Confusing date February 2008 Original research date February 2008 Inhibitiontheory is based on the basic ... a sub 0 sub . In order to be able to simulate the consecutive reaction times, inhibitiontheory has been specified into various inhibition models. One is the so called beta inhibition model. In the beta inhibition model, it is assumed that the inhibition Y t oscillates between two boundaries which ... sub 1 sub t c sub 1 sub . This model is known as the gamma or Poisson inhibition model see Smit and van der Ven, 1995 . Application Inhibitiontheory has especially been developed to account for the short ..., the concept of inhibition or reactive inhibition is introduced, which is also latent. The assumption is made, that during states of attention inhibition linearly increases with a certain slope a sub 1 sub and during states of distraction inhibition linearly decreases with a certain slope a sub 0 sub ... assumed, that when the inhibition increases during a state of attention, depending on the amount of increase, the inclination to switch to a distraction state also increases and when the inhibition ... distraction times and attention times a stochastic process. Theory If one thinks of a non ... sub 1 sub t , from state 1 to state 0 , and sub 0 sub t , from state 0 to state 1 , depend on inhibition ... and l sub 0 sub leads to the various inhibition models. What can be observed in the test are the actual ... sub y goes to infinity and this forces a transition to a state of rest before the inhibition can reach ... , l sub 0 sub y goes to infinity and this forces a transition to a state of work before the inhibition can reach zero. For a work interval starting at t sub 0 sub with inhibition level y sub 0 sub Y ... sub a sub 1 sub t . For a non work interval starting at t sub 0 sub with inhibition level y sub 0 sub ... is a beta distribution reason to call it the beta inhibition model . The total real working ... 15, figure 5 . Recently, the inhibition model has been used also to explain the phase durations in binocular ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 In neurobiology , lateral inhibition is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. Sensory inhibition Georg von B k sy , in his book Sensory Inhibition , ref cite book title Sensory Inhibition author Georg Von B k sy year 1967 publisher Princeton University Press ref explores a wide range of inhibitory phenomena in sensory systems, and interprets ... of neighbouring neurons. In the face of inhibition, only the neurons that are most stimulated ... inhibition increases the contrast vision contrast and sharpness in visual response. This phenomenon ... lateral inhibition has been incorporated into artificial sensory systems, such as vision chips, ref ... http books.google.com ?id iuxqcj7IwbYC&pg PA19&dq lateral inhibition vision chips ref hearing systems ...&dq lateral inhibition electronic cochlea ref and optical mice. ref cite web url http sl div bi ... Chips author Alireza Moini year 1997 ref History The concept of neural inhibition in motor systems ... books.google.com ?id iFXBY299ikgC&pg PA277&dq Lateral inhibition descartes&q Lateral 20inhibition 20descartes ref Sensory inhibition in vision was inferred by Ernst Mach in 1865. ref cite book title ... inhibition ernst mach&q Lateral 20inhibition 20ernst 20mach ref Inhibition in single sensory neurons was discovered and investigated starting in 1949 by Hartline, ref cite book title Brain Theory ... 9971504847 url http books.google.com ?id Wi549 09eZcC&pg PA711&dq lateral inhibition hartline 1949 ...&dq lateral inhibition 1956 ref Lateral inhibition sharpens the spatial profile of excitation in response to a localized stimulus. Embryology In embryology, the concept of lateral inhibition has been ... Pattern Formation Involving Lateral Inhibition author Alfred Gierer and Hans Meinhardt journal Some ... url http books.google.com ?id JQ ME8oY1agC&pg PA164&dq embryology lateral inhibition date 0 1995 isbn ... inhibits its immediate neighbours from doing likewise. Lateral inhibition is well documented in flies ... more details
context date January 2008 Backward inhibition is a theory of http dictionary.reference.com browsesequential sequential task control that asserts switching between tasks requires the just completed task to be http dictionary.reference.com browse suppressed suppressed to allow a new task to be completed. Support from the theory comes from research which has observed larger response times when returning to a task after an intermediate task than when completing three, or more, different tasks in a row. For example, for tasks A, B, and C the response times for the third task will be slower in the case of an A B A sequence than a C B A sequence. In a series of experiments it was shown that this inhibitory process is not the result of priming Mayr & Keele, 2000 . References Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. 