nofootnotes date April 2010 Intermediateconsumption also called intermediate expenditure is an economic ..., the aggregate intermediateconsumption is equal to the amount of the difference between Gross ..., total intermediateconsumption represents about 45 of Gross Output . The services component in intermediate .... Thus, intermediateconsumption is an accounting stock and flow flow which consists of the total monetary ... in form e.g. bulk sugar or completely used up e.g. electric power . Intermediateconsumption ... the value of transactions between economic sectors. Exclusions from intermediateconsumption Excluded from intermediateconsumption in the UNSNA system are The value of the depreciation of fixed assets ... provided by government to households. Inclusions in intermediateconsumption Included in intermediate ... it is necessary to distinguish whether items are intermediateconsumption or, alternatively ... discretion for their own use, they are regarded as remuneration in kind, not intermediateconsumption ... in intermediateconsumption, and excluded from value added. Statistical effects of ownership relations on the boundary between intermediateconsumption and value added The statistical boundary between intermediateconsumption and value added is affected by ownership relations. If, for example, an enterprise ... added will be reduced, and its intermediateconsumption will be increased. But because in house production itself has intermediate inputs, the value of the increase in intermediateconsumption that results ... from another enterprise. Thus, the sizes of total value added and intermediateconsumption are affected ... or equipment under an operating lease are recorded in national accounts as intermediateconsumption ... and equipment, most of the costs associated with their use are not recorded under intermediateconsumption ... maintenance and repairs to buildings and equipment appear under intermediateconsumption. Consequently ... One criticism that is made of official national accounts in respect of intermediateconsumption concerns ... more details
wiktionary Consumption may refer to Economics Use of final goods by a consumer until disposal. Consumption economics Consumption function , an economic formula Other Energy consumption Electric energy consumption , in electrical engineering an archaic name for pulmonary tuberculosis TB ingestion of food and drink disambig ... more details
wiktionarypar intermediateIntermediate means occurring between two extremes, or in the middle of a range . It comes from the Latin word intermedia which literally means among the middle Inter means among media means middle and may refer to Intermediate 1 or Intermediate 2 , educational qualifications in Scotland Intermediate anatomy , the relative location of an anatomical structure lying between two other structures see Anatomical terms of location Edison screw Intermediate Edison Screw , a system of light bulb connectors Intermediate goods , goods used to produce other goods Middle school , also known as intermediate, school Reaction intermediate , a short lived, unstable molecule in a chemical reaction Intermediate car , an automobile size classification See also Intermedia disambiguation , a word meaning intermediate in Latin disambig de Intermediate zh ... more details
Alcohol consumption may refer to Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholic beverage Legal drinking age List of countries by alcohol consumption Long term effects of alcohol Short term effects of alcohol Disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Induced consumption is a term used to describe consumption expenditure by households on goods and services which varies with income. Such consumption is considered induced by income when expenditure on these consumables varies as income changes. For example, expenditure on a consumable that is considered a normal good would be considered to be induced . Induced consumption is, by definition, the opposite of autonomous consumption . Some Ways in Which Induced Consumption Occurs Conspicuous consumption When people consume things to display a higher status than others. Artificial consumption When people consume things because they were introduced to them through various forms of media. See also Consumption economics Consumption function DEFAULTSORT Induced Consumption Category Consumer theory Econ stub ... more details
