Indicator organisms are used to measure potential fecal contamination of environmental samples. The presence of coliform bacteria , such as E. coli , in surface water is a common indicator of Water quality Measurement fecal contamination . Coliform bacteria in water samples may be quantified using the most probable number MPN method, a probabilistic test which assumes cultivable bacteria meet certain growth and biochemical criteria. If preliminary tests suggest that coliform bacteria are present at numbers in excess of an established cut off the Coliform Index , fecal contamination is suspected and confirmatory assays such as the Eijckman test are conducted. Citation needed date December 2007 Coliform bacteria selected as indicators of fecal contamination must not persist in the environment for long periods of time following efflux from the intestine, and their presence must be closely correlated with contamination by other fecal organisms. Indicator organisms need not be pathogenic. ref cite web url http des.nh.gov organization commissioner pip factsheets wwt documents web 18.pdf title Fecal Coliform as an IndicatorOrganism accessdate 2007 11 30 last first coauthors date 2003 work Wastewater treatment environmental fact sheet publisher New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services ref Non coliform bacteria, such as Streptococcus bovis and certain clostridia may also be used as an index of fecal contamination. ref cite book last Gerardi first Michael H. authorlink coauthors Mel C. Zimmerman editor Michael H. Gerardi title Wastewater Pathogens url edition series Wastewater Microbiology Series date year 2005 month January publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. location Hoboken, NJ isbn 9780471206927 pages 147 ref See also Coliform bacteria Coliform Index E. coli References Reflist nothing kn Category Bacteria ... more details
Indicator may mean In chemistry pH indicator , a chemical detector for protons in acid base titrations Redox indicator , a chemical detector for redox titrations Complexometric indicator , a chemical detector for metal ions in complexometric titrations Zeta potential , a property of interfaces in fluids for Zeta potential titration In biology Indicator genus Indicator genus , a genus of birds in the honeyguide family Environmental indicator of environmental health pressures, conditions and responses Ecological indicator of ecosystem health ecological processes In economics Technical indicator , a tool used in the technical analysis of financial securities Economic indicator or business performance indicator In engineering and mathematics Indicator function of a subset of the domain, a concept in mathematics Dial indicator , an instrument that measures small distances Indicator diagram , a graph of pressure against stroke within a piston engine In society Neighborhood indicator describes certain quality of a neighborhood A synonym for the Turn signal of an automobile disambig ca Indicador de Indikator es Indicador fr Indicateur it Indicatore he hu Indik tor egy rtelm s t lap nl Indicator ja no Indikator pt Indicador ru sk Indik tor sr fi Indikaattori uk ... more details
saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on organisms Organism ... more details
Unwanted organism may refer to A weed , Pest organism pest or invasive species A specific definition under the Biosecurity Act 1993 in New Zealand dab ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism . From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related A analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . References div class references small references cite book author MacLay, George R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic Living ... The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher Steiner Books ... asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http spartan.ac.brocku.ca lward Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http oll.libertyfund.org ... Organism in volume 1 Category Sociology hi te zh ... more details
genomics Daphnia pulex , an environmental indicator model organism Table of model genetic organisms This table indicates the status of the Genome project genome sequencing project for each organism as well as whether the organism exhibits homologous recombination and the state of knowledge of the organism s metabolic pathway biochemical pathways . class wikitable Organism Genome Sequenced Homologous ... negative prokaryote prokaryotic organism Image Drosophila melanogaster side aka .jpg thumb Drosophila melanogaster , one of the most famous subjects for experiments A model organism is a non human ... that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ref cite journal author Fields S, Johnston M title Cell biology. Whither model organism ..., but care must be taken when generalizing from one organism to another. Selecting a model organism ... the sequencing of the model organism s genome, for example, by being very compact or having a low proportion of junk DNA e.g. yeast , Arabidopsis , or pufferfish . When researchers look for an organism ... negative gut bacterium is the most widely used organism in molecular