Unreferenced date September 2008 Intrinsicfraud is an intentionally false representation that goes to the heart of what a given lawsuit is about, in other words, whether fraud was used to procure the transaction. If the transaction was fraudulent, it probably does not have the legal status of a contract. Intrinsicfraud is distinguished from extrinsic fraud a k a collateral fraud which is a deceptive means of keeping a person from discovering and or enforcing legal rights. It is possible to have either intrinsic or extrinsic frauds, or both. During a trial law trial , perjury , forgery , and bribery of a witness constitute fraud s that might have been relieved by the court . Such actions will usually lead to a mistrial being declared and after any penalties for the involved parties a new trial will take place on the same matter. Two types of intrinsicfraud in contract law are fraud in the inducement and fraud in the factum . Fraud in the factum is a law legal defense, and occurs where A signs a contract, but either does not realize that it is a contract or does not understand the nature of the contract, because of some false information that B gave to A. For example, if John tells his mother that he is taking a college course on handwriting analysis, and for his homework, he needs her to read and sign a pretend deed. If Mom signs the deed believing what he told her, and John tries to enforce the deed, Mom can plead fraud in the factum. Fraud in the inducement is an equity law equitable defense, and occurs when A signs a contract, knowing that it is a contract and at least having a rough idea what the contract is about, but the reason A signed the contract was because of some false information that B gave to A. For example, if John tells his mother to sign a deed giving ... the deed prior to Mom s death, Mom can plead fraud in the inducement. See also Extrinsic fraudFraud Per minas Scienter Category Contract law Category Fraud law term stub ... more details
Criminal law Tort law According to the Collins English Dictionary 10th Edition fraud can be defined as deceit ... unfair or dishonest advantage . ref fraud. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. http dictionary.reference.com browse fraud accessed January 17, 2011 . ref In the broadest sense, a fraud is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual the related adjective is fraudulent . The specific legal definition varies by legal jurisdiction. Fraud is a crime ... or valuables is a common purpose of fraud, but there have also been fraudulent discoveries , e.g. in scientific fraud science , to gain prestige rather than immediate monetary gain. A hoax also involves deception, but without the intention of gain or of damaging or depriving the victim. Cost of fraud The typical organization loses five percent of its annual revenue to fraud, with a median loss ... fraud. The industries most commonly affected are banking, manufacturing, and government. ref name acfe cite journal title Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse year 2010 url http www.acfe.com rttn 2010 highlights.asp page 4 publisher Association of Certified Fraud Examiners ref Types of fraudulent acts Fraud can be committed through many media, including mail fraud mail , wire fraud wire , phone fraud phone , and the Internet computer crime and Internet fraud . The international ... rapid growth of Internet fraud. Types of criminal fraud include bait and switch bankruptcy fraud benefit fraud , committing fraud to get government benefits counterfeit ing of currency, documents or valuable goods charlatanism confidence trick s such as the Advance fee fraud 419 fraud and Spanish ... of documents or signatures, Franchise fraud where the real profit is earned, not by the sale of the product, but by the sale of new franchise licenses. fraud upon the court health fraud , for example ... Insurance fraud investment fraud s, such as Ponzi scheme s and Pyramid scheme s Moving scam religious ... more details
Intrinsic value can refer to Intrinsic value finance , of an option or stock. Intrinsic value numismatics , of a coin. Intrinsic value ethics , in ethics and philosophy. Intrinsic value animal ethics , in philosophy. Intrinsic theory of value , an economic theory of worth. See also Extrinsic value Value disambiguation disambig ... more details
Multiple issues context June 2009 orphan June 2009 refimprove June 2009 The intrinsic hyperpolarizability is defined as the hyperpolarizability divided by the Kuzyk Limit . ref http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 jp7120824 Intrinsic Hyperpolarizabilities as a Figure of Merit for Electro optic Molecules ref This quantity is scale invariant and thus is independent of the energy scale and number of electrons in a molecule that is being evaluated for its nonlinear optical response. Therefore, it can be used to compare molecules of different shapes and sizes. The Intrinsic Hyperpolarizability can be used as a figure of merit for comparing molecules for their usefulness in Electro optics applications. references DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic Hyperpolarizability Category Nonlinear optics optics stub ... more details
