HypothesisTheory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the HypothesisTheory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly ... the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesistheory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesistheory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesistheory and nonlearning despite ideal S R reinforcement contingencies journal Psychological Review ... Theory and Research publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1968 location New York Category Learning theory education psych stub ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science Main Statistical hypothesis testing The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are falsifiable using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ... proven guilty can be interpreted as saying that his or her innocence is the null hypothesis. Other legal systems may exist in which the null hypothesis is that the defendant is guilty. The term was originally ... statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary publisher Statistics.berkeley.edu ... hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena ... negation of the null hypothesis and predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis is true. The use of alternative hypotheses was not part of Fisher s formulation, but became standard. Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling statistics collecting data and measuring how probability probable the data are, assuming the null hypothesis is true. If the data ... that the null hypothesis is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then no conclusion is made. In this case, the null hypothesis could be true or false the data give insufficient ... attack and this drug has no effect on the chances of having a heart attack . The test of the hypothesis ... hypothesis is rejected. Choice of H sub 0 The choice of null hypothesis H sub 0 and consideration ... i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50 of the time . A potential null hypothesis is this coin ... result of 5 tosses is 5 heads. Under this null hypothesis, the data are considered unlikely with a fair coin, the probability of this is 3 . The data refute the null hypothesis the coin is biased ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science . ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref The origin and theoretical basis of the Distributional Hypothesis is discussed by Sahlgren. ref name Sahlgren http soda.swedish ict.se 3941 1 sahlgren.distr hypo.pdf The Distributional Hypothesis. Rivista di Linguistica Italian Journal of Linguistics , 20 1 . pp. 33 53. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D ... The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more ... Hypothesis Category Linguistics Category Computational linguistics ling stub ... more details
Indo European The Armenian hypothesis of the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European Urheimat , based on the Glottalic theory suggests that the Proto Indo European language was spoken during the 4th millennium BC in the Armenian Highland . It is an Indo Hittite model and does not include the Anatolian languages in its scenario. The phonological peculiarities proposed in the Glottalic theory would be best preserved in the Armenian language and the Germanic languages , the former assuming the role of the dialect which remained in situ , implied to be particularly archaic in spite of its late attestation. Proto Greek would be practically equivalent to Mycenean Greek and date to the 17th century BC, closely associating Greek migration to Greece with the Indo Aryan migration to India at about the same time viz., Indo European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age , including the possibility of Indo European Kassites . The Armenian hypothesis argues for the latest possible date of Proto Indo European sans Anatolian , roughly a millennium later than the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis . In this, it figures as an opposite to the Anatolian hypothesis , in spite of the geographical proximity of the respective suggested Urheimat en , diverging from the timeframe suggested there by as much as three millennia. See also Graeco Armeno Aryan Armeno Aryan References Tamaz Gamkrelidze T. V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov V. V. Ivanov , The Early History of Indo European Languages , Scientific American, March 1990 I.M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian People 1984 . Robert Drews, The Coming of the Greeks 1988 , argues for late Greek arrival in the framework of the Armenian hypothesis. Martiros Kavoukjian, Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer the Indo European homeland and ancient Mesopotamia , trans. N. Ouzounian, Montreal 1987 , ISBN 0921885008. External ... hypothesis tr Ermeni hipotezi ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html http www.goanimal.com newsletters 2005 man hunter man hunter.html An article critical of the hunting hypothesis anthropology stub Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ... more details