refimprove date September 2008 Autonomous consumption also exogenous consumption is a term used to describe consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when expenditure on these consumables does not vary with changes in income. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption counts as dissaving , because it is financed by borrowing or using up savings . Autonomous consumption is, by definition, the opposite of induced consumption . Autonomous expenditures are those that do not systematically fluctuate with income, whereas induced expenditures change in relation to income. ref cite book title Macroeconomics last Colander first David C. authorlink David Colander edition Fifth edition year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill Irwin location Boston, MA isbn 0 07 255119 4 pages G 1 & G 4 Glossary ref The two are related in the Consumption function AE AE mpcY where AE Aggregate Expenditures, AEo Autonomous Expenditures, mpc Marginal Propensity to Consume, i.e. change in consumption change in income, Y Income. References references See also Consumption economics Consumption function DEFAULTSORT Autonomous Consumption Category Macroeconomics Category Consumer theory macroeconomics stub de Autonomer Konsum ... more details
In economics , the consumption function is a single mathematical function used to express consumer spending. It was developed by John Maynard Keynes and detailed most famously in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money . The function is used to calculate the amount of total consumption economics consumption in an Economics economy . It is made up of autonomous consumption that is not influenced by current income and induced consumption that is influenced by the economy s income level. The simple consumption function is shown as the linear function math C c 0 c 1 Y d math where C total consumption, c sub 0 sub autonomous consumption c sub 0 sub 0 , c sub 1 sub is the marginal propensity to consume ie the induced consumption 0 c sub 1 sub 1 , and Y sup d sup disposable income income after taxes and transfer payments, or W T . Autonomous consumption represents consumption ... to consume MPC , on the other hand measures the rate at which consumption is changing when income is changing. In a geometric fashion, the MPC is actually the slope of the consumption function. The MPC is assumed to be positive. Thus, as income increases, consumption increases. However, Keynes mentioned that the increases for income and consumption are not equal. According to him, as income increases, consumption increases but not by as much as the increase in income . The Keynesian consumption function is also known as the absolute income hypothesis , as it only bases consumption on current ... for the Keynesian Consumption Function, in Journal of Economic Psychology, 31 6 , pp. 1035 ... be taken as microeconomic foundations for a behaviourally based aggregate consumption function. See also Permanent income hypothesis Life cycle hypothesis Consumption economics Aggregate demand Measures ... An essay examining the strengths and weaknesses of Keynes s theory of consumptionConsumption macroeconomics stub Category Macroeconomics bn bg ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Consumption audience is a Marketing marketing term , being the part of a brand s or product s target audience that is economically able to afford such brand or product. DEFAULTSORT Consumption Audience Category Branding terminology Category Marketing terminology marketing stub ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2008 In economics , the consumption distribution is an alternative to the income distribution for judging economic inequality , comparing levels of Consumption economics consumption rather than income or wealth. See also Economic inequality Wealth condensation Lorenz curve Asset Income Wealth economics Wealth Category income distribution Category Microeconomics Category Partial differential equations Category Probability distributions econ stub ... more details
Wikibooks How to reduce energy usage Energy consumption is the consumption of energy . By humans See also Domestic energy consumption In 2008, total world energy consumption was 474 exajoules val 474 e 18 u J 132,000 TWh . This is equivalent to an average annual power consumption rate of 15 terawatts val 1.504 e 13 u W ref name EIA cite web publisher Statistical Review of World Energy 2009 , BP url http www.bp.com liveassets bp internet globalbp globalbp uk english reports and publications statistical energy review 2008 STAGING local assets 2009 downloads statistical review of world energy full report 2009.xls Primary Energy Consumption A1 title Consumption by fuel, 1965 2008 format XLS date July 31, 2006 accessdate 2009 10 24 ref The potential for renewable energy is solar energy 1600 EJ 444,000 TWh , wind power 600 EJ 167,000 TWh , geothermal energy 500 EJ 139,000 TWh , biomass 250 EJ 70,000 TWh , hydropower 50 EJ 14,000 TWh and ocean energy 1 EJ 280 TWh . ref State of the world 2009, Worldwatch institute, 2009 ref In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years 1.1 or 130 Mtoe Megaton oil equivalent , as a result of the financial and economic crisis GDP drop by 0.6 in 2009 . ref http www.enerdata.net enerdatauk publications world energy statistics supply and demand.php Global Energy Review in 2009, Enerdata Publication ref See also Fuel efficiency in transportation Efficient energy use Energy conservation , the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used Electric energy consumption Electricity generation References reflist See also Energy transformation Conversion of units of energy DEFAULTSORT Energy Consumption Category Energy consumption de Energieverbrauch ... more details