genetics . Bacillus subtilis ... a minimal organism Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing , bioluminescence and animal bacterial symbiosis ... organism publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford Oxfordshire year 2000 isbn 0 19 .... Agronomy , Molecular biology Mimulus is a model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes .... See also Model organism Protists Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , above under Protists. Animals main Animal .... C. elegans was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced Ciona ... , is the model organism to understand the processes of Regeneration biology regeneration and morphogenesis ..., marine flatworm, a model organism for the study of stem cells, regeneration, ageing, gene function ... first3 W last4 Rieger first4 R title A new model organism among the lower Bilateria and the use of digital ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Biology stub ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear. Common pioneer organisms include lichens and algae . Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization, but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms . Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut, may also be the first arrivals on barren soil. In his book Cosmic Seeds, Galactic Chaff , Dr. Wenhao Hu of Jinsei University makes the case that mankind itself is a form of pioneer organism, looking at exploration and plans for colonization of the moon and our robotic treadings upon Venus , Mars , and Titan moon Titan . See Also Primary succession , Secondary succession DEFAULTSORT Pioneer Organism Category Biology ecology stub ... more details
. Most anaerobic organism s are bacteria. Clarify date December 2010 Being an obligate aerobe ... is not available. However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans ... anaerobic organism Fermentation biochemistry Microaerophile Bacteria Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Organism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology bg ... ro Organism aerob ru sl Aerobiont sv Aerob uk zh ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North Whitehead described his metaphysics . It is now known as process philosophy . Central to this school is the idea of concrescence philosophy concrescence . Concrescence means growing together com con from Latin for together , crescence from Latin crescere cret grow , the present is given by a consense of subjective form s. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the society of mind in his book Society of Mind . Whitehead s subjective forms complement eternal objects in his metaphysical system eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato s archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality , Whitehead proposes that his organic realism be used in place of classical materialism . References Agar, W. E. 1936. Whitehead s Philosophy of Organism an Introduction for Biologists . The Quarterly Review of Biology , Vol. 11, No. 1 16 34. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1997. Science and the Modern World . Free Press. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1979, 2nd Ed. Process and Reality Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 28 . Free Press publisher Free Press . See also Organicism DEFAULTSORT Philosophy Of Organism Category Alfred North Whitehead Category Metaphysics Category Holism philosophy stub ... more details
organism from germ cell s i.e. sperm and ovum egg cells , an issue that is studied in developmental ... of connected cells in one organism this mechanism is observable in Drosophila . A third hypothesis is that, as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues. This is what ... into one, multicellular, organism. ref cite book author Margulis, Lynn authorlink Lynn Margulis ... New York isbn 9780465072729 url http www.questia.com PM.qst?a o&d 96971657 ref Each respective organism ... is that it is still not known how each organism s DNA could be incorporated into one single ..., have to separately reproduce and then re form to create one individual organism once more. The Cellularization Syncytial Theory This theory states that a single unicellular organism could have developed ... and have clear differentiated functions the macronucleus serves the organism s needs while ... of generation of a multicellular organism from a pre existing syncytium. The Colonial Theory The third ... symbiotic theory , which suggests the symbiosis of different species led to a multicellular organism ... Organism Category Developmental biology Category Evolutionary biology ar br Lieskelligeg ... et Hulkrakne organism es Pluricelular eu Zelulanitz fr Organisme pluricellulaire gl Organismo ... pt Organismo multicelular ru simple Multicellular organism sk Mnohobunkov organizmus sl Mnogoceli ar sv Flercellig organism uk ur zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Pinus pinea foliage.jpg thumb Juvenile left and adult right leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. Juveniles sometimes look very different from the adult form, particularly in terms of their colour. In