Noref date October 2009 In quantum mechanics , the intrinsic Parity physics parity is a phase factor that arises as an eigenvalue of the parity operation a reflection about the origin . To see that the parity s eigenvalues are phase factors, we assume an eigenstate of the parity operation this is realized because the intrinsic parity is a property of a subatomic particle particle species and use the fact that two parity transformations leave the particle in the same state, thus the new wave function can differ by only a phase factor, i.e. math P 2 psi e i phi psi math thus math P psi pm e i phi 2 psi math , since these are the only eigenstates satisfying the above equation. The intrinsic parity s phase is conserved for non weak interactions the product of the intrinsic parities is the same before and after the reaction , since P,H 0, i.e. the Hamiltonian quantum mechanics Hamiltonian is invariant under a parity transformation . The intrinsic parity of a system is the product of the intrinsic parities of the particles, for instance for noninteracting particles we have math P 1 rangle 2 rangle P 1 rangle P 2 rangle math . Since the parity commutes with the hamiltonian, its eigenvalue does not change with time, therefore the intrinsic parity s phase is a conserved quantity. DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic Parity Category Fundamental physics concepts Category Quantum field theory Category Quantum mechanics Category Particle physics ... more details
About compiler intrinsic functions X toolkit Intrinsics Refimprove date December 2009 In compiler theory , an intrinsic function is a function available for use in a given computer language language whose implementation is handled specially by the compiler. Typically, it substitutes a sequence of automatically generated instructions for the original function call, similar to an inline function . Unlike an inline function though, the compiler has an intimate knowledge of the intrinsic function and can therefore better integrate it and optimize it for the situation. This is also called builtin function in many languages. Compilers that implement intrinsic functions generally enable them only when the user has requested compiler optimizations optimization , falling back to a default implementation provided by the language runtime environment otherwise. Intrinsic functions are often used to explicitly implement Vectorization parallel computing vectorization and parallel processing parallelization in languages which do not address such constructs. Altivec and OpenMP are examples of API s which use intrinsic functions to declare, respectively, vectorizable and multiprocessor aware operations during compilation. The compiler parses the intrinsic functions and converts them into vector math or multiprocessing object code appropriate for the target platform. Microsoft and Intel s C C compilers as well as GNU Compiler Collection GCC implement intrinsics that map directly to the x86 SIMD instructions MMX instruction set MMX , Streaming SIMD Extensions SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 , SSSE3 , SSE4 . In the latest version of the Microsoft compiler VC2005 as well as VC2008 inline assembly is not available when compiling for 64 bit Windows. ref cite web url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library wbk4z78b.aspx?ppud 4 title Intrinsics and Inline Assembly publisher Microsoft author Visual Studio 2010 ... bit scan . References Reflist See also DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic Function Category Compiler construction ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 sources date December 2007 astronomy Astronomers use the term intrinsic brightness also termed absolute magnitude to refer to how bright a star would be without the effects of distance or absorption due to interstellar dust or gas. While a bright distant star s apparent brightness might be less than a nearby dim star, due to the inverse square law for brightness, astronomers can discuss its intrinsic brightness meaning how bright the stars would be at a common distance. category Observational astronomy de Absolute Helligkeit ... more details
