Internetworking is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateway telecommunications gateways that provide a common method of router routing information Packet information technology packet s between the networks. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork , or simply an internet . The most notable example of internetworking is the Internet , a network of networks based on many underlying hardware technologies, but unified by an internetworking protocol standard, the Internet Protocol Suite , often also referred to as TCP IP . Interconnection of networks Internetworking started as a way to connect disparate types of networking technology, but it became widespread through the developing need to connect two or more local area network s via some sort of wide area network . The original term for an internetwork was catenet . The definition of an internetwork today includes the connection of other types of computer networks such as personal area network s. The network elements used to connect individual networks in the ARPANET , the predecessor of the Internet, were originally called gateway telecommunications gateways , but the term has been deprecated in this context, because of possible confusion with functionally different devices. Today the interconnecting gateways are called Internet router s. Another ... termed internetworking, but the resulting system is simply a larger, single subnetwork , and no internetworking ... models are commonly used to describe the protocols and methods used in internetworking. The Open ... functions from the underlying hardware to the software interface concepts in user applications. Internetworking ... network link to which the host is connected. Internetworking is facilitated by the protocols of its ... Internetworking fa ko hi id Internetwork mk Internetwork pl Intersie pt Interliga o de redes sv Internetworking te ur vi Li n m ng ... more details
The Hierarchical internetworking model , or three layer model , is a network design model first proposed by Cisco . The three layer model divides enterprise network s into three layers core, distribution, and access layer. Each layer provides different services to end stations and servers. Access layer End stations and servers connect to the enterprise at the access layer . Access layer devices are usually commodity switching platforms, and may or may not provide Network Layer layer 3 switching services. The traditional focus at the access layer is minimizing cost per port the amount of investment the enterprise must make for each provisioned Ethernet port. Distribution layer The distribution layer is the smart layer in the three layer model. Routing, filtering, and QoS policies are managed at the distribution layer. Distribution layer devices also often manage individual branch office Wide area network WAN connections. Core layer The core network provides high speed, highly redundant forwarding services to move packets between distribution layer devices in different regions of the network. Core switches and routers are usually the most powerful, in terms of raw forwarding power, in the enterprise core network devices manage the highest speed connections, such as 10 Gigabit Ethernet . See also Multi tier architecture Service layer Cisco s 3 Layered Model References cite title Cisco Network Topology and Design date 2002 author Khalid Raza, Mark Turner publisher Cisco Press cite url http www.cisco.com application pdf en us guest netsol ns431 c649 ccmigration 09186a00808f6c34.pdf title High Availability Campus Network Design accessdate 2010 08 23 Category Computer networking Compu network stub ... more details
Copyedit date August 2010 The Optical Internetworking Forum OIF is a non profit, member driven organization founded in 1998. It promotes the development and deployment of interoperable networking solutions and services through the creation of Implementation Agreements IAs for optical networking products, network processing elements, and component technologies. Implementation agreements are based on requirements developed cooperatively by end users, service providers, equipment vendors and technology providers, and aligned with worldwide standards, augmented if necessary. This is accomplished through industry member participation working together to develop specifications IAs for External network element interfaces Software interfaces internal to network elements Hardware component interfaces internal to network elements The OIF creates benchmarks, performs worldwide interoperability testing, builds market awareness and promotes education for technologies, services and solutions. The OIF provides feedback to worldwide standards organizations to help achieve a set of implementable, interoperable solutions. The OIF strives to accelerate the deployment of interoperable optical networks by developing market driven solutions to real world problems in a timely manner thereby reducing market entry risks. It develops contribution driven IAs in a virtual open collaboration model by members who represent the entire industry ecosystem. Organizational form Launched in 1998, the OIF is the first industry group to unite representatives from data and optical networking disciplines, including many of the world s leading carriers, component manufacturers, and system vendors. With 100 member companies, the OIF unites representatives from data and optical networking disciplines, including many ... related to physical and data link layer interfaces between Optical Internetworking elements and between ... worldwide compatibility of optical internetworking products. External links http www.oiforum.com ... more details