many organisms the juvenile has a different name from the adult see also List of animal names . Some organisms reach maturity in a short metamorphosis , such as eclosion in many insect s. For others, the transition from juvenile to fully mature is a more prolonged process &ndash puberty for example. In such cases, juveniles during this transformation are sometimes called subadults . Many invertebrate s, on reaching the adult stage, are fully mature and their development and growth stops. Juvenile refers to the larva or comparable stages in such taxa . In vertebrate s and some invertebrates e.g. spider s , larval forms e.g. tadpole s are usually considered a development stage of their own, and juvenile refers to a post larval stage that is not fully grown and not sexually mature. In amniote s and most plant s, the embryo represents the larval stage. Here, juvenile in general applies to the time between hatching birth germination and reaching maturity. Image Wildsau mit Frischling.jpg thumb left 200px Young wild boar suckling from adult female. Here, juvenile colouring acts as a form of camouflage Developmental biology stub DEFAULTSORT Juvenile Organism Category Developmental biology de Juvenil nl Juveniel nn Juvenil pt Juvenil sr sv Juvenil ... more details
Template Evolutionary biology A digital organism is a self replication self replicating computer program that mutation genetic algorithm mutates and evolution disambiguation evolves . Digital organism s are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution , and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical model s of evolution. This is closely related to the area of artificial life . History Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin in which computer programs had to compete with each other to stop one another from Execution computing executing Aleph Null, Computer Recreations , Software Practice and Experience, vol. 2, pp. 93 96, 1972 . A similar implementation that followed was the game Core War . In Core War, it turned out that one of the winning strategy strategies was to replicate as fast as possible, which had the result that the opponent was deprived of all resource computer science computational resources . Programs in the Core War game are also able to mutate themselves and each other by overwriting instructions in the simulated memory in which this game took place. This allowed competing programs to embed damaging instructions in each other that caused errors terminating the process that reads it , enslave processes making an enemy program work for you , or even change strategies mid game and heal themselves. Steen Rasmussen at Los Alamos National Laboratory took the idea from Core War one step further in his core world system. He introduced a genetic algorithm that would automatically write programs. However, Rasmussen did not observe the evolution of complex and stable programs. It turned out that the programming language in which ... to interpret than those with Tierra. With Avida, digital organism research has begun to be accepted ... also Portal Evolutionary biology List of digital organism simulators Artificial life Evolution Home ... Digital Organism Category Artificial life Category Evolutionary biology Category Organisms fi Digitaalinen ... more details
In agriculture and gardening , a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insect s, arachnid s, other animal s, plant s, bacteria , fungus fungi , virus es, and nematode s. Benefits include pest control , pollination , and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pest animal pest s, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process. Beneficial or pest The distinction between beneficial and pest is arbitrary, subjectively determined by examining the effect of a particular organism in a specific growing situation. Insects Beneficial insects can include predators such as ladybug s of pest insects, and pollinators such as bee s, which are an integral part of the growth cycle of many crops . Increasingly certain species of insects are managed and used to intervene where natural pollination or biological control is insufficient, usually due to human disturbance of the balance of nature. Nematodes Certain microscopic nematodes worms are beneficial in destroying and controlling populations of larvae that are damaging or deadly to crops and other plants. They are commonly used in organic gardening for their ability to kill various kinds of harmful larvae fungus gnat s, flea larvae, spidermite s, weevil s, grub s, rootworm s, cutworm s, etc. Microorganisms Many different soil microorganisms are responsible for nutrient recycling for one, through decomposing plant residues and other soil building and maintaining activities. Mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sp lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus sp. , yeast saccharomyces sp. and fermenting fungi ref Higa and Wididana, 1991 Higa and Parr, 1994 ref can positively improve the soil fertility as well as plant productivity. Productive Microbes as an effective alternative tool for manipulation and managing the overall microbial ecology of complex and diverse systems. Animals Bird s and other animals ... more details