Consumption smoothing is the economic concept used to express the desire of people for having a stable path of consumption. Since Milton Friedman s permanent income hypothesis permanent income theory 1956 and Modigliani and Brumberg 1954 Intertemporal consumption life cycle model , the idea that agents prefer a stable path of consumption has been widely accepted. ref Friedman, Milton 1956 . A Theory of the Consumption Function. Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press. ref ref Modigliani, F. & Brumberg, R. 1954 Utility analysis and the consumption function An interpretation of cross section data ... had a marginal propensity to consume and therefore current consumption was tied to current income. Friedman s theory argue that consumption is linked to the permanent income of agents. Thus for example, when income is affected by transitory shocks, agents consumption should not change since they can use savings or borrowing to adjust. This theory assumes that agents are able to finance consumption ... consumption smoothing in the data. Model Robert Hall 1978 formalized Friedman idea. ref Hall ... returns to consumption, and therefore, assuming a concave utility function, he showed that agents optimally would choose to keep a stable path of consumption. Agent s choose the consumption path that maximize ... the same consumption in every period. Hall also showed that for a quadratic utility function and a stationary process for income, the optimal consumption is equal to math c t left frac r 1 r right ... walk model of consumption random walk in consumption . The data used are US National Income ... the consumption of durable goods. Although Hall argues to find some evidence of consumption smoothing ... 1989 argue that liquidity constraint is the reason for the consumption smoothing not to hold in the data. ref Wilcox, James A. 1989 . Liquidity Constraints on Consumption The Real Effects of Real ... follows the same argument and finds that poor household s consumption is correlated with contemporaneous ... more details
continuously. Companies that Use Lean Consumption and Variations Toyota Microsoft IBM Motorola List of Six Sigma companies Lean Consumption in the IT Industry The industry most affected by Lean Consumption is the Information technology IT and Computer Services Industry. Companies like Microsoft and IBM are the most notable companies to employ Lean Consumption or some variation of the theory. A notable smaller adoptee is Cybernomics , which has been able to employ Lean Consumption theory ... DEFAULTSORT Lean Consumption Category Economics ... more details
globalize USA date December 2010 Taxation A consumption tax is a tax on spending on goods and services. The tax base of such a tax is the money spent on Consumption economics consumption . Consumption ... on consumption, but would also be regressive tax regressive on income at higher income levels as consumption falls as a percentage of income . Savings and investment are tax deferred until they become consumption. A VAT may exclude certain goods, with the intent of creating progressive tax ... by who purchases it. Expenditure tax A direct, personal consumption tax may take the form of an expenditure ... A direct consumption tax may be called an expenditure tax, a cash flow tax, or a consumed income ... s income and increase decrease savings. Like the other consumption taxes, simple personal consumption ... income, consumption tax rates increase with personal consumption. ref name greenspan cite news url http www.nytimes.com 2005 03 04 politics 04tax.html title Fed s Chief Gives Consumption Tax Cautious ... title A Consumption Tax publisher The Wall Street Journal last Auerbach first Alan J date 2005 08 25 accessdate 2008 02 05 ref History Consumption taxes, specifically excise taxes, have featured ... on consumption. Alexander Hamilton , one of the two chief authors of the anonymous Federalist Papers , favored consumption taxes in part because they are harder to raise to Confiscation confiscatory ... columnists BruceBartlett 2002 04 05 the founders and the consumption tax publisher Townhall.com title The Founders and the consumption tax date 2002 04 05 accessdate 2007 08 09 ref In the Federalist ... on articles of consumption that they contain in their own nature a security against excess. They prescribe ... arithmetic, two and two do not always make four. If duties are too high, they lessen the consumption ... personal and corporate income taxes provide the bulk of revenue to the federal government, consumption ... detailed proposals of a personal consumption tax was developed in 1974 by William Andrews. ref ... more details