Intrinsic factor IF also known as gastric intrinsic factor GIF is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal ... on in the terminal ileum . In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the GIF ... DH title Human gastric intrinsic factor characterization of cDNA and genomic clones and localization ... ssub 12 can then bind to intrinsic factor. This new complex travels to the ileum, where special epithelial ... of secretion The intrinsic factor is an enzyme like unidentified substance secreted by the stomach ... parallel with the amount of HCl or pepsin in the gastric juice. So in some cases, the intrinsic factor may be present even if there is no HCl or Pepsin or vice versa. The site of formation of the intrinsic ... intrinsic factor or parietal cells themselves lead to an intrinsic factor deficiency, malabsorption of vitamin B ssub 12 , and subsequent megaloblastic anemia . Atrophic gastritis can also cause intrinsic ... the intrinsic factor complex. Bariatric surgery is a known risk factor in the development of pernicious ... consumption of alcohol. Treatment Patients experiencing an insufficiency in their intrinsic ..., Misra DN, Grove M, et al. title Human gastric intrinsic factor expression is not restricted to parietal ... doi cite journal author Kozyraki R, Kristiansen M, Silahtaroglu A, et al. title The human intrinsic ... E, Sard MP, et al. title Role of Glu Arg, Q5R mutation of the intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia ... in the intrinsic factor gene GIF. journal Br. J. Haematol. volume 144 issue 4 pages 622 4 year 2009 ... MM, Chen Z, et al. title Crystal structure of human intrinsic factor cobalamin complex at 2.6 A resolution ... L, et al. title Composite organization of the cobalamin binding and cubilin recognition sites of intrinsic ... caused by mutations in the intrinsic factor gene. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 102 ... in inherited intrinsic factor deficiency. journal Blood volume 103 issue 4 pages 1515 7 year 2004 pmid .... title A genetic polymorphism in the coding region of the gastric intrinsic factor gene GIF is associated ... more details
Intrinsic viscosity math left eta right math is a measure of a solute s contribution to the viscosity math eta math of a solution . Intrinsic viscosity is frequently referred to as Inherent Viscosity in macromolecular literature. It is defined as math left eta right lim varphi rightarrow 0 frac eta eta 0 eta 0 varphi math where math eta 0 math is the viscosity in the absence of the solute and &phi is the volume fraction of the solute in the solution. As defined here, the intrinsic viscosity math left eta right math is a dimensionless number. When the solute particles are rigid body rigid sphere s, the intrinsic viscosity equals 2.5, as shown first by Albert Einstein . In practical settings, &phi is usually solute mass concentration, and the units of intrinsic viscosity math left eta right math are deciliters per gram dL g , otherwise known as inverse concentration. Formulae for rigid spheroids Generalizing from spheres to spheroid s with an axial semiaxis math a math i.e., the semiaxis of revolution and equatorial semiaxes math b math , the intrinsic viscosity can be written math left eta right left frac 4 15 right J K L left frac 2 3 right L left frac 1 3 right M left frac 1 15 right N math where the constants are defined math M stackrel mathrm def frac 1 a b 4 frac 1 J alpha prime ... It is possible to generalize the intrinsic viscosity formula from spheroid s to arbitrary ellipsoids with semiaxes math a math , math b math and math c math . Frequency dependence The intrinsic viscosity formula may also be generalized to include a frequency dependence. Applications The intrinsic ..., the intrinsic viscosity can provide rough estimates of the number of subunits in a protein fiber composed of a helical array of proteins such as tubulin . More generally, intrinsic viscosity can be used to assay quaternary structure . In polymer chemistry intrinsic viscosity is related to molar mass through the Mark Houwink equation .A practical method for the determination of intrinsic viscosity ... more details
In geometry , an intrinsic equation of a curve is an equation that defines the curve using a relation between the curve s intrinsic properties, that is, properties that do not depend on the location and possibly the orientation of the curve. Therefore an intrinsic equation defines the shape of the curve without specifying its position relative to an arbitrarily defined coordinate system. The intrinsic quantities used most often are arc length math s math , tangential angle math theta math , curvature math kappa math or radius of curvature , and, for 3 dimensional curves, Torsion of a curve torsion math tau math . Specifically The natural equation is the curve given by its curvature and torsion. The Whewell equation is obtained as a relation between arc length and tangential angle. The Ces ro equation is obtained as a relation between arc length and curvature. The equation of a circle including a line for example is given by the equation math kappa s Cte math where math s math is the arc length and math kappa math the curvature. These coordinates greatly simpilfy some physical problem. For elastic rods for example, the potential energy is given by math E int 0 L B kappa 2 s ds math where math B math is the bending modulus. Moreover, as math kappa s d theta ds math , elasticity of rods can be given a simple variational form. References cite book author R.C. Yates title A Handbook on Curves and Their Properties location Ann Arbor, MI publisher J. W. Edwards pages 123 126 year 1952 cite book author J. Dennis Lawrence title A catalog of special plane curves publisher Dover Publications year 1972 isbn 0 486 60288 5 pages 1 5 External links MathWorld title Intrinsic Equation urlname IntrinsicEquation Category Curves ko ... more details