2000 . Changing internal constraints on action The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 129, 4 26. Category Experimental psychology psychology stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Shunting Inhibitory postsynaptic potential inhibition is termed shunting because the synapse synaptic conductance short circuits currents that are generated at adjacent excitatory synapse s. If a shunting inhibitory synapse is activated, the input resistance is reduced locally and, following Ohm s law , the amplitude of subsequent excitatory postsynaptic potentials EPSPs is reduced. This simple scenario arises if the synaptic reversal potential is identical to the resting potential. ref http www.scholarpedia.org article Shunting inhibition scholarpedia ref Shunting inhibition was theorized to be a type of Control theory gain control mechanism, regulating the responses of neuron s. ref cite book title The Physiology of Synapses author John Carew Eccles Eccles, JC year 1964 publisher Springer Verlag location Berlin isbn pages url ref ref cite journal author Blomfield S title Arithmetical operations performed by nerve cells journal Brain Res. volume 69 issue 1 pages 115 24 year 1974 month March pmid 4817903 doi 10.1016 0006 8993 74 90375 8 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii 0006 8993 74 90375 8 ref . Simple inhibition such as hyperpolarization has a subtractive effect on the depolarization caused by concurrent excitation, whereas shunting inhibition was hoped to account for a divisive effect. ref name abbot05 cite journal author Abbott LF and Chance FS title Drivers and modulators from push pull balnced synaptic input journal Progress in Brain Research volume 149 pages 147 155 year 2005 pmid 16226582 doi 10.1016 S0079 6123 05 49011 1 url http ... that, despite comments in the literature to the contrary see above , divisive inhibition of neuronal responses cannot arise from shunting inhibition. This has been shown theoretically as well as experimentally inhibition has the same subtractive effect on firing rates whether it is of the shunting or hyperpolarizing variety. ref name abbot05 Thus, shunting inhibition does not provide a plausible ... more details
JC title Latent inhibition in humans data, theory, and implications for schizophrenia. journal Psychological ... inhibition in healthy volunteers url journal Journal of Psychopharmacology volume 15 issue 2 pages 96 104 pmid 11448094 ref One is practicing latent inhibition when one tries to ignore an ongoing sound ... overload . Latent inhibition is observed in many species, and is believed to be an integral part of learning ... social . Citation needed date March 2008 Low latent inhibition Most people are able to ignore the constant stream of incoming stimuli, but this capability is reduced in those with low latent inhibition. Low latent inhibition seems to cause one person to be more distractible than another. ref name wired It is hypothesized that a low level of latent inhibition can cause either psychosis or a high level ... Latent Inhibition Is Associated With Increased Creative Achievement in High Functioning Individuals ... archives 001684.html FuturePundit Low Latent Inhibition Plus High Intelligence Leads ... shown to decrease latent inhibition. ref cite journal last1 Swerdlow first1 NR last2 Stephany first2 ... title Dopamine agonists disrupt visual latent inhibition in normal males using a within subject paradigm ... first5 F last6 Simonyi first6 A title Effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 on latent inhibition ... latent inhibition is not a mental disorder but an observed personality trait , and a description of how ... one s latent inhibition, contributing to more distractibility and sensory overload, through the use of Cannabis . ref Latent Inhibition, Kamin Blocking and Cannabis. Lynch, S., & Turner, J.J.D. ... latente fr Inhibition latente pl Os abienie mechanizmu utajonego hamowania pt Inibi o latente ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Reactive inhibition is a phrase coined by Clark L. Hull 1951 in his postulate X.A. blockquote Whenever a reaction R is evoked from an organism there is left an increment of primary negative drive I sub R sub which inhibits to a degree according to its magnitude the reaction potential sub S sub E sub R sub to that response Hull, 1951, p. 74 . blockquote According to Hull s postulate X.B. inhibition I dissipates exponentially with time t . blockquote With the passage of time since its formation I sub R sub spontaneously dissipates approximately as a simple decay function of the time t elapsed, i.e., math I R I R x 10 at math Hull, 1951, p. 74 . blockquote Hull s decay formula is somewhat awkward and might give rise to confusion. For example, I sub R sub does not refer to the derivative of I sub R sub . A more convenient way of writing the formula would be as follows math I t I 0 e bt math with math b a ln 10 math . math I 0 math is the inhibition at the beginning the time interval 0, t . Note, that if one takes the natural logarithm of both sides one obtains math Y t Y 0 bt math where math Y t ln I t math and math Y 0 ln I 0 math . The last formula is used in InhibitionTheory . References Hull, C.L. Essentials of behavior. Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1951. Category Perception DEFAULTSORT Reactive Inhibition Psych stub ... more details
