen O sub 2 sub by respiration is exactly matched to the photosynthetic release of oxygen. In assimilation terms, at compensation point, the net carbon dioxide assimilation is zero. Leaves release CO sub 2 sub by Photorespiration photo respiration and day respiration but CO sub 2 sub is also converted into carbohydrate by photosynthesis.Assimilation is then the difference in the rate of these processes. At normal partial pressure of CO sub 2 sub 338microbar in 1980 ,there is an irradiation at which the net assimilation of CO sub 2 sub is zero.For instance,early morning and late evenings,compensation point may be reached as photosynthetic activity decreases and respiration increases. Therefore, partial pressure of CO sub 2 sub at compensation point gamma is a function of irradiation. Irradiation dependence of compensation point is explained by Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate RuBP ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate concentration. When the acceptor Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate RuBP is in saturated concentration, gamma is independent of irradiation. But at low irradiation, only a small fraction of the sites on RuBP carboxylase oxygenase enzyme RuBisCO Rubisco have the electron acceptor RuBP. This decreases the photosynthetic activity and therefore affects gamma. Intracellular Concentration of CO sub 2 sub affects the rates photosynthesis and Photorespiration photo respiration . At higher carbon dioxide concentrations, photosynthesis rate is higher while at low CO sub 2 sub concentrations, photo respiration is higher. ref cite book last O.L first Lang title Physiologic ... more details
Radicidation is a specific case of food irradiation where the dose of ionizing radiation applied to the food is sufficient to reduce the number of viable specific non spore forming pathogenic bacteria to such a level that none are detectable when the treated food is examined by any recognized method ref Goresline, H.E., Ingram, M., Mecuch, P., Mocquot, G., Mossel, D.A.A., Niven, C.F.Jr., Thatcher, F.S., Tentative classification of food irradiation processes with microbiological objectives, Nature v. 204 1964 237 238 ref . The required dose is in the range of 2 8 kGy. The term may also be applied to the destruction of parasites such as tapeworm and trichina in meat, in which case the required dose is in the range of 0.1 1 kGy. When the process is used specifically for destroying enteropathogenic and enterotoxinogenic organisms belonging to the genus Salmonella , it is referred to as Salmonella radicidation. The term Radicidation is derrived derived from radiation and caedere Latin for fell, cut, kill . References references Category Radiation Category Food preservation cooking stub ... more details
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