In signal processing of multidimensional signals, for example in computer vision , the intrinsic dimension of the signal describes how many variables are needed to represent the signal. For a signal of N variables, its intrinsic dimension M satisfies 0 &le M &le N . Usually the intrinsic dimension of a signal relates to variables defined in a Cartesian coordinate system. In general, however, it is also possible to describe the concept for non Cartesian coordinates, for example, using polar coordinates ... the value of f . Hence, it is a two variable function but its intrinsic dimension is one. A slightly more complicated example is f x sub 1 sub ,x sub 2 sub g x sub 1 sub x sub 2 sub f is still intrinsic ... Since the variation in f can be described by the single variable y sub 1 sub its intrinsic dimension is one. For the case that f is constant, its intrinsic dimension is zero since no variable is needed to describe variation. For the general case, when the intrinsic dimension of the two variable function f is neither zero or one, it is two. In the literature, functions which are of intrinsic dimension ... the above relation between f and g can be found, then the intrinsic dimension of f is M . The intrinsic ... of low intrinsic dimension An N variable function which has intrinsic dimension M N has a characteristic ... this line F varies according to G . The general case Let f be an N variable function which has intrinsic ..., F varies according to G the Fourier transform of g Generalizations The type of intrinsic ... case, f has intrinsic dimension M is there exist M functions a sub 1 sub , a sub 2 sub , ..., a sub ... began that the concept of intrinsic dimension was established, even though the name has varied. For example, the concept which here is referred to as a image neighborhood of intrinsic dimension ... 1987 and simple neighborhood in Granlund & Knutsson 1995 . The term intrinsic dimension was coined ... Part XXI The intrinsic dimensionality of signal collections booktitle Rep. 163 pages publisher The Johns ... more details
Intrinsic immunity refers to a set of recently discovered cell biology cellular based anti viral defense mechanisms, notably genetically encoded proteins which specifically target eukaryotic retrovirus es. Unlike adaptive immunity adaptive and innate immune system innate immunity effectors, intrinsic immune proteins are usually expressed at a constant level, allowing a virus viral infection to be halted ... to combat them. Intrinsic immunity comprises cellular proteins which are always active and have evolved ... Bieniasz PD title Intrinsic immunity a front line defense against viral attack journal Nat. Immunol ... ref The recognition of intrinsic immunity as a potent anti viral defense mechanism is a recent discovery ... intrinsic immunity affords is still unknown, it is possible that intrinsic immunity may eventually ... system Intrinsic Immunity combines aspects of the two traditional branches of the immune system ... proteins. Intrinsic immune proteins, however, are specific both in virus recognition and their mechanism of viral attenuation . Like innate immunity, however, the intrinsic immune system does not respond differently upon repeat infection by the same pathogen. Also, like adaptive immunity, intrinsic ... of adaptive immunity, take weeks to become effective intrinsic immune proteins are constitutively ... the production of intrinsic immune mediating proteins cannot be increased during infection, these defenses ... of canonical intrinsic immune proteins TRIM5alpha TRIM5 Tripartite interaction motif five, RNA splicing splice variant is one of the most studied intrinsic immune proteins due to its connection ... doi 10.1038 nature02343 url issn ref APOBEC3G Apolipoprotein editing complex 3 G is another intrinsic ... intrinsic immune proteins have been discovered which block Murine leukemia virus MLV , Herpes simplex ... Inactivating a cellular intrinsic immune defense mediated by Daxx is the mechanism through which ... 3871.2006 url issn ref References Reflist 1 immune system DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic Immunity ... more details