Image Prepulse Inhibition schematically.png thumb 300px Prepulse inhibition preceding stimulus attenuates the Startle reaction startle response . Prepulse Inhibition PPI is a neurological phenomenon in which ... are the muscular reactions, which are normally diminished as a result of the nervous inhibition. Deficits of prepulse inhibition manifest in the inability to filter out the unnecessary information ... of prepulse inhibition of startle normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology ... of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research. Psychopharmacol 2008 199 ... Mouse genetic models for prepulse inhibition an early review. Mol Psychiatry. 2002 7 10 1039 53. PMID .... 2002 Mouse genetic models for prepulse inhibition an early review. Mol Psychiatry. 2002 7 10 1039 ... reflex represents prepulse inhibition. Possible hearing impairment must be taken into account, as, for example ... inhibition an early review. Mol Psychiatry. 2002 7 10 1039 53. PMID 12476318 http www.nature.com ... significant, reaching as much as 65 in healthy subjects. Maximum inhibition is typically observed ... Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Braff DL. 2001 Neural circuitry of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat ... Paylor R, Crawley JN. 1997 Inbred strain differences in prepulse inhibition of the mouse startle response ... sex difference in prepulse inhibition, with men having higher PPI, while women having higher PPF. ref name Aasen 2005 sex PPI Aasen I, Kolli L, Kumari V. Sex effects in prepulse inhibition .... ref name Hoffman 1980 Monaural Hoffman HS, Stitt CL. Inhibition of the glabella reflex by monaural ... Epub ahead of print PMID 17382404 ref Even the very first prepulse of the test session induces inhibition ..., high or low pitched, and ignore the other. Attended prepulse caused significantly greater inhibition ... noise facilitates the startle response, while pulsed background produces inhibition. ref name ... 1993 Schizotypal Cadenhead KS, Geyer MA, Braff DL. Impaired startle prepulse inhibition and habituation ... more details
Social inhibition is a conscious or unconscious constraint of a behaviour that might be considered objectionable in a social setting. For example, a person with a low level of social inhibition might focus their conversation on subjects rarely discussed in that particular social group, while a person with a high level of social inhibition would avoid touching on all such subjects. Inhibitions can serve necessary social functions, reducing or preventing certain antisocial impulses from being acted on. Inhibitions vary greatly from person to person, and may be closely linked to a person s confidence. An extreme lack of inhibition may be antisocial and a symptom of a mental disorder, notably hypomania and mania . On the other hand, a high level of inhibition may also create serious personal problems, including an inability to feel or express certain emotions. The consumption of alcoholic beverages alcohol or certain drugs may reduce inhibitions with effects varying from person to person. At low concentrations of blood alcohol, social inhibitions are reduced. On the other hand, some substances may actually strengthen these inhibitions for instance abuse of stimulants may lead to anxiety and heightened inhibition. This is more common in drugs with dysphoria dysphoric effects. See also Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Audience effect Sexual inhibition References Notes reflist refimprove date March 2011 spacing Psych stub DEFAULTSORT Social Inhibition Category Shyness ... more details
Mixed inhibition refers to a combination of two different types of reversible enzyme inhibition competitive inhibition and uncompetitive inhibition . The term mixed is used when the inhibitor can bind to either the free enzyme or the enzyme substrate complex . In mixed inhibition, the inhibitor binds to a site different from the active site where the substrate biochemistry substrate binds. Mixed inhibition results in a decrease in the apparent affinity of the enzyme for the substrate math K m app K m math and a decrease in the apparent maximum enzyme reaction rate math V max app V max math . ref name funmet cite book first Kenneth B. last Storey authorlink Kenneth B. Storey title Functional Metabolism Regulation and Adaptation publisher Wiley IEEE year 2004 isbn 047141090X page 12 ref Mathematics Mathematically , mixed inhibition occurs when the factors and introduced into the Michaelis Menten kinetics Michaelis Menten equation to account for competitive and uncompetitive inhibition, respectively are both greater than 1. In the special case where , noncompetitive inhibition occurs, in which case math V max app math is reduced but math K m math is unaffected. This is very unusual in practice ref name funmet File Mixed inhibition.svg thumb right A possible mechanism of mixed inhibition. References reflist Enzyme inhibition biochem stub es Inhibici n mixta Category Biochemistry ... more details