In biology, Kappa organism or Kappa particle refers to inheritable cytoplasmic symbionts , occurring in some strains of Paramecium . Paramecium stains possessing the particles Killers liberate into the culture medium a substance lethal to Paramecium not containing kappa particles. Kappa particles are Feulgen positive, stain with Giemsa after acid hydrolysis. The length of the particles is 0.2 0.5 . ref C. H. Brown, Elimination of kappa particles from killer strains of paramecium aurelia by treatment with chloromycetin . Nature 166, 527 23 September 1950 DOI 10.1038 166527A0 ref The particles are considered to be intracellular symbionts, occupying a position between viruses , bacteria , and organelles , ref http www.medilexicon.com medicaldictionary.php?t 66078 Kappa Particles in mediLexicon ref mere nucleoprotein ref http www.answers.com topic kappa particle Kappa Particles in McGraw Hill Science & Technology Dictionary ref or, by another sources bacterium Caenobacter taenospiralis . References reflist External links The classes of kappa in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1972 PMID 5076362 Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1974 PMID 4599970 Category Cell anatomy Category Ciliates Biology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 Indicator bacteria are certain species of bacteria used by health authorities to detect contaminated water. Each gram of human feces contains approximately 12 billion val 1.2 e 9 bacteria, among them may include pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella , associated with gastroenteritis . In addition, feces may contain pathogenic virus es, protozoa and parasitism parasites . If ingested, these organisms would cause disease. When testing drinking water for contamination, the variety and often low concentrations of pathogens makes them difficult to test for individually. Health authorities therefore use the presence of other more abundant and more easily detected fecal bacteria as indicators of the presence of fecal contamination. Indicator bacteria are not themselves dangerous to the health but are used to indicate the presence of a health risk. The most popularized known indicator bacteria are fecal coliforms , which are found in the intestinal tracts of warm blooded animals. Another less commonly used group of indicator organisms are Sulfate reducing bacteria hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria , which are also found in humans as well as the intestinal tracts of birds and reptiles known carriers of Salmonella. World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality state that as an indicatororganism Escherichia coli provides conclusive evidence of recent fecal water pollution pollution and should not be present in water meant for human consumption. It is generally assumed that higher the number of coliform organisms found in a 100ml sample, the higher the risk for waterborne disease. DEFAULTSORT Indicator Bacteria Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology Category Water pollution Category Water quality indicators ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Indicator genus Taxobox name Indicator image Flickr Rainbirder Scaly throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus 1 .jpg image caption Scaly throated Honeyguide regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis bird Aves ordo Piciformes familia Honeyguide Indicatoridae genus Indicator genus authority James Francis Stephens Stephens , 1815 subdivision ranks species subdivision see text Indicator is a genus of near passerine bird s in the honeyguide family. The name refers to the behaviour of some species, notably the Greater Honeyguide , which guide large mammals such as ratel s and humans to bee colonies so that they can share in the spoils of wax and insects when the nest is broken into. Indicator honeyguides are brood parasite s which lay egg biology eggs in a nest of another species, in a series of about five during five to seven days. Most favour hole nesting species, often the related barbet s and woodpecker s. Nestlings have been known to physically eject their host s chicks from the nest, and they have hooks on their beaks with which they puncture the hosts eggs or kill the nestlings, by repeated lacerations if not a fatal stab. The species, in taxonomic order, are Genus Indicator Spotted Honeyguide , Indicator maculatus Scaly throated Honeyguide , Indicator variegatus Greater Honeyguide , Indicatorindicator Malaysian Honeyguide , Indicator archipelagicus Lesser Honeyguide , Indicator minor Thick billed Honeyguide , Indicator conirostris Willcocks s Honeyguide , Indicator willcocksi Least Honeyguide , Indicator exilis Dwarf Honeyguide , Indicator pumilio Pallid Honeyguide , Indicator meliphilus Yellow rumped Honeyguide , Indicator xanthonotus References Cite book author Barlow, Clive, Tim Wacher, and Tony Disley year 1997 title A Field Guide to the Birds ... Indicator Genus Category Honeyguides Category Genera of birds ca Indicator fr Indicator it Indicator hu Indicator nl Indicator geslacht pl Indicator ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 orphan December 2009 In metadata an indicator is a Boolean logic Boolean value that may contain only the values true or false . The definition of an Indicator must include the meaning of a true value and should also include the meaning if the value is false. If a data element may take another value to represent e.g. unknown or not applicable , then a Code should be used instead of an Indicator, and the meanings of all possible values should be clearly defined. The suffix Indicator is used in ISO IEC 11179 metadata registry standard as a representation term . Example of Use of Indicator in XML An example use of the Indicator suffix is if an XML document was required to contain the passing status of a Student in a statewide assessment. The data element would be tt nowiki StudentPassedAssessmentIndicator true StudentPassedAssessmentIndicator nowiki tt Standards that use the indicator representation term The following metadata registry standards use the term indicator ebXML NIEM GJXDM See also Metadata ISO IEC 11179 Representation term Code DEFAULTSORT Indicator Metadata Category Metadata Category Representation term ... more details
Cleanup date August 2010 A humidity indicator is a moisture sensitive chemical that changes color when the indicated relative humidity is exceeded. Some chemicals are cobalt II chloride toxic blue to pink copper II chloride yellow to blue There are other colors like Orange colour orange See also Moisture analysis Humidity indicator card Desiccant http www.healthocrates.com Chemical Sensitive Chemical Sensitive Chem stub DEFAULTSORT Humidity Indicator Category Desiccation ... more details
Merge from Disappearing rainbow indicator date March 2011 About the chemistry chemical pH indicator the musical artists Universal Indicator music A Universal indicator is a pH indicator composed of a blend of several compounds that exhibits several smooth colour changes over a pH value range from 1 14 to indicate the acidity or basicity of solutions. Although there are a number of commercially available universal pH indicators, most are a variation of a formula patented by Yamada in 1923. ref Jap. Pat. 99,664, Feb 21, 1933 ref Details of this patent can be found in Chemical Abstracts . ref Chem Abstr , 28 , 2258 1934 ref Experiments with Yamada s Universal Indicator are also described in the Journal of Chemical Education. ref For a discussion of these experiments, as well as recipes for Yamada and other universal indicators, see Foster, S.L. and Gruntfest, J.Chem.Educ. , 14 , 274 1937 ref Details A universal indicator is typically composed of water, propan 1 ol , phenolphthalein sodium salt, sodium hydroxide, methyl red , bromothymol blue monosodium salt, and thymol blue monosodium salt. ref http www.iscid.org encyclopedia Universal Indicator Universal Indicator . ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy. ref The colours that indicate the pH of a solution, after adding a universal indicator are class wikitable pH range Description Colour 0 3 Strong acid bgcolor red Red 3 6 Acid bgcolor orange Orange Yellow 7 Neutral bgcolor green Green 8 11 Base style background blue color white Blue 11 14 Strong Base style background purple color white Purple There are now also available wide range pH test papers with distinct colours for each pH from 1 to 14. Colour matching charts are supplied with the specific test strips purchased. See also Litmus test pH Indicator References Reflist Category PH indicators de Universalindikator et Universaalindikaator fr Indicateur universel pt Indicador universal sv Universell indikator zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Merge Message Transfer Part date June 2008 Network Indicator NI is a part of the Signalling Information Octet SIO and contains SubService Field which indicates the type of the network e.g. INTL NATL and the Service Indicator Field which indicates the nature of the message SCCP TUP . See also Message Transfer Part Signalling System 7 Category Signaling System 7 Compu network stub ... more details
A bicarbonate indicator hydrogencarbonate indicator is a pH indicator sensitive enough to show a colour change as the concentration of carbon dioxide gas increases. The indicator is used in photosynthesis and respiration experiments to find out whether carbon dioxide is being liberated. The initial red colour changes to yellow as the pH becomes more acidic. Carbon dioxide, even in the concentrations found in exhaled air, will dissolve in the indicator to form a weak carbonic acid, which will lower the pH and therefore give the characteristic colour change. Composition This solution is prepared in two separate solutions A and B respectively Solution A This solution consists of 0.02 g of thymol blue, 0.01 g cresol red and 2 mL of ethanol Solution B This solution consists of 0.8 g of sodium bicarbonate, 7.48 g of potassium chloride and 90 mL of water Working solution is prepared by mixing 9 mL of A B in 1000 mL of distilled water. References Chatterjee, Sananda. A chemical Analyser s guide , p. 111. Category PH indicators analytical chem stub zh ... more details
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