An intrinsic semiconductor , also called an undoped semiconductor or i type semiconductor , is a pure semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. The number of charge carrier s is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities. In intrinsic semiconductors the number of excited electron s and the number of electron hole holes are equal n p. The electrical conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors can be due to crystal defect s or to thermal excitation . In an intrinsic semiconductor the number of electron s in the conduction band is equal to the number of holes in the valence band . An example is HgCdTe Hg sub 0.8 sub Cd sub 0.2 sub Te at room temperature. An indirect band gap intrinsic semiconductor is one where the maximum energy of the valence band occurs at a different k crystal momentum k space wave vector than the minimum energy of the conduction band. Examples include silicon and germanium . A direct band gap intrinsic semiconductor is one where the maximum energy of the valence band occurs at the same k as the minimum energy of the conduction band. Examples include gallium arsenide . A silicon crystal is different from an insulator because at any temperature above absolute zero temperature, there is a finite probability that an electron in the lattice will be knocked loose from its position, leaving behind an electron deficiency called a hole . If a voltage is applied, then both the electron ... to electrical conduction. The term intrinsic here distinguishes between the properties of pure intrinsic silicon and the dramatically different properties of doped n type or p type semiconductors. Electrons and holes In an intrinsic semiconductor such as silicon at temperatures above absolute ... devices. Semiconductor current The current which will flow in an intrinsic semiconductor consists ... opposite to the free electron movement. The current flow in an intrinsic semiconductor ... more details
refimprove date March 2008 Intrinsic finality is the idea that there is a natural good for all beings, and that all beings have a natural tendency to pursue their own good. It is an underlying principle of both teleology and moral objectivism . The concept of intrinsic finality was summarized by Thomas Aquinas ref Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles Contra Gentiles IV, xix ref as follows By the form which gives it its specific perfection, everything in nature has an inclination to its own operations and to its own end, which it reaches through these operations. Just as everything is, such also are its operations and its tendency to what is suitable to itself. The idea of intrinsic finality presumes an objective reality that obeys a natural order or natural law in the universe. Things are meant to be and behave a certain way, and naturally tend to act that way. For instance, animals have natural instincts for self preservation, seeking food, and reproduction. They do so because it is their nature to do so. Theologians go further, to argue that they do so because they were created to do so. The existence of such a finality is often challenged, particularly by philosophers ascribing to philosophical naturalism . They argue that it is unreasonable to say that all beings naturally pursue their own benefit, when some beings clearly do not. They point to instances of perfection imperfection , disease , and death as evidence that natural beings do not naturally move toward perfection. But proponents of intrinsic finalilty respond that the very recognition of such imperfection requires an ideal or standard of the perfect end from which the being in question falls short owing to a variety of factors including improper education , sin , or predestination . Intrinsic finality provides the basis for the teleological argument for the existence of God and its modern counterpart, intelligent design . Proponents of teleology argue that Darwinism does not resolve a fundamental defect ... more details
redshift of the quasars must be caused by an unknown non cosmological or intrinsic mechanism ... that quasars are local and contain large intrinsic redshifts has never gained any significant ... to apply an Ockham s razor conclusion that intrinsic redshifts do not exist. Arp still believes that quasars nevertheless have a high intrinsic redshift. ref G. Burbidge, Margaret Burbidge E.M. Burbidge ... with host galaxies, he proposes that whatever results in the intrinsic redshift for the quasars ... format & high 42ca922c9c26345 Non Cosmological Redshifts 1977 References DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death involving the degradation of cellular constituents by a group of cysteine proteases called caspase s. The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic mitochondrial mediated or extrinsic death receptor mediated apoptotic pathways. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm . Cytochrome c then forms a multi protein complex known as the apoptosome and initiates activation of the caspase cascade through caspase 9. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by death receptors on the plasma membrane such as tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 TNFR1 and Fas CD95 . As ligand s bind to these receptors, the death inducing signaling complex DISC is formed leading to initiation of the caspase cascade through caspase 8. References Danial, N.N., and Korsmeyer, S.J. 2004 . Cell death critical control points. Cell 116, 205 219. Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., and Brenner, C. 2007 . Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol Rev 87, 99 163. Taylor, R.C., Cullen, S.P., and Martin, S.J. 2008 . Apoptosis controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9, 231 241. Category Apoptosis ... more details