Main articles Sustainability , Sustainable living Definitions of sustainable consumption share a number of common features, and to an extent build in the characteristics of sustainable production , its twin sister concept and inherit much of from the idea of sustainable development Quality of life Wise use of resources, and minimisation of waste and pollution Use of renewable resources within their capacity for renewal Fuller product life cycles and Intergenerational and intragenerational equity. The definition proposed by the 1994 Oslo Symposium on Sustainable Consumption defines it as the use of services and related products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimising the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardise the needs of future generations. ref Source Norwegian Ministry of the Environment 1994 Oslo Roundtable on Sustainable Production and Consumption. ref The Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production is one leading independent authority, that is exploring the dimensions of consumption and production. Perhaps controversially Tesco , the largest supermarket in the United Kingdom, announced in 2007 a 5m project to create a http www.sci.manchester.ac.uk Sustainable Consumption Institute SCI . Sustainable consumption is not always equivalent to livable conditions. In the United States, for the most part, technology and capital are available to find or invent replacement resources and for people to find new occupations that are less destructive to the environment. The United States can start becoming a more sustainable society. ref Source Bauer, Joane. Forging Environmentalism. New York M.E. Sharp, 2006. ref On the other hand, many developing countries do not have the ability to reduce their consumption of resources and are often subordinate to a more powerful government. Developing countries may receive necessary ... more details
Orphan date July 2008 att July 2008 In finance , consumption beta refers to a concept in an asset pricing model economics model where the reward to risk ratio of an asset is dependent not on its sensitivity or beta coefficient to overall market risk , as it is in the classical Capital Asset Pricing Model , but rather on its sensitivity to overall aggregate consumption economics consumption . ref name Brealey cite book last Brealey first Richard title Capital Investment and Valuation publisher McGraw Hill location New York year 2002 accessdate 2007 07 22 pages 175 isbn 0071383778 url http books.google.com books?id eKF8IBCwfy4C ref It was first proposed by Douglas Breeden in 1979. ref name Breeden cite journal last Breeden first Douglas date September, 1979 title An intertemporal asset pricing model with stochastic consumption and investment opportunities journal Journal of Financial Economics volume 7 issue 3 pages 265 296 doi 10.1016 0304 405X 79 90016 3 ref References references DEFAULTSORT Consumption Beta Category Financial economics econ stub ... more details
Conspicuous consumption is lavish spending on goods and services acquired mainly for the purpose of displaying ... or maintaining social status . Invidious consumption , a more specialized term, refers to consumption ... founder of the institutional economics movement. The term conspicuous consumption was introduced ... and the emergence of the middle class in the 20th century, the term conspicuous consumption is now broadly applied to individuals and households with expendable incomes whose consumption patterns are prompted ... fashionable consumption. Thus, the concept of conspicuous consumption has been discussed in the context ... the term to the general condition as it exists now Whereas previously, conspicuous consumption was thought ..., that conspicuous consumption is more common among poorer groups of people and emerging economies. Displays ... consumption?ca 2I7oDJW7kruafuw 2BAmt 2FgGV 2BRts3U 2F5faeR 2BTMotW8A 3D Virginia Postrel, Inconspicuous Consumption , The Atlantic , July August 2008. ref The 1996 book The Millionaire Next Door also challenges the traditional views on conspicuous consumption by looking at the wealthiest Americans ... giving performed in a similar way and for similar reasons as conspicuous consumption. ref http www.amazon.com ... forms of consumption Conspicuous consumption can be defined as the act