Context date October 2009 TDM Fabric to Framer Interface is abbreviated as TDM. Some commonly used TDM variants include TFI 4 TFI 5 See also Optical Internetworking Forum Category Multiplexing Compu stub ... more details
PD USGov Education A screen shot of one of many Teledesic satellites responsible for mobile communication and wireless Internetworking. br Source http msl.jpl.nasa.gov QuickLooks teledesicQL.html Mission and Spacecraft Library copy to commons ... more details
In telecommunication s, network engineering may refer to The field concerned with internetworking service requirements for switched telephone network s and developing the required hardware and software The field concerned with the design and management of computer network s The field concerned with developing telecommunications network topologies See also Network administrator FS1037C Category Telecommunications engineering ar ... more details
SerDes Framer Interface is abbreviated as SFI . Variants include SFI 4 or SerDes Framer Interface Level 4 , a standardized Electrical Interface by the Optical Internetworking Forum OIF for connecting a Sonet Framer component to an optical SerDes for OC 192 interfaces 10 Gbit s . ref Lekkas, Network Processors Architecture, Protocols, and Platforms , McGraw Hill Professional, page 423 ref SFI 5 or SerDes Framer Interface Level 5 , a standardized Electrical Interface by the Optical Internetworking Forum OIF for connecting a SONET Framer component to an optical SerDes for OC 768 40 Gbit s . ref cite book first Panos C last Lekkas title Network Processors Architecture, Protocols, and Platforms publisher McGraw Hill Professional page page 423 isbn 0071409866 ref Electrically, it consists of 16 pairs of SerDes channels each running at 3.125Gbit s which gives an aggregate bandwidth of 50Gbit s accommodating up to 25 of Forward Error Correction See also Optical Internetworking Forum References Reflist External links http www.oiforum.com OIF http www.oiforum.com public documents OIF SFI5 01.0.pdf OFI SFI 5 Implementation Agreement DEFAULTSORT Serdes Framer Interface Category Fiber optic communications Category Networking hardware ... more details
In telecommunications , a User Network Interface UNI is a demarcation point between the responsibility of the service provider and the responsibility of the subscriber. This is distinct from a Network to Network Interface NNI that defines a similar interface between provider networks. Specifications defining a UNI Metro Ethernet Forum The Metro Ethernet Forum s Metro Ethernet Network UNI specification defines a bidirectional Ethernet reference point for Ethernet service delivery. Optical Internetworking Forum The Optical Internetworking Forum defines a UNI software interface for user systems to request a network connection from an ASON GMPLS control plane. External links http www.metroethernetforum.org Metro Ethernet Forum http www.oiforum.com public documents OIF UNI 01.0 R2 Common.pdf OIF UNI Specification Category Network management compu network stub ja ... more details
Link Access Procedure LAP protocols are Data Link Layer Communications protocol protocols for Framing telecommunication framing and Data transmission transmitting data across Point to point telecommunications point to point Data link links . LAP was originally derived from HDLC High Level Data Link Control , but was later updated and renamed LAPB LAP Balanced . LAPB is the data link protocol for X.25. Other related LAP protocols are MLP Multilink Procedure LAPM Link Access Procedure for Modems LAPD Link Access Procedures, D channel LAPF Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay External links http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook Frame Relay.html Cisco Frame Relay documentation http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook X25.html X.25 Overview Category Link access protocols Category Link protocols ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Maximum Segment Lifetime is the time a Transmission Control Protocol TCP protocol data unit segment can exist in the Internetworking internetwork system. It is arbitrarily defined to be nowrap 2 minutes long. ref cite web title RFC 793 work Transmission Control Protocol url http www.rfc editor.org rfc rfc793.txt accessdate December 5, 2006 ref References references Category TCP IP ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Cumulative ack Networking The acknowledgment scheme used by TCP in which an acknowledgment reports the point in a stream at which data has been received successfully. ref Internetworking with TCP IP Volume 1. Principles, Protocols, and Architecture Fifth Edition page.595 ref For more information see TCP Transmission Control Protocol References Reflist 1 Category TCP IP ... more details
Context date September 2009 TFI 5 is a standardized TDM Fabric to Framer Interface by the Optical Internetworking Forum OIF that allow framer and switch components from multiple vendors to inter operate facilitating the development of add drop multiplexers, TDM cross connect and grooming switches. the standard includes link integrity monitoring, connection management and mapping mechanisms for both SONET SDH and non SONET SDH clients such as Ethernet and Fibre Channel . ref name light http www.lightreading.com document.asp?doc id 41290 OIF Approves TFI 5 Interface , retrieved 2007 ref The main application of TFI 5 is for Time division multiplexing TDM . this contrast with other OFI standards such SPI 5 which target packet cell applications. ref name light OFI level 5 standards that covered interfaces of 40 Gbit s. ref name light See also Time division multiplexing TDM SFI 5 Optical Internetworking Forum Framer References reflist Category Multiplexing compu hardware stub ... more details