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted when no alternatives are available, ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis title Working Hypothesis publisher Answers.com accessdate 2009 08 03 ref or when the philosophical implications of the alternatives are considered to be absurd or otherwise undesirable. Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis can be constructed as a statement of expectations. They can be linked to the exploratory research purpose in empirical investigation, and are also often used as a conceptual framework as they are well suited to qualitative research methods. ref cite journal author Patricia Shields, Hassan Tajalli year 2006 title Intermediate Theory The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship url http ecommons.txstate.edu polsfacp 39 journal Journal of Public Affairs Education volume 12 issue 3 pages 313 334 ref Design See also Falsifiability Newton s Flaming Laser Sword Working hypotheses are constructed so that formal hypotheses can be formulated, which in turn allows for the design of specific experiments whose data will either support or fail to support the formal hypotheses. ref name Dewey cite book author John Dewey year 1938 title Logic The Theory of Inquiry url http www.archive.org details logicthetheoryof000467mbp publisher Henry Holt and Company location New York page 142 id isbn 0030052505 ref For example, faced with the brain in a vat brain in a vat situation, an experimenter will formulate the working hypothesis that they are in fact, actually doing the experiment, rather than be in a simulated universe without them knowing of it. The possibility of the experimenter being in a simulated universe is acknowledged, but ignored as there is no means of distinguishing between reality and a mere ... concept in John Dewey s theory of inquiry . These hypotheses are a provisional, working means of advancing ... Abraham Kaplan would describe as provisional or loosely formatted theory, they are construct philosophy ... more details
The Escalation Hypothesis is a theory put forward by Geerat J. Vermeij . It states that organisms are in constant conflict with one another and therefore devote lots of resources to thwarting the adaptations evolution brings to all competing organisms as time advances. This is in contrast to adaptations evolution may bring that are unrelated to competition with other organisms such as adapting to ecological niches based upon other factors such as geology and climate. Vermeij s extensive work with the characteristics of marine gastropod fossils informed his development of thoughts on escalation. One prediction of the Escalation Hypothesis is that individual species having fewer adaptations that enable them to compete with other life forms are more likely to survive a mass extinction event such as one of Extinction Event Major extinction events The Big Five . This is because there is more flexibility to fit into new ecological niches that arduous adaptations such as heavy shells or energy consuming venom production would hinder. External links http palaios.sepmonline.org cgi content extract 18 2 83 The Escalation Hypothesis One Long Argument Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate ATP by, as a rule ... within the endosymbiotic theory framework do not address the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward explanation for the observation that eukaryotes ... theories within the endosymbiotic theory framework predict that some eukaryotes never possessed mitochondria. The hydrogen hypothesis predicts that no primitively mitochondrion lacking eukaryotes ever existed. In the 10 years following the publication of the hydrogen hypothesis, this specific prediction ... 5 pmid 10203753 cite journal author Martin W and M ller M title The hydrogen hypothesis for the first ... more details
The Linder hypothesis is a economics conjecture about international trade patterns The more similar the demand structures of countries, the more they will trade with one another. Further, international trade will still occur between two countries having identical preferences and factor endowment s relying on specialization to create a comparative advantage in the production of Product differentiation differentiated goods between the two nations . Development of the theory The hypothesis was proposed by economist Staffan Burenstam Linder in 1961 ref An Essay on Trade and Transformation, Staffan Burenstam Linder, Stockholm Almqvist & Wicksell, 1961. ref as a possible resolution to the Leontief paradox , which questioned the empirical validity of the Heckscher Ohlin theory H O . H O predicts that patterns of international trade will be determined by the relative factor endowments of different nations. Those with relatively high levels of capital economics capital in relation to labour economics labor would be expected to produce capital intensive goods while those with an abundance of labor relative to immobile capital would be expected to produce labor intensive goods. H O and other theories of factor endowment based trade had dominated the field of international economics until Wassily Leontief Leontief performed a study empirically rejecting H O. In fact, Leontief found that the United States then the most capital abundant nation exported primarily labor intensive goods. Linder proposed an alternative theory of trade that was consistent with Leontief s findings. The Linder hypothesis presents a demand based theory of trade in contrast to the usual Supply economics supply based ... goods. Empirical tests Examinations of the Linder hypothesis have observed a Linder effect consistent with the hypothesis. Econometric tests of the hypothesis usually proxy the demand structure ... distribution to the Linder hypothesis first1 Helena last1 Bohman first2 D sir e last2 Nilsson . ref ... more details