In psychology , memory inhibition is the ability not to remember irrelevant information. Memory inhibition is a critical component of an effective memory system. For example, imagine if, when a person tried to remember where he had parked his car, every place he had ever parked his car came to mind this would not be beneficial. In order to remember something, therefore, it is essential not only to activate the relevant information, but also to inhibit irrelevant information. That paragraph seems a bit repetitive maybe we can trim a bit? There are many memory phenomena that seem to involve inhibition, although there is often debate about the distinction between interference and inhibition. Part set cuing Presenting a subset of previously learned items as retrieval cues often impairs recall for the remaining information. ref cite journal author Slamecka NJ title An examination of trace storage in free recall journal J Exp Psychol volume 76 issue 4 pages 504 13 year 1968 pmid 5650563 doi 10.1037 h0025695 ref Roediger, 1973 However, relearning part of a set of previously learned associations can improve recall of the non relearned associations. ref cite journal author Stone JV, Hunkin NM, Hornby A title Predicting spontaneous recovery of memory journal Nature volume 414 issue 6860 pages 167 8 year 2001 pmid 11700545 doi 10.1038 35102676 ref Retrieval induced forgetting Retrieving one ... test. Importantly for the inhibition argument, this impairment even occurred when participants were ... between the think no think successful inhibition and the rebound effect seen after trying ... year 2008 pages isbn 080585990X oclc doi pages 293 258 ref Evidence against inhibition in memory ... of inhibition in cognitive control has been challenged by MacLeod, http www psychology.concordia.ca fac deAlmeida COGSCI MacLeod et 20al 2003 inhib.pdf In Opposition to Inhibition . See also Emotion and memory Interference theory References reflist External links http memorycontrol.uoregon.edu ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Contact inhibition is the natural process of arresting cell growth when two or more cells come into contact with each other. Oncologist s use this property to distinguish between normal and cancerous cells. Cell lines used widely in cell culture animal cell culture laboratories are genetically modified to suppress apoptosis however maintain this phenomenon. Therefore, cells are cancerous however their proliferation could be controlled when present in low serum levels or when in contact with neighbouring cells i.e. contact inhibition . In tissue culture laboratories cells growing on T25 and T75 flasks need constant replacements to maintain their normal cell numbers otherwise cells would display contact inhibition and therefore, die as a result. Cancer ous cells typically lose this property and thus grow in an uncontrolled manner even when in contact with neighbouring cells. Cells of naked mole rat s, a species in which cancer has never been observed, show hypersensitivity to contact inhibition. ref cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.0905252106 author Seluanov A, Hine C, Azpurua J, Feigenson M, Bozzella M, Mao Z, Catania KC, Gorbunova V title Hypersensitivity to contact inhibition provides a clue to cancer resistance of naked mole rat journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 106 issue 46 year 2009 pages 19352 7 url http www.pnas.org content 106 46 19352.long pmid 19858485 pmc 2780760 ref ref cite news url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2011 03 07 AR2011030703965.html work The Washington Post first Ivan last Amato title Researchers try to understand naked mole rats resistance to cancer date 7 March 2011 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Contact Inhibition Category Cell biology Category Cell cultures Cell biology stub fr Inhibition de contact ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Product inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibition where the product of an enzyme catalysis enzyme reaction binds to the enzyme and inhibits its activity. ref cite journal author Walter C, Frieden E. title The prevalence and significance of the product inhibition of enzymes journal Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. volume 25 issue pages 167 274 year 1963 pmid 14149677 doi 10.1002 9780470122709.ch4 ref This can be important in the regulation of metabolism as a form of negative feedback controlling metabolic pathway s. ref cite journal author Hutson NJ, Kerbey AL, Randle PJ, Sugden PH title Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by insulin action journal Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. volume 31 issue pages 707 19 year 1979 pmid 231784 ref Product inhibition is also an important topic in biotechnology , as overcoming this effect can increase the yield of a product, such as an antibiotic . ref cite journal author Sch gerl K, Hubbuch J title Integrated bioprocesses journal Curr. Opin. Microbiol. volume 8 issue 3 pages 294 300 year 2005 pmid 15939352 doi 10.1016 j.mib.2005.01.002 ref References reflist biochem stub Category Enzymes ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Suicide inhibition , also known as suicide inactivation or mechanism based inhibition , is a form of irreversible enzyme inhibition that occurs when an enzyme binds a substrate analogue and forms an irreversible complex with it