Cleanup date February 2009 VSR is an acronym that may stand for, amongst other things V arakala S ateesh R eddy V alve S eat R ecession &ndash the condition which occurs when a vehicle with steel or iron valve seats is run on unleaded fuel or LPG. V ery S hort R each, as in the VSR Laser Interoperability Agreements from the Optical Internetworking Forum . V ariables S aug R ohr &ndash a dual tract variable length inlet manifold intended for the VR6 engine, also known as the VGI Variable Geometry Intake . V&S Railway disambiguation fr VSR ... more details
PL 3 or POS PHY Level 3 was the name of the interface that the Optical Internetworking Forum s SPI 3 Interoperability Agreement is based on. It was proposed by PMC Sierra to the Optical Internetworking Forum and adopted in June of 2000 . The name means Packet Over SONET Physical layer level 3. PL 3 was developed by PMC Sierra in conjunction with the SATURN Development Group . Context There are two broad categories of chip to chip interfaces. The first, exemplified by PCI Express and HyperTransport , supports reads and writes of memory addresses. The second broad category carries user packets over 1 or more channels and is exemplified by the IEEE 802.3 family of Media Independent Interface s and the Optical Internetworking Forum family of System Packet Interface s. Of these last two, the family of System Packet Interfaces is optimized to carry user packets from many channels. The family of System Packet Interfaces is the most important packet oriented, chip to chip interface family used between devices in the Packet over SONET and Optical Transport Network , which are the principal protocols used to carry the internet between cities. Applications It was designed to be used in systems that support OC 48 SONET interfaces . A typical application of PL 3 SPI 3 is to connect a framer device to a network processor. It has been widely adopted by the high speed networking marketplace. Technical details The interface consists of per direction 32 TTL signals for the data path 8 TTL signals for control one TTL signal for clock 8 TTL signals for optional additional multi channel status There are several clocking options. The interface operates around 100 MHz. Implementations of SPI 3 PL 3 have been produced which allow somewhat higher clock rates. This is important when overhead bytes are added to incoming packets. Trivia The name is an acronym of an acronym of an acronym as the P in PL stands for POS PHY and the S in POS PHY stands for SONET Synchronous Optical Network . The L in PL ... more details
performance of a leased line . ref cite web url http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook DSL Dig Subscr Ln.html wp1020696 title Internetworking Technology Handbook ... more details
Catenet is an obsolete term for a system of Packet switching packet switched communication networks interconnected via Gateway telecommunications gateway s. ref http www.isi.edu in notes ien ien48.txt The Catenet Model for internetworking , V. Cerf, DARPA Information Processing Techniques Office, IEN 48, July 1978 ref The term was coined by Louis Pouzin , ref A Proposal for Interconnecting Packet Switching Networks , L. Pouzin, Proceedings of EUROCOMP, Bronel University, May 1974, pp. 1023 36. ref a pioneer in packet switching technology and founder of the CYCLADES network, at a time when network meant what is now called a local area network . Catenet was the concept of linking these networks into a network of networks with specifications for compatibility of addressing and routing. The term catenet was gradually displaced by the short form of the term internetwork, internet lower case i , when the Internet Protocol replaced earlier protocols on the ARPANET . References reflist Category Packets information technology compu network stub de Catenet ... more details
The three letter acronym OIF may refer to the following. Geoengineering Ocean Iron Fertilization , the practice of adding iron or iron compounds to the ocean to stimulate phytoplankton growth Events Operation Iraqi Freedom , the initial portion of the Iraq War Formats Object Interchange Format, a database management protocol developed by the Object Data Management Group Foundations Optimist International Optimist International Foundation , a charitable foundation dedicated to instilling optimism in youth Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation, a charitable foundation in support of osteogenesis imperfecta Offices Office for Intellectual Freedom, a subunit of the American Library Association Organizations and forums Francophonie Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , or simply the Francophonie, an organization of French speaking polities Optical Internetworking Forum , a communications industry forum disambig ... more details