The Dahrendorf hypothesis is the name given to a hypothesis by the Germany German United Kingdom British political science political scientist Ralf Dahrendorf , which states that diversity is desirable in economic policies across time and space according to local needs. Dahrendorf argues that society societies are quite considerably different from each other, and that any one set of economic policies will not be equally well adapted to all societies e.g. the same policies will not work as well in poor, subsistence economies as they will in advanced industrial economies . The Dahrendorf hypothesis was developed in opposition to many traditional perspectives and theory theories in economics , most notably neoclassical economics , which implicitly or explicitly hold that one set of economic policies should be implemented globally and universally. In accordance with this belief, Dahrendorf said that, far from uniting Europe, the introduction of the Euro would ultimately divide it. References cite book title Ein neuer Dritter Weg? Reformpolitik am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts last Dahrendorf first Ralf authorlink coauthors year 1999 series Beitr ge zur Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik volume 158 publisher Mohr Siebeck location T bingen isbn 3161471555 page pages url accessdate cite journal last Schnellenbach first Jan authorlink coauthors year 2005 month title The Dahrendorf hypothesis and its implications for the theory of economic policy making journal Cambridge Journal of Economics volume 29 issue 6 pages 997 1009 doi 10.1093 cje bei086 url http www.econ.cam.ac.uk cjeconf delegates schnellenbach.pdf accessdate quote Category Economic policy Category Economic theories econ stub polisci stub ... more details
Image Synoptic problem Farrer hypothesis .png thumb right 250px The Farrer hypothesis suggests that the Gospel of Mark was written first. The Gospel of Matthew was written using Mark as a source. Then the Gospel of Luke was written using both Mark and Matthew. The Farrer theory also called the Farrer Goulder hypothesis and Farrer Goulder Goodacre hypothesis is a possible solution to the synoptic problem . The theory is that the Gospel of Mark was written first, followed by the Gospel of Matthew and then by the Gospel of Luke . It has mainly been advocated by English biblical scholars. It is named for Austin Farrer , who wrote On Dispensing With Q in 1955, but it has been picked up by other scholars including Michael Goulder and Mark Goodacre . The Farrer theory has the advantage of simplicity, as there is no need for hypothetical sources to be created by academics. Instead, advocates of the Farrer theory argue, the Gospel of Mark was used as source material by the author of Matthew. Lastly, Luke used both of the previous gospels as sources for his Gospel. Farrer set out his argument in an essay On dispensing with Q . ref D. E. Nineham ed. , Studies in the Gospels Essays in Memory of R. H. Lightfoot Oxford Blackwell, 1955 ref He says that the two source hypothesis , as set out by Dr B H Streeter thirty years earlier, ref Dr B. H. Streeter, The Four Gospels A Study of Origins London Macmillan, 1924 ref wholly depends on the incredibility i.e., disbelief of St Luke having read St ... of the Q type were plentiful , which would have made the hypothesis that Matthew and Luke drew on one ... notable argument for the Farrer hypothesis is that there are many passages where the text ... its strength in the fewness of the instances for which any one hypothesis needs to be invoked but the opposing counsel will unkindly point out that the diminution of the instances for each hypothesis ... evidence. See also Markan priority Griesbach hypothesis Four Document Hypothesis Synoptic problem ... more details