metric of R sup 2 sup the chordal metric is not a path metric space. The induced intrinsic ... space is called the Riemannian circle . In two dimensions, the chordal metric on the sphere is not intrinsic, and the induced intrinsic metric is given by the great circle distance . Every Riemannian ... more details
Intrinsic safety IS is a protection technique for safe operation of Electronics electronic equipment in explosive atmospheres and under irregular operating conditions. The concept was developed for safe operation of process control instrumentation in hazardous areas, particularly North Sea gas platforms. As a discipline, it is an application of inherent safety in instrumentation. The theory behind intrinsic safety is to ensure that the available electricity electrical and thermal energy in the system is always low enough that Combustion ignition of the hazardous atmosphere cannot occur. This is achieved by ensuring that only low voltages and currents enter the hazardous area, and that all electric supply and signal wires are protected by Zener diode zener safety barriers. Sometimes an alternative type of barrier known as a galvanic isolation barrier may be used. In normal uses, electrical equipment often creates internal tiny sparks in switches, motor brushes, connectors, and in other places. Such sparks can ignite flammable substances present in air. ref cite web title Working In Explosive Atmospheres url http www.csunitec.com technical WhitePapers CS 20Unitec ATEX Working 20in 20Ex 20Zones.pdf ref A device termed intrinsically safe is designed to not contain any components that produce sparks or which can hold enough energy to produce a spark of sufficient energy to cause an ignition. For example, during marine transfer operations when flammable products are transferred between the marine terminal and tanker ships or barges, two way radio communication needs to be constantly maintained in case the transfer needs to stop for unforeseen reasons such as a spill. The United States Coast Guard requires that the two way radio must be certified as intrinsically safe. Another aspect of intrinsic safety is controlling abnormal small component temperatures. Under certain fault ... in Hazardous Areas References Reflist Redding, R.J., Intrinsic Safety Safe Use of Electronics ... more details
Image Rho independent terminator sequence and secondary structure conservation.jpg thumb right 200px A predicted conserved secondary structure and sequence conservation annotation for 90 bacterial Rho independent termination elements. Intrinsic termination also called Rho independent termination is a mechanism in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes that causes mRNA transcription genetics transcription to be stopped. In this mechanism, the mRNA contains a sequence that can base pair with itself to form a stem loop structure 7 20 base pairs in length that is also rich in cytosine guanine base pairs. These bases form three hydrogen bonds between each other and are therefore particularly strong. ref name Lew07 cite book last Lewin first Benjamin title Genes IX year 2007 publisher Jones and Bartlett Publishers location Sudbury, MA isbn 0 7637 4063 2 ref Following the stem loop structure is a chain of uracil residues. The bonds between uracil and adenine are very weak. A protein bound to RNA polymerase nusA binds to the stem loop structure tightly enough to cause the polymerase to temporarily stall. ref cite journal author Wilson KS, von Hippel PH title Transcription termination at intrinsic terminators the role of the RNA hairpin journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 92 issue 19 pages 8793 7 year 1995 month September pmid 7568019 pmc 41053 doi url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 7568019 accessdate 2010 09 20 ref This pausing of the polymerase coincides with transcription of the poly uracil sequence. The weak Adenine Uracil bonds destabilize the RNA DNA duplex, causing it to unwind and dissociate from the RNA polymerase. ref name Lew07 Stem loop structures that are not followed by a poly Uracil sequence cause the RNA polymerase to pause, but it will typically continue transcription after a brief time because the duplex is too stable to unwind far enough to cause termination. Rho independent transcription termination is a frequent mechanism underlying th ... more details