through a covalent bond during the normal catalysis reaction . The inhibitor binds to the active site where it is modified by the enzyme to produce a reactive group that reacts irreversibly to form a stable inhibitor enzyme complex. This usually uses a prosthetic group or a coenzyme , forming electrophilic alpha and beta unsaturated carbonyl compounds and imines. Examples Some clinical examples of suicide inhibitors include Penicillin , which inhibits DD transpeptidase from building bacterial cell wall s. Sulbactam , which prohibits penicillin resistant strains of bacteria from metabolizing penicillin. Allopurinol , which inhibits uric acid production by xanthine oxidase in the treatment of gout . Azidothymidine AZT zidovudine and other chain terminating nucleoside analogues used to inhibit HIV 1 reverse transcriptase in the treatment of HIV AIDS . Eflornithine , one of the drugs used to treat African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness is a suicide inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase . 5 fluorouracil acts as a suicide inhibitor of thymidylate synthase during the synthesis of thymine from uridine. This reaction is crucial for the proliferation of cells, particularly those that are rapidly proliferating such as fast growing cancer tumors . By inhibiting this step, cells die from a Thymineless Death thymineless death because they have no thymine to create more DNA. This is often used in combination with Methotrexate , a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase enzyme. Rational drug design Suicide inhibitors .... Drugs based on this approach have the advantage of very few resulting side effects. Enzyme inhibition Category Enzyme inhibitors DEFAULTSORT Suicide Inhibition Enzyme stub sl Samomorilski inhibitor ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Reciprocal inhibition describes muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint. Reciprocal Inhibition, however, can backfire by both muscles attempting to contract at the same time. Thus a common tear can occur at muscle level. The body handles this pretty well during physical activities like running, where muscles that oppose each other are engaged and disengaged sequentially to produce coordinated movement. This facilitates ease of movement and is a safeguard against injury. Sometimes, for example, a football running back can experience a misfiring of motor units and end up simultaneously contracting the quads and hamstrings during a hard sprint. If these muscles, which act opposite to each other are fired at the same time, at a high intensity, a tear can result. The stronger muscle, usually the quadriceps in this case, overpowers the hamstrings. This sometimes results in a common injury known as a pulled hamstring. The term reciprocal inhibition has also been used in the literature on parallel processing and lateralization. It was used to describe the reduced activation in the less dominant hemisphere in response to lateralized stimuli during processing. This term was used in Hirnstein, Hausmann, Gunturkun s 2008 article on Functional Cerebral Asymmetries. Fact date March 2008 Category Muscular system Category Motor control ... more details
Paraspinal inhibition is an Osteopathy Osteopathic technique used in modern medicine in which the fascia around the spine is softened with ones hands in order to decrease the sympathetic output from the sympathetic ganglion which reside in the paraspinal area. Doing so can act as a sympatholytic and in specific areas can have benefits such as preventing a postoperative ileus thoracolumbar junction . ref Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine by Robert C Ward, et al ref References reflist External links Category Osteopathy surgery stub ... more details
Bite inhibition , sometimes referred to as a soft mouth a term which also has soft mouth a distinct meaning , is a behavior in carnivora ns dog s, cat s, ref http books.google.ca books?id ZFQAs8Ag1zoC&pg PA247&dq 22bite inhibition 22&hl en&ei LGIzTKH0IcH7lwfEpOW Cw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 57&ved 0CLsCEOgBMDg v onepage&q 22bite 20inhibition 22&f false Domestic Animal Behavior 4th edition by Katherine A. Houpt, Wiley Blackwell Publications, 2005 ref etc. whereby the animal learning learn s to moderate the strength of its bite . It is an important factor in the socialization of pet s. ref http books.google.com books?id XecFmsM78AMC&pg PA135&dq Bite inhibition&hl en&ei jbMzTLjKGJKoOJi61LID&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCcQ6AEwAA v onepage&q Bite 20inhibition&f false Before & After Getting Your Puppy The Positive Approach to Raising a Happy, Healthy, & Well Behaved Dog by Ian Dunbar, New World Library, 2004 ref Bite inhibition is typically learned as part of juvenile play animal behavior play behaviors, when the animal is still in the company of its mother and siblings by biting each other during play, the young animals learn that biting a companion too strongly leads to the abrupt termination of play activities. ref http books.google.ca books?id LVXkFyykEd0C&pg PT122&dq 22bite inhibition 22&hl en&ei V8zTKDuDIX7lwfs69DBCw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 21&ved 0CIoBEOgBMBQ v onepage&q 22bite 20inhibition 22&f false The Everything Dog Obedience Book from bad dog to good dog a step by step guide to curbing misbehavior by Jennifer Bridwell, F W Publications, 2007 ref In addition to its role in domestication , bite inhibition is also a significant part of the development of dominance hierarchy in wild animals such as wolves. ref http books.google.ca books?id aAhFDeAHrkC&lpg PA252&dq 22bite 20inhibition 22&pg PA252 v onepage&q 22bite 20inhibition 22&f false Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume 2 Etiology and assessment of behavior ... more details