on the theory. Citation needed date May 2008 Most popular competitors are the Skill building Hypothesis and the Comprehensible output Comprehensive output hypothesis . ref harvnb Krashen 1989 p 1 ref The input hypothesis is relate to Instructional scaffolding . References reflist Further reading ...Merge Acquisition learning hypothesis Affective filter target Comprehensible input discuss Talk Comprehensible input Merger proposal date March 2011 Refimprove date May 2008 The monitor hypothesis often spelled Monitor hypothesis is one of five hypotheses developed by the Linguistics linguist Stephen Krashen to explain second language acquisition SLA . Background The monitor hypothesis is to part of the Krashen s second language acquisition set of theories comprising the acquisition learning hypothesis the monitor hypothesis the natural order hypothesis the Comprehensible input input hypothesis the affective filter hypothesis. The acquisition learning distinction is the most fundamental of these and the most widely known among linguists. Monitor hypothesis The monitor hypothesis asserts that a learner ... to correct a sentence after it is uttered. According to the hypothesis, such self monitoring ... been criticized by some linguists and isn t considered a valid hypothesis for some. It has however, inspired ... reliable http homepage.ntlworld.com vivian.c SLA Krashen.htm The theory underlies Krashen and Tracy ... The Input Hypothesis Issues and Implications place New York publisher Longman citation last Krashen ... hypothesis series Modem Language Journal volume 73, n 4 pages 440 464 citation last Krashen first S.D. year 1994 title The input hypothesis and its rivals publisher Ellis, N series Implicit and Explicit ... comprehensible input the input hypothesis and the development of second language competence ... s Comprehension Hypothesis Model of L2 learning applied linguistics Applied linguist Vivian Cook s page on Krashen s hypotheses. SLA topics DEFAULTSORT Monitor Hypothesis Category Language acquisition ... more details
The Articulata Hypothesis is the grouping in a higher taxon of animals with segmented bodies, consisting of Annelida and Panarthropoda . This theory states that these groups are descended from a common segmented ancestor. This hypothesis is not well supported by molecular data, which suggests that segmentation evolved independently in the two groups. The Articulata Hypothesis is an alternative to the better supported hypothesis that ecdysis the shedding of outer cuticle is a primitive character this would place Panarthropoda in the group Ecdysozoa . Origins The articulata hypothesis originates ... hypothesis was born. Ref name Waggoner cite author Waggoner, Ben http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu history cuvier.html. 2 14 1996 Ref The articulata hypothesis, simply stated, is the phylogenetic grouping .... This hypothesis further implies that all segmented organisms have a common ancestral origin. Ref name ... 44. Ref Evolution of the Articulata Hypothesis Since its original formulation in 1817, there have been significant challenges and modifications to the articulata hypothesis as new theories have been accepted Darwin s theory of evolution and new technologies have become available confocal microscopy , DNA sequencing , genomics . Theory of Evolution Darwin s Theory of Evolution had a large, yet often understated impact of the articulata hypothesis. Cuvier s original articulata hypothesis was based ... structures necessary for the survival of the species . While the general acceptance of the theory of evolution weakened Cuvier s general theory of the unique ground plans as the origin of modern taxa , it strengthened the articulata hypothesis by organizing annelids and arthropods into a clade ... supporting the articulata hypothesis but also lead to the development of conflicting theories. Advances ... CRC press 2005 357 360 Ref ref name Scholtz cite journal author Gerhard Scholtz, The Articulata hypothesis ... were closer evolutionary to mollusk. This ecdysozoa hypothesis is generally accepted today as the best ... more details
theory is a branch of mathematics which deals with dynamical system s that satisfy a version of this hypothesis, phrased in the language of measure theory . See also Poincar recurrence theorem Loschmidt s paradox Ergodic process References references DEFAULTSORT Ergodic Hypothesis Category Ergodic theory Category Statistical mechanics Category Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Category ...Cleanup date November 2008 In physics and thermodynamics , the ergodic hypothesis says that, over long periods of time, the time spent by a particle in some region of the phase space of Microstate statistical mechanics microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region, i.e., that all accessible microstates are equiprobable over a long period of time. A long period of time will depend on the time constants of the processes involved and the number of different components, both initial and possible. Use caution in assuming ergodic performance when the number of components, N, is large it is likely that the time to completion will vary as N sup 2 sup . For complex biological systems, ergodic performance is seldom possible. The ergodic hypothesis is often assumed in statistical analysis . The analyst would assume that the average of a process parameter over time and the average over the statistical ensemble are the same. Right or not, the analyst assumes that it is as good to observe a process for a long time as sampling many independent realisations of the same process. Liouville s theorem Hamiltonian Liouville s Theorem shows that, for conserved classical system s, the local density of microstates following a particle path through phase space is constant as viewed ... the system preferentially adopts a non zero magnetisation even though the ergodic hypothesis would imply ... of the ergodic hypothesis is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking . However, complex disordered ... . Also related to these time scale phenomena are the properties of ageing and the Mode Coupling theory ... more details