Image Efficacy spectrum.png right thumb 320px Efficacy spectrum of receptor ligands. Intrinsic activity IA or efficacy refers to the relative ability of a drug receptor biochemistry receptor complex to produce a maximum functional response. This must be distinguished from the dissociation constant Protein ligand binding affinity , which is a measure of the ability of the drug to bind to its molecular target, and the half maximal effective concentration EC sub 50 sub , which is a measure of the Potency pharmacology potency of the drug and which is proportional to both efficacy and affinity. This use of the word efficacy was introduced by Stephenson 1956 ref name pmid13383117 cite journal author Stephenson RP title A modification of receptor theory journal Br J Pharmacol Chemother volume 11 issue 4 pages 379 93 year 1956 month December pmid 13383117 pmc 1510558 doi url issn ref to describe the way in which agonist s vary in the response they produce, even when they occupy the same number of receptors. High efficacy agonists can produce the maximal response of the receptor system while occupying a relatively low proportion of the receptors in that system. Agonists of lower efficacy are not as efficient at producing a response from the drug bound receptor, by stabilizing the active form of the drug bound receptor. Therefore, they may not be able to produce the same maximal response, even when they occupy the entire receptor population, as the efficiency of transformation of the inactive form of the drug receptor complex to the active drug receptor complex may not be high enough to evoke a maximal response. Since the observed response may be less than maximal in systems with no spare receptor reserve, some low efficacy agonists are referred to as partial agonists. ref name urlGlaxo Wellcome pharmacology guide cite web url http www.pdg.cnb.uam.es cursos Barcelona2002 pages Farmac Comput Lab Guia Glaxo chap2c.html title In vitro pharmacology concentration response curves author ... more details
an ignorant person about the right to sue. Extrinsic fraud is distinguished from intrinsicfraud, which is the fraud that is the subject of a lawsuit. Legal Explanations website. ref http www.legal ... extrinsic fraud The Free Dictionary website , and http findarticles.com p articles mi qa3898 is 200111 ai n9005421 Find Articles website . Retrieved September 10, 2008. ref Extrinsic fraud does not mean merely lying or perjury , nor misrepresentation s, nor intrinsicfraud , nor to matters that could ... moral certainty or beyond a reasonable doubt of the petitioner to prove the intrinsicfraud, because .... ref Equity Jurisdiction Enjoining Execution of Criminal Judgment Extrinsic and IntrinsicFraud ... 15, 2008. ref See also Collateral estoppel Intrinsicfraud Per minas Res judicata Scienter References ...Main Fraud Extrinsic fraud is fraud that induces one not to present a case in court or deprives one of the opportunity ... also http thesaurus.infoplease.com extrinsic fraud InfoPlease website and http www.lexic.us definition of extrinsic fraud Lexic.us website . Retrieved September 15, 2008. ref It can involve fraud on the court ....... ref name Ellett Examples Family law see also Paternity fraud Probably the most common examples of where extrinsic fraud are claimed are in family law and domestic relations cases, due to the emotion ... the subject of extrinsic fraud, but the court held that the evidence was not sufficient ... the decree based on such fraud, had passed. ref In re Marriage of Miller, 902 P.2d 1019 Mont.1995 , found at http www.divorcesource.com research edj fraud 96jan9.shtml divorcesource.com website ... fraud the classic case is when a man is encouraged to sign an acknowledgement that he is the father ... ruled that extrinsic fraud had led the putative father to sign an admission against his interest, thus allowing the court to grant equitable relief to undo the fraud. ref name DeltaBravo ref Love ... when a paternity suit is filed against him, thus resulting in a default judgment due to the fraud ... more details
disease . See also Extrinsic fraudFraudIntrinsicfraud Per minas References reflist Unref date September 2008 Category Negotiable instrument law Category Fraud law term stub ...Fraud in the Factum is a type of fraud where misrepresentation causes one to enter a Financial transaction transaction without accurately realizing the risks, duties, or obligations incurred. ref Black s Law Dictionary 2nd Pocket ed. 2001 pg. 293 . ref This can be when the maker or drawer of a negotiable instrument , such as a promissory note or Cheque check , is induced to sign the instrument without a reasonable opportunity to learn of its fraudulent character or essential terms. Determination of whether an act constitutes fraud in the factum depends upon consideration of all relevant factors. Fraud in the factum usually voids the instrument under state law and is a real defense against even an holder in due course . Contrast this with the situation where a trusted employee signs a check without permission. The employer must still honor the check despite the fact that the check was a fraudulent negotiable instrument. Here, the employer had a reasonable opportunity to avoid the obligation by restricting access to the checks. Fraud in the factum is often contrasted with fraud in the inducement. Fraud in the factum is a law legal defense, and occurs where A makes signs an agreement, but either does not realize that it is supposed to be a contract, or does not understand the nature content of the agreement, because of some false information that B gave to A. For example, suppose John ... tries to enforce the deed, Mom can plead fraud in the factum. Fraud in