of buying a lot of things, especially ..., Bourdieu, and conspicuous consumption , Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35 No.1, pp.99 115. ref suggests that conspicuous consumption is behaviour whereby an individual can display wealth through extensive leisure activities and luxury expenditure on consumption and services. Duesenberry ref ..., Cambridge, MA. ref argued that an individual s conspicuous consumption depends not only on the actual ... and effects of an individual s reference groups to their consumption patterns, and this view has been supported by various researchers. ref Shukla, P. 2008 , Conspicuous consumption among middle age ..., pp. 25 36 ref Eastman et al. ref Eastman, J.K., Goldsmith, R.E., Flynn, L.R. 1999 , Status consumption ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 Economics sidebar Consumption is a common concept in economics, and gives rise to derived concepts such as consumer debt . Generally, consumption is defined in part by opposition to Production theory basics production . But the precise definition can vary because different schools of economists define production quite differently. According to mainstream economics mainstream economists , only the final purchase of Good economics goods and Service economics services by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure &mdash in particular, fixed investment and government spending &mdash are placed in separate categories. See consumer choice . Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services e.g. the selection, adoption, use, disposal and recycling of goods and services . Citation needed date June 2010 Likewise, consumption can be measured by a variety of different Metric system metrics such as energy in energy economics . The total consumer spending in an economy is generally calculated using the consumption function , a metric devised by John Maynard Keynes , which simply expresses consumption as a function of the aggregate disposable income . This metric essentially defines consumption as the part of disposable ... of value Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose COICOP Consumer theory Consumerism Geoffrey Miller evolutionary psychologist I PAT List of largest consumer markets Miser Over consumption ... 1997 pages isbn 0 7456 0304 1 oclc doi cite book author Friedman, Jonathan year 1994 title Consumption ..., DC year pages isbn 3 7186 5592 6 oclc doi cite book author Mackay, Hugh Editor title Consumption and Everyday ... C. Douglas, Mary title The World of Goods Towards an Anthropology of Consumption Paperback publisher ... year 1992 title Understanding Consumption publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 828824 7 Consumption ... more details
Update date September 2010 China has greatly increased consumption in the past year Image Energy per capita.png thumb 300px World energy resources and consumption Energy consumption per capita per country ... per country pre 2006 Over consumption is a situation where resource use has outpaced the sustainable ... parallels that of overpopulation that is the more people, the more consumption of raw materials to sustain ... re Consumption Factor? The New York Times ref The theory was coined to augment the discussion of overpopulation ... into account per capita consumption, by which developing nations are evaluated to consume more than their land can support. Green parties and the ecology movement often argue that consumption per person ... effect of over consumption is a reduction in the planet s Carrying capacity Humans carrying capacity . Excessive unsustainable consumption will exceed the long term carrying capacity of its environment ... and reduced ecological health . The scale of modern life s over consumption has enabled an overclass ... with the latter being correlated to other factors more so than over consumption. In the long ... EnvIssues Population Result.asp Effects of Over Consumption and Increasing Populations . 26 ... that if China developed to the level of the United States that world consumption rates would roughly ... these economies suffer. Instead, countries must look to curb consumption rates while allowing for new ... consumptionConsumption capacity Degrowth Downshifting Energy conservation Environmental studies ... Simple living Surplus Terrorized into Being Consumers Sustainable consumption Thrifting col end ... consumption production profile at NationMaster http www.earthhealing.info fifty.htm Fifty Possible ... UN Division for Sustainable Development, Agenda 21, Chapter 4 Changing Consumption Patterns http www.footprintnetwork.org ... oil consumption Energy statistics Oil Consumption by Country http www.google.com publicdata?ds wb wdi&met ... Over Consumption Category Anti globalization Category Environmental issues et letarbimine fr ... more details