Growth inhibition GI is a medical term pertaining to cancer therapy and the specific reduction in growth of tumors and oncogene cells by a chemical compound, mechanical therapy e.g. electroporation , radiation , gene therapy , protein therapy http www.diabetesresearch.org Research EmergingTechnologies ProteinTherapy.htm , ultrasound waves, light , or other treatment. http www.britannica.com eb article 63251 human disease Measured in micromole s liter or microgram s liter. Sources http www.britannica.com eb article 63251 human disease http www.diabetesresearch.org Research EmergingTechnologies ProteinTherapy.htm See also Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Cancer Oncology Electroporation Protein therapy Category Oncology ... more details
Inhibition of return IOR refers to the observation that the speed and accuracy with which an object is detected are first briefly enhanced for perhaps 100 300 milliseconds after the object is attended, and then detection speed and accuracy are impaired for perhaps 500 3000 milliseconds . It has been suggested that IOR promotes exploration of new, previously unattended objects in the scene during visual search or foraging by preventing attention from returning to already attended objects. ref Klein RM. 2000 . Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 4 138 47. http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6VH9 3YYM2X3 9& user 3095616& handle V WA A W AB MsSAYZA UUW U AAWEEZAWZZ AAWDCVWUZZ BCCZBCEYD AB U& fmt summary& coverDate 04 2F01 2F2000& rdoc 9& orig browse& srch 23toc 236061 232000 23999959995 23181029 & cdi 6061&view c& acct C000000333& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 3095616&md5 56aa2b927bc318ad19a24e2fc2bea7b9 abstract ref IOR is usually measured with a cue response paradigm , in which a person presses a button when s he detects a target stimulation stimulus following the presentation of a cue that indicates the location in which the target will appear. IOR was first described by Michael Posner psychologist Michael Posner and Yoav Cohen ref Posner MI & Cohen Y 1984 Components of visual orienting. Chapter in Attention & Performance X, Bouma H. and Bouwhuis D., eds pp 531 56, Erlbaum ref , who discovered that, contrary to their expectations, reaction time RT was longer to detect objects appearing in previously cued locations. It was subsequently shown that IOR can also be associated with a previously attended object, and under appropriate conditions these two inhibitory effects appear to be additive. References reflist 2 Category Attention de Inhibition of return it Inibizione di ritorno ru ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Competitive inhibition is a form of enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate biochemistry substrate and vice versa . Mechanism File Comp inhib.svg 350px Diagram showing competitive inhibition right thumb In competitive inhibition, at any given moment, the enzyme may be bound to the inhibitor, the substrate, or neither, but it cannot bind both at the same time. In virtually every case, competitive inhibitors bind in the same binding site as the substrate. In competitive inhibition, the maximum velocity V sub max sub of the reaction is unchanged, while the apparent affinity of the substrate to the binding site is decreased the K sub d sub dissociation constant is apparently increased . The change in K sub m sub Michaelis Menten constant is parallel to the alteration in K sub d sub . Any given competitive inhibitor concentration can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration in which case the substrate will outcompete the inhibitor in binding to the enzyme. File Allosteric comp inhib 1.svg 350px Equation math text apparent K m K m times left 1 frac I K I right math math V max math remains the same because the presence of the inhibitor can be overcome by higher substrate concentrations. Km, as S that is needed to reach 1 2 Vmax, increases with the presence of a competitive inhibitor. This is because the concentration of substrate needed to reach Vmax with an inhibitor is greater than the concentration of substrate needed to reach Vmax without an inhibitor. where math K I math is the inhibitors dissociation constant and i is the inhibitor concentration. Derivation In the simplest case of a single substrate enzyme obeying Michaelis Menten kinetics ... frac V max S S K m 1 I K i math See also Schild regression for ligand receptor inhibition Enzyme inhibition DEFAULTSORT Competitive Inhibition Category Enzyme kinetics Category Enzyme inhibitors de Kompetitive ... more details