the inducement is an Equity ... fraud in the inducement. In Boro v. Superior Court, 163 Cal. App. 3d 1224 1985 , the defendant called ..., brought the charges against the defendant for rape. The court held this was fraud in the inducement and therefore there was no rape. It was fraud in the inducement because the deception related not to the thing ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Transcript fraud is the alteration of a transcript issued by a legitimate school or university or the forgery of completely fake transcripts. Transcript fraud is a growing problem for both educational institutions and employers. This is related to diploma fraud, which is the forgery of school or university diplomas. External links http www.aare.edu.au 91pap riled91203.txt Fraud and Australian Academics http www.smh.com.au articles 2008 04 24 1208743154239.html Internet degree factories pump out diplomas Category Fraud crime stub edu stub ... more details
Control fraud occurs when a trusted person in a high responsible position in a company , corporation or State polity state uses their powers to subvert the company and to engage in extensive fraud for personal gain. The concept of control fraud is based on the observation that the CEO of a company is uniquely placed to remove the checks and balances on fraud within a company by selective hiring, and hence can position it to engage in routine accountancy fraud, and hence rob creditors and shareholders. The company will frequently publish accounts showing massive profits, whereas in reality it is insolvent. This will cause the stock to rise, and those exercising the control fraud will cash in their stocks. ref http books.google.co.uk books?id SI3F8wEuT24C&lpg PA4&ots UjO33n9Tof&dq Control 20fraud 20theory&pg PA2 v onepage&q Control 20fraud 20theory&f false The best way to rob a bank is to own one by William K. Black ref Additionally, companies can lobby for changes in the law to weaken regulation, and this can extend the fraud. Control fraud can also occur in a political situation, for example by the leader of a country who can use their position to embezzle the government s and the peoples money by turning it into a kleptocracy . Examples of control fraud include Enron , the Savings and loan crisis , and Ponzi scheme s such as by Bernard Madoff . Control fraud, a term coined by William K. Black , is used to refer to the fraud or the person perpetrating the fraud. References reflist External links http www.schneier.com blog archives 2010 11 control fraud.html Schneier on Security Control fraud http www.networkideas.org feathm may2006 william k black.pdf When Fragile becomes Friable Endemic Control Fraud as a Cause of Economic Stagnation and Collapse William K. Black http www.pbs.org moyers journal 04032009 profile.html Bill Moyer s journal William K. Black CSI Bailout http ... under Moral Hazard, Bo Sun business stub Category Fraud Category Criminology Category Corporate ... more details
Fraud deterrence has gained public recognition and spotlight since the 2002 inception of the Sarbanes ... financial misrepresentation Fraud in order to ensure more accurate financial reporting to increase investor confidence. This same concept is applied in the discussion of fraud deterrence. Until recently, fraud deterrence has not been specifically identified under one common definition. While it has ... American Institute of Certified Public Accountants AICPA Practice Aid Series, Fraud Detection ... Analysts Certified Fraud Deterrence Analyst CFD designation recently merged into the Certified Forensic Financial Analyst CFFA designation , an actual definition of the term fraud deterrence has been difficult to find. Definition Fraud deterrence is the proactive identification and removal of the causal and enabling factors of fraud. Fraud deterrence is based on the premise that fraud is not a random occurrence fraud occurs where the conditions are right for it to occur. Fraud deterrence attacks the root causes and enablers of fraud this analysis could reveal potential fraud opportunities ... or eliminate the causal factors of fraud is the single best defense against fraud. Fraud deterrence involves both short term procedural and long term cultural initiatives. Fraud deterrence is not earlier fraud detection, and this is often a confusing point. Fraud detection involves a review of historical ... of the conditions and procedures that affect fraud enablers, in essence, looking at what could ... of Fraud Deterrence . Analogy Deterrence is distinct from remediation and detection. An analogy can ... s that deter unhealthy weight gain is the key to understanding fraud deterrence in this analogy ... that may cause fraud. Fraud Triangle The causal factors that should be removed to deter fraud as described above are best described in the Fraud Triangle. This idea was first coined by Donald R. Cressey . The Fraud Triangle describes three factors that are present in every situation of fraud Motive ... more details
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