The Patriarch Hypothesis is a theory to explain the occurrence of menopause in human females and how a long post fertile period up to one third of a females life span ref Harman, S.M. and Talbert, G.B. 1985 . Reproductive aging. In Handbook of the Biology of Aging, by C. E. Finch and L. Hayflick eds . pp 457 510. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ref could confer an evolutionary advantage. It is an alternative theory to the grandmother hypothesis which tends to ignore male benefits of continued spermatogenesis and their roles in assistance. br br The patriarch hypothesis incorporates these neglected areas. It suggests selection pressure on male longevity extended the female lifespan whose adjustment of Life history theory life history has been constrained by the size of the ovaries resulting in human females surviving beyond the age at which they can reproduce. With an extension of the post reproductive female life stage, they could enhance their inclusive fitness by giving kin selection kin assistance . This way, with no choice in the timing of fertility termination, females are optimising an essentially bad situation. br br See also Grandmother hypothesis The Patriarch Hypothesis http www.fas.harvard.edu hbe lab Frank Marlowe first put forward the patriarch hypothesis ref Marlowe, F. 1999 . Male care and mating effort among Hadza foragers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 46 1 57 64. ref . He postulates that if women survive beyond an age at which they can reproduce and men continue spermatogenesis , then old males stand to benefit greatly if they can copulate with younger females. It is theorised that increased use of tools and weapons compensates for the decline in natural fighting ability with age ref Marlowe, F. 2000 . The Patriarch Hypothesis An Alternative Explanation of Menopause .... ref . Evidence for The patriarch hypothesis rests on three assumptions Older males must reproduce. It is clear ... hypothesis selection for greater longevity in males, as suggested by the patriarch hypothesis, could ... more details
About the hypothesis in set theory the assumption in fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis abbreviated CH is a hypothesis , advanced by Georg Cantor in 1877, about the possible ... of the continuum hypothesis is the first of Hilbert s problems Hilbert s twenty three problems presented ... Cohen in 1963 showed that the hypothesis can neither be disproved nor be Mathematical proof proved using the axioms of Zermelo Fraenkel set theory , the standard foundation of modern mathematics, provided ZF set theory is consistency consistent . The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum set theory the continuum for the real numbers. Cardinality of infinite sets Main Cardinal number ... form a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis the rationals form a proper superset of the integers ... that of the real numbers. Cantor proposed the continuum hypothesis as a possible solution to this question. The hypothesis states that the set of real numbers has minimal possible cardinality which ... of the real numbers is math 2 aleph 0 math , the continuum hypothesis says that there is no set math ... cardinal number math aleph 1 math greater than math aleph 0 math , and the continuum hypothesis ... hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis GCH which says that for all Ordinal number ordinals math alpha , math math 2 aleph alpha aleph alpha 1 . math A consequence of the hypothesis ... in ZFC Cantor believed the continuum hypothesis to be true and tried for many years to mathematical ... in Paris. Axiomatic set theory was at that point not yet formulated. Kurt G del showed in 1940 earlier, deleted paragraph said 1939 which is right? that the continuum hypothesis CH for short cannot be disproved from the standard Zermelo Fraenkel set theory ZF , even if the axiom of choice is adopted ... is widely believed to be true. The continuum hypothesis was not the first statement shown to be independent .... The continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice were among the first mathematical statements shown ... more details