POV check date December 2007 Unreferenced date July 2007 A sexual inhibition is a conscious or unconscious constraint or curtailment by a person of behaviour relating to specific human sexual behavior sexual matters or practices or of a discussion of sexual matters. Though a person can be regarded as being sexual inhibited if he or she irrationally erotophobia fear s of or is excessively averse to any sexual practice or discourse, the term normally is not applied to a person who refrains from certain sexual activities on morality moral and rational grounds or due to a Psychology psychological mental illness disorder . On the other hand, a person can be regarded as having low sexual inhibitions when unashamedly welcomes a variety of non conventional erotic practices. Hypersexuality is typically associated with lowered sexual inhibitions, and alcohol and some drugs can affect a person s social inhibitions social and sexual inhibitions. A particularly uninhibited individual might be branded in contemporary society as being a slut , stud or pervert while someone abnormally inhibited may be considered Hypoactive sexual desire disorder sexually frigid or prudish. See Asexuality . Causes of inhibitions A number of factors influence the development of a person s sexual inhibitions. These include the person s personality, social conditioning , as well as their personal experiences. See the nature vs nurture debate. Sexual inhibitions may result from, for example, repression of sexual behaviour as a small child, societal restraints on sexual behaviour, ignorance, sexual myths, and disparity between the partners. Early conditioning by not only parents and guardians, but society, can play a paramount role in the development of sexual inhibitions. When the child is young, they begin ... may become confused and thus it may lead to sexual inhibition as the child grows Fact date ... also Erotophobia Social inhibition Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Religion and sexuality ... more details
In psychology , Transmarginal inhibition , or TMI, is an organism s response to overwhelming stimuli. Research Ivan Pavlov enumerated details of TMI on his work of Classical conditioning conditioning animals to pain. He found that organisms had different levels of tolerance. He commented that the most basic inherited difference among people was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick to shut down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system. ref Rokhin, L. Pavlov, I. & Popov, Y. 1963 Psychopathology and Psychiatry . Foreign Languages Publication House Moscow. ref Patients who have reached this shutdown point often become socially dysfunctional or develop one of several personality disorder s. Often patients who dissociate during and after the experience, will more easily dissociate or shut down during stressful or painful experiences, and may experience post traumatic stress disorder for the remainder of their lives. Stages There are three stages passed through for state of TMI to be reached. equivalent phase when the response matches the stimuli, which is considered the normal baseline behavior. paradoxical phase associated with quantity reversal , occurs when small stimuli receive major response and a major stimuli elicit small responses. ultra paradoxical the final stage, associated with quality reversal in which negative stimulation results in positive responses and vice versa. ref http www.changingminds.org explanations behaviors conditioning transmarginal inhibition.htm Transmarginal Inhibition Bot generated title ref Additional research on these phases was done by William Sargant in his work on shell shock ed servicemen. An organism can progress through these stages by increased stimulation, random negative stimulation, reversing positive and negative stimulation, or physically debilitating the organism. As observed by Pavlov, tolerance of stimulation varies greatly between individuals. Highly sensitive persons may be overstimulated ... more details
Inhibition Category Weather Category Severe weather and convection Category Atmospheric thermodynamics de Convective inhibition fr nergie d inhibition de la convection ja pl Zatrzymanie ... more details
Afd merge to Statin Mevalonate inhibition 07 June 2009 date June 2009 POV date June 2009 Cleanup jargon date June 2009 Mevalonate inhibition is used to define the effects of medicines based on HMG CoA reductase enzyme inhibitor s to control the products of the mevalonate pathway . This term addresses the effects of long term restriction of mevalonate production in cell membranes by the inhibition of the membrane attached enzyme HMG CoA reductase . Such inhibitors are also known as the statins . They exert their effect at the very beginning of the mevalonate pathway, the location of this key reductase step, and thereby reduce the de novo availability of a range of terpenoid and steroid products in cell membrane . The consequences of long term statin use are classified below according to the depletion of a mevalonate product, ref Buhaescu I & Izzedine H. Mevalonate pathway a review of clinical and therapeutical implications. Clin. Biochem. 