Orphan date March 2007 Consumption maps are designed to help managers understand the customer s viewpoint while going through the company s business process . In analyzing the process, Management managers are able to question the value of certain steps while working to create an ideal experience for the customer. In determining value, it can be defined as something that the customer is willing to pay for in working to solve his her problem. To create a consumption map include all the activities of the consumer in its participation of the business and list the time taken to complete the activities. Next, determine if the time taken is wasteful or valuable. For example waiting is a form of waste. After identifying wasteful steps and inefficient time use for the consumer, produce strategies on how to improve the process that will not only satisfy the customer but also create a more efficient workplace for the business and its employees. References Learning to See Consumption, Chapter 1 of Lean Solutions How Companies and Customers Can Create Value and Wealth Together, by James Womack and Daniel T. Jones. Free Press, 2005. Category Consumer behaviour Category Business process ... more details
The term collaborative consumption is used to describe the an economic model based on sharing, swapping, bartering , trading or renting access to products as opposed to ownership. ref name ccdotcom http www.collaborativeconsumption.com ref Origin The term collaborative consumption was first coined by Ray Algar in the article http www.oxygen consulting.co.uk index oxygen articles 4.php Collaborative Consumption for Leisure Report Journal in April 2007. The concept has been championed by Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers , co authors of What s Mine Is Yours The Rise of Collaborative Consumption . ref Rachel Botsman , Roo Rogers , What s Mine Is Yours The Rise of Collaborative Consumption , HarperBusiness , 2010 ISBN 978 0 0619 6354 4 ref In June 2010, ABC Television s Big Ideas Australia Big Ideas programme included a segment showing Botsman s speech at the TED conference TEDx Sydney conference in 2010, describing collaborative consumption as a new socio economic big idea promising a revolution in the way we consume . ref http www.abc.net.au tv bigideas stories 2010 06 08 2920140.htm ref The development of collaborative consumption Product service systems Collaborative consumption is based on the concept that some persons will pay for the benefit of having access to product as opposed paying more to own it outright. ref name ccdotcom The concept of reusing or public sharing of products is hardly a new one. For decades, many public and private entities have utilized some variant of public product sharing libraries, laundromats, private reuse centers Goodwill Industries , Salvation Army , public and private housing collectives, trade and exchange stores, Bike sharing bike share schemes ... , May 18, 2010 ref Redistribution markets A system of collaborative consumption is based on used ... covered by collaborative consumption Transportation cars, bikes , apparel clothing, accessories ... References references DEFAULTSORT Collaborative Consumption Category Collaboration Category Peer to peer ... more details
Economic theories of intertemporal consumption seek to explain people s preferences in relation to consumption economics consumption and saving over the course of their life. The earliest work on the subject was by Irving Fisher and Roy Harrod who described hump saving , hypothesizing that savings would be highest in the middle years of a person s life as they saved for retirement. In the 1950s, more well defined models built on discounted utility theory and approached the question of inter temporal consumption as a lifetime income optimization problem. Solving this problem mathematically, assuming that individuals are rational and have access to complete markets, Franco Modigliani Modigliani & Brumberg 1954 , Albert K. Ando Albert Ando , and Milton Friedman 1957 developed what became known as the life cycle model . This model predicts that people consume an Annuity finance theory annuity of their expected lifetime income at all points in their life. Thus, the lifetime consumption profile was expected to be essentially flat, with people borrowing against future earnings during their early study and working life when income is low, saving greatly during their most productive working years and consuming saved assets during retirement. Windfall gain s would be treated the same way as an unexpected increase in income its lifetime annuity value would be consumed and the rest saved. Attempts to test the life cycle model against real world data have met with mixed success. In a review of the literature, Courant, Gramlich and Laitner 1984 note but for all its elegance and rationality ... description of intertemporal consumption, the behavioural life cycle hypothesis. They propose ... of each of these accounts is different. Drawing upon empirical studies of consumption, superannuation ... of the Consumption Function Modigliani, F. & Brumberg, R. 1954 Utility analysis and the consumption ..., J. eds. Choice over Time Consumption Category Intertemporal economics de Lebenszyklushypothese ... more details