Image Synoptic problem Augustinian hypothesis.png thumb left 250px The Augustinian hypothesis suggests .... Then the Gospel of Luke was written using both Mark and Matthew. The Augustinian hypothesis is a solution ... . The hypothesis holds that Gospel of Matthew Matthew was written first, by Matthew the Evangelist see ... hypotheses, this hypothesis does not rely on, nor does it argue for, the existence of any document that is not explicitly mentioned in historical testimony. Instead, the hypothesis draws primarily upon ... of evidence for the hypothesis is the writings of the Church Fathers historical sources dating ... Christians for nearly two millennia. Finally, adherents to the Augustinian hypothesis view it as a simple, coherent solution to the synoptic problem . The Augustinian hypothesis addresses certain fundamental ... by proponents of competing hypotheses, such as the Two source hypothesis , its related Q document Q hypothesis , the Farrer hypothesis , and others. The main two areas of contention within the Augustinian ... Mark or Luke who wrote second. A modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis, known as the Griesbach hypothesis , agrees that Matthew wrote first and that Mark depended on Matthew, and does not dispute ... points of contention, this hypothesis is also treated as a possible amendment to the Augustinian hypothesis. Another modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis is the hypothesis of Eta Linnemann ... St. Augustine of Hippo Freeing A Prisoner, by Michael Pacher 1430 1498 . The hypothesis takes its name ... a theory for the express purpose of explaining this fact. Ancient tradition The Church Fathers who wrote ... hypothesis. The fathers whose writings survive and who wrote about authorship are almost ... agree on the primary points of contention within the Augustinian hypothesis, though not without discrepancies. Rather than seen as a refutation to the hypothesis, instead these discrepancies are often cited in defense of the hypothesis ref e.g. see this article on http www.newadvent.org cathen 09674b.htm ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The clock hypothesis is an assumption in special relativity . It states that the Clock rate rate of a clock doesn t depend on its acceleration but only on its instantaneous velocity. This is equivalent to stating, that a clock moving along a path math P math measures the proper time , defined by math d tau int P sqrt dt 2 dx 2 c 2 dy 2 c 2 dz 2 c 2 math . The clock hypothesis wasn t included in Einstein s original 1905 formulation of special relativity and therefore, the theory was unable to make predictions for accelerated systems. Since then, it has become a standard assumption and is usually included in the axioms of special relativity, especially in the light of experimental verification up to very high accelerations in particle accelerator s. Hermann Weyl was a notable critic of the clock hypothesis. References S.R. Mainwaring, G.E. Stedman, Accelerated Clock Principles in Special Relativity . Physical Review A47 1993 3611 3619. R. Anderson, I. Vetharaniam, G.E. Stedman, Conventionality of Synchronization, Gauge Dependence and Test Theories of Relativity. , Physics Reports 295 1998 94 180. A.M. Eisele, On the Behavior of an Accelerated Clock , Helvetica Physica Acta 60 1987 1024 1037. P. Mittelstaedt, H. Heintzmann, Laws of Physics in Accelerated Reference Frames German , in Springer Tracts in Modern Physics G. H hler, ed. 47 1968 185 225. External links http arxiv.org abs gr qc 9908048 gr qc 9908048 Harvey R. Brown, Oliver Pooley, The origin of the spacetime metric Bell s Lorentzian pedagogy and its significance in general relativity http math.ucr.edu home baez physics Relativity SR clock.html Does a clock s acceleration affect its timing rate? , from the USENET Physics FAQ Category special relativity ... more details
orphan date December 2007 Drift Hypothesis , concerning the relationship between mental illness and social class , is the argument that illness causes one to have a downward shift in social class. ref Hurst, Charles E. 2007 Social Inequality Forms, Causes, and Consequences. Boston Pearson Education, Inc. ref The circumstances of one s social class do not cause the onset of a mental disorder, but rather, an individual s deteriorating mental health occurs first, resulting in low social class attainment. ref Perry, Melissa J. 1996 The Relationship between Social Class and Mental Disorder. Journal of Primary Prevention. Vol 14, 1, 17 30 ref The drift hypothesis is the opposing theory of the social causation thesis , which says being in a lower social class is a contributor to the development of a mental illness. Support for Drift Hypothesis A study by E.M. Goldberg and S.L Morrison looked at the relationship between schizophrenia and social class. They wanted to find out if men, before they had been admitted to a mental hospital, drifted down the occupational scale to unskilled jobs because of their developing illness, or if it was because they were born into families with a lower social class attainment, that they developed their mental illness. They looked at men who had their first admission in a mental hospital between the ages of 25 34. They also looked at their fathers occupation, in order to see if the social class they grew up in played a role in the development of schizophrenia ... ref Opposition to the drift hypothesis The main opposition to the drift hypothesis is the social ... he looked at supported the drift hypothesis, but when he examined them, he found their conclusions ... Class, Mental Illness, and Social Mobility The Social Selection Drift Hypothesis for Serious Mental ... Fox, p. ? ref So depending on what one s definition of drift hypothesis is, there will be data either ..., the social causation thesis is the ruling theory. People who are unemployed have been shown ... more details