2007 40 pp. 575 584 ref e.g. de novo membrane cholesterol. ref name Sala n C 2004 pp. 255 Sala n C, James DJ & Chamberlain LH. Lipid rafts and the regulation ... and immune defense . Potential adverse effects of glial cell inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis ... APOE , by mevalonate inhibition are known to impair myelin maintenance in oligodendrocytes, leading ... Inhibition Coenzyme Q10 CoQ10 also known Ubiquinone is an isoprenoid made from mevalonate units and found .... journal Toxicol Appl Pharmacol doi pmid ref Dolichol Inhibition Dolichol s are isoprenoids synthesised ... ref ref Cite journal author Astrand, I M Fries, E Chojnacki, T Dallner, G year 1986 month title Inhibition ... might be mediated by such statin inhibition of NF B . Repoerted improvement in atherosclerosis may result from such inhibition of the key inflammatory elements smooth muscle migration. lymphocyte adhesion, macrophage attraction and platelet activation has been associated with inhibition of NF ... a research review Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Mevalonate Inhibition Category ... more details
dablink This article is about enzyme regulation at the gene expression level. For the inhibition of enzymes at the enzyme level, see enzyme inhibitor . Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule e.g. a drug Induction biology induces i.e. initiates or enhances the gene expression expression of an enzyme . Enzyme inhibition can refer to the inhibition of the expression of the enzyme by another molecule Enzyme inhibitor interference at the enzyme level , basically with how the enzyme works. This can be competitive inhibition , uncompetitive inhibition , non competitive inhibition or partially competitive inhibition. If the molecule induces enzymes that are responsible for its own metabolism , this is called auto induction or auto inhibition if there is inhibition . These processes are particular forms of Regulation of gene expression gene expression regulation . These terms are of particular interest to pharmacology , and more specifically to drug metabolism and drug interaction s. They also apply to molecular biology . History In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French molecular biologists Fran ois Jacob and Jacques Monod became the first to explain enzyme induction, in the context of the lac operon of Escherichia coli . In the absence of lactose, the constitutively expressed lac repressor protein binds to the operator region of the DNA and prevents the transcription of the operon genes. When present, lactose binds to the lac repressor, causing it to separate from the DNA and thereby enabling transcription to occur. Monod and Jacob generated this theory following 15 years of work by them and others including Joshua Lederberg , partially as an explanation for Monod s observation of diauxie . Previously, Monod had hypothesized that enzymes could physically adapt themselves to new substrates a series of experiments by him, Jacob, and Arthur Pardee eventually demonstrated this to be incorrect and led them to the modern theory, for which he and Jacob shared the 1965 ... more details
Non competitive inhibition is a type of Enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme. ref name Stryer226 Harvnb Berg Tymoczko Stryer 2007 Ref CITEREFBergTymoczkoStryer2008 p 836 ref More specifically, it is a special instance of mixed inhibition where the inhibitor has an equal affinity for both free enzyme and the enzyme substrate complex. Mechanism Non competitive inhibition models a system where the inhibitor and the substrate may both be bound to the enzyme at any given time. When both the substrate and the inhibitor are bound, the enzyme substrate inhibitor complex cannot form product and can only be converted back to the enzyme substrate complex or the enzyme inhibitor complex. Non competitive inhibition is distinguished from general mixed inhibition in that the inhibitor has an equal affinity for the enzyme and the enzyme substrate complex. The most common mechanism of non competitive inhibition involves reversible binding of the inhibitor to an Allosteric regulation allosteric site , but it is possible for the inhibitor to operate via other means including direct binding to the active site. It differs from competitive inhibition in that the binding of the inhibitor does not prevent binding of substrate, and vice versa, it simply prevents product formation. This type of inhibition reduces the Chemical kinetics maximum rate of a chemical reaction without changing the apparent binding Dissociation constant Protein ligand binding affinity of the catalysis catalyst for the Substrate biochemistry substrate K sub m sub sup app sup &ndash see Michaelis Menten kinetics . Equation In the presence of a non competitive inhibitor, the apparent enzyme affinity is equivalent to the actual affinity. In terms of Michaelis Menten kinetics ... JP 2008 . Mechanism of CYP2C9 inhibition by flavones and flavonols. Drug Metabolism and Disposition ... & Co. id ISBN 0 7167 6766 X Enzyme inhibition Category Enzymes Category Metabolism Category Enzyme ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