May 2008 Oral consumption main Cannabis foods As an alternative to smoking, cannabis may be consumed ... Cannabis state collapsed DEFAULTSORT Cannabis Consumption Category Cannabis Category Cannabis smoking ... more details
Intermediate goods or producer goods are Good economics goods used as inputs in the production of other goods, such as partly finished goods. Also, they are goods used in production of final goods. ref cite book last Sullivan first arthur authorlink Arthur O Sullivan coauthors Steven M. Sheffrin title Economics Principles in action publisher Pearson Prentice Hall year 2003 location Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 pages 301 url http www.pearsonschool.com index.cfm?locator PSZ3R9&PMDbSiteId 2781&PMDbSolutionId 6724&PMDbCategoryId &PMDbProgramId 12881&level 4 doi id isbn 0 13 063085 3 ref A firm may make then use intermediate goods, or make then sell, or buy then use them. In the production process, intermediate goods either become part of the final product, or are changed beyond recognition in the process. Intermediate goods are not counted in a country s Gross domestic product GDP , as that would mean double counting accounting double counting , as the final product only should be counted. The use of the term intermediate goods can be slightly misleading, since in advanced economies about half of the value of intermediate inputs consist of services. Examples Sugar sugar is used as a final good when it is sold as sugar in the supermarket or as an input when it is used to make candy Steel a raw material used in the production of many other goods, such as bicycle s. Internal combustion engine Car engines Some firms make and use their own, others buy them from other producers as an intermediate good, then use them in their own car. paint, plywood, pipe & tube, ancillary parts, etc. See also Portal Business and economics Intermediateconsumption References Reflist Goodtypes DEFAULTSORT Intermediate Good Category Goods Category Economics terminology Category Production economics Econ term stub da Halvfabrikata de Halbfabrikat es Insumo fr Bien interm diaire id Barang setengah jadi nl Halffabricaat pt Insumo ro Bun intermediar fi Puolivalmiste sv Halvfabrikat ... more details
In Pennsylvania , Intermediate Units are regional educational service agencies, established by the Pennsylvania General Assembly . Intermediate Units serve a given geographic area s educational needs and function ... Department of Education . Intermediate Units are governed by a Board of Directors, each ... Intermediate Unit 12 website accessed April 2010 ref IU board members have a separate fiduciary ... the power to tax. Annual budgets of the intermediate unit must be approved by a majority of the school boards in the districts it serves. The Pennsylvania state system of intermediate units IU was created ... IU, assigned every school district to an intermediate unit, established a system of governance ... services and, state and federal agency liaison services. ref Pennsylvania Association of Intermediate ... 17, 2009. ref There are twenty nine intermediate units in the Commonwealth U.S. state Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, each serving a given region IU1 Intermediate Unit 1 http www.iu1.k12.pa.us IU 1 Web site IU2 Pittsburg Mt. Oliver Intermediate Unit Pittsburg Mt. Oliver Intermediate Unit PPS IU3 Allegheny Intermediate Unit Allegheny Intermediate Unit AIU http www.aiu3.net IU 3 Web site IU4 Midwestern Intermediate Unit Midwestern Intermediate Unit MIU http www.miu4.k12.pa.us IU 4 Web site IU5 Northwest Tri County Intermediate Unit http www.iu5.org IU 5 Web site IU6 Riverview Intermediate Unit http www.riu6.org IU 6 Web site IU7 Westmoreland Intermediate Unit http www.wiu.k12.pa.us IU 7 Web site IU8 Appalachia Intermediate Unit IU9 Seneca Highlands Intermediate Unit http www.iu9.org IU 9 Web site IU10 Central Intermediate Unit Central Intermediate Unit CIU http www.ciu10.org IU 10 Web site IU11 Tuscarora Intermediate Unit Tuscarora Intermediate Unit TIU https www.tiu11.org IU 11 Web site IU12 Lincoln Intermediate Unit http www.iu12.org IU 12 Web site IU13 Lancaster Lebanon Intermediate Unit http www.iu13.org IU 13 Web ... more details
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