CEI may stand for Centre for Electronic Imaging IATA airport code for Chiang Rai International Airport Conferenza Episcopale Italiana Central European Initiative Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company Common Electrical Interface , a hardware interoperability agreement defined by the Optical Internetworking Forum Competitive Enterprise Institute , a libertarian think tank Cycle Engineers Institute , a screw thread pattern see British Standard Whitworth , which includes information on topic Chief Executive Instruction Component Engineers Inc. Computational Engineering International Construction Engineering Inspection Cox Enterprises Incorporated Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Constant Energy Ignition , a proprietary point less ignition system manufactured by Lucas Industries Caretakers of the Environment International Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano wiktionary disambig de CEI fr CEI it CEI ja CEI pt CEI ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Next Hop Resolution Protocol NHRP is sometimes used to improve the efficiency of routing computer network traffic over Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network Non Broadcast, Multiple Access NBMA Networks . It is defined in IETF http tools.ietf.org html rfc2332 RFC 2332 , and further described in http tools.ietf.org html rfc2333 RFC 2333 . Description From RFC 2332 NHRP allows a source station a host or router , wishing to communicate over an NBMA subnetwork, to determine the internetworking layer addresses and NBMA addresses of suitable NBMA next hops toward a destination station. External links http www.cisco.com en US docs ios 12 4 ip addr configuration guide hadnhrp ps6350 TSD Products Configuration Guide Chapter.html Cisco page on NHRP http sourceforge.net projects opennhrp OpenNHRP project page Category Network protocols compu network stub ... more details
Context date September 2007 Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay LAPF is part of the Frame Relay Communications protocol protocol for Wide area network WAN s where it is used for end to end signaling. It is defined in ITU standard Q.922 . Meaningless without context, please improve The DE , FECN and BECN bits are part of the address field in the LAPF frame. In Frame Relay Local Management Interface LMI messages are carried in a variant of LAPF frames. External links http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook Frame Relay.html Cisco Frame Relay documentation Category Link access protocols Category Link protocols Compu network stub es Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay ... more details
Wikify date May 2010 Orphan date May 2010 IP forwarding also known as Internet routing is a process used to determine which path a packet or datagram can be sent. The process uses routing information to make decisions and is designed to send a packet over multiple networks. Ideally, IP forwarding algorithm algorithms that are used for IP forwarding would take into account a packet datagram s length, the type of service specified in the datagram s header, and the network load to determine the best path to send a packet to its intended destination. However, in general most routing software determines its route through a shortest path algorithm. ref Comer, Douglas E. 2000 . Internetworking with TCP IP 4 ed. . Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ. ref See also Routing References references Category Routing ... more details
first occurring in the RFC series is internetworking protocol, RFC 604 Four of the reserved link numbers are hereby assigned for experimental use in the testing of an internetworking protocol ... in RFCs, the documentation for the evolving Internet Protocol IP standards for internetworking between ... common to regard the results of internetworking as entities of their own, and internet became a noun, used both in a generic sense any collection of computer networks connected through internetworking ... more details
. The NPF merged with the Optical Internetworking Forum OIF in June 2006, and Chuck was elected ... Internetworking Forum OIF after none S end Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata ... more details
Japan spacecraft stub telecommunications stub de Kizuna Satellit es Wide band Internetworking Engineering Test and Demonstration Satellite fr Wideband InterNetworking engineering test and Demonstration ... more details
Orphan date June 2010 Advert date August 2010 Infobox company company name Perimeter E Security company logo Image PERIMETER Horiz 250x100px.jpg 250px Perimeter E Security Logo company type Private company Private foundation 1997 location flagicon USA Milford, Connecticut , United States USA key people Andrew Greenwalt, founder, br Tim Harvey, Chief Executive Officer industry Information security , br Network security homepage http www.perimeterusa.com www.perimeterusa.com Perimeter E Security is an information security and security as a service company currently headquartered in Milford, Connecticut . Perimeter operates seven geographically distributed technical operations centers and three redundant datacenters. History In 1997, founder Andrew Greenawalt came up with an idea for a company that would be the technology mothership for small businesses. ref http www.allbusiness.com technology services application service providers asp 1092462 1.html Cybergnostic.net philosophic about future ref The result was Cybergnostic.net , a company selling managed network and security services. In 2001, Cybergnostic became the parent company of Perimeter Internetworking, a subsidiary focused on the financial industry. In 2004, the companies were aligned under the name Perimeter Internetworking. ref http www.perimeterusa.com press releases perimeter retires parent company name 4.html ref While still legally Perimeter Internetworking, Perimeter s brand is currently represented as Perimeter E Security. In late July, 2007, Goldman Sachs became the lead investor in Perimeter when it invested 50 million in the company. ref http findarticles.com p articles mi m0EIN is 2007 July 31 ai n27327517 ref As a follow up to their initial investment just two weeks prior, Goldman Sachs provided equity financing, along with Bessemer Ventures and the Stripes Group to push the total amount invested to over 100 million. ref http findarticles.com p articles mi m0EIN is ai n27353458 ref In August, 2007 ... more details
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