hypothesis subj AND General mathematics 0 1 0 all 0 1 frequently announced . Operator theory main Hilbert ... and 25.011. Millennium Problems In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first ... hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution ... harv Bombieri 2000 . The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth problem Problem 8 ..., Pierre Deligne proved an analogue of the Riemann Hypothesis for zeta functions of varieties defined over finite fields. The full version of the hypothesis remains unsolved, although modern computer ... hypothesis is concerned with the non trivial zeros, and states that The real part of any non ... popular books on the Riemann hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore ..., as none of the factors have zeros. The Riemann hypothesis discusses zeros outside the region of convergence ... Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann 1859 . He was discussing a version ... hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. Distribution of prime numbers Riemann ... sup harv Ingham 1932 . CITEREFvon Koch1901 Von Koch 1901 proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent ... s result, due to harvtxt Schoenfeld 1976 , says that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to math ... functions The Riemann hypothesis implies strong bounds on the growth of many other arithmetic ... to the Riemann hypothesis. From this we can also conclude that if the Mertens function ... positive is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis harv Titchmarsh 1986 . For the meaning of these symbols ... n , so the Riemann hypothesis can also be stated as a condition on the growth of these determinants. The Riemann hypothesis puts a rather tight bound on the growth of M , since harvtxt Odlyzko te Riele ... more details
Cleanup date May 2009 Indo European topics The Anatolian hypothesis is also called Renfrew s Neolithic Discontinuity Theory NDT ref http scholar.google.com scholar?hl en&q renfrew NDT&spell 1 ref it proposes that the dispersal discontinuity of Proto Indo Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia . The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto Indo European language PIE lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the 7th millennium BC seventh and 6th millennium BC sixth millennia BC. ref name Language tree divergence times support Anatolian theory of Indo European origin Cite doi 10.1038 nature02029 ref This reference is about language divergence Indoeuropean language family it s not about genetics for genetical background see DOI 10.1126 science.1118725, which argues about paleolithic divergence not Neolithic History The Anatolian hypothesis main proponent ... with a Balkans homeland of the non Anatolian branches. The main strength of the farming hypothesis ... the Anatolian theory enjoyed brief support when first proposed, the Indo Europeanist community in general now rejects it, its majority clearly favouring the Kurgan hypothesis postulating a 4th millennium ... for Proto Indo European than the Anatolian theory predicts. Most Indo Europeanists estimates of dating ... s theory over the Kurgan model. ref which, even if accepted, loses significance in distinguishing ... 2003 chapter Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto Indo European title Languages ... theory of Indo European origin, Nature 426 27 November 2003 435 439 . doi 10.1038 nature02029 p Citation is used above. See also Armenian hypothesis Indo Hittite Neolithic revolution Neolithic Europe Kurgan hypothesis DEFAULTSORT Anatolian Hypothesis Category Indo European de Anatolien Hypothese eu Anatoliako hipotesia it Ipotesi anatolica ru simple Anatolian hypothesis ... more details
In number theory , the Chinese hypothesis is a disproven conjecture stating that an integer n is Prime number prime if and only if it satisfies the condition that 2 sup n sup &minus 2 is divisible by n . In other words, that integer n is prime if and only if math 2 n equiv 2 pmod n , math . It is true that if n is prime, then math 2 n equiv 2 pmod n , math this is a special case of Fermat s little theorem . However, the converse if math ,2 n equiv 2 pmod n math then n is prime is false, and therefore the hypothesis as a whole is false. The smallest counter example is n 341 11 31. Composite number s n for which 2 sup n sup &minus 2 is divisible by n are called Poulet number s. They are a special class of Fermat pseudoprime s. History The Chinese hypothesis is commonly attributed to Chinese mathematics Chinese scholars more than 2500 years ago. However, this oft quoted attribution is a myth originating with James Jeans 1898 , who wrote that a paper found among those of the late Sir Thomas Wade and dating from the time of Confucius contained the theorem . This assertion was refuted by Needham, who attributes the misunderstanding to an incorrect translation of a passage in a well known book The Nine Chapters of Mathematical Art . Qi 1991 attributed the hypothesis to Chinese mathematician Li Shan Lan 1811 1882 , communicated the statement to his collaborator in the translation of Western texts, and the collaborator then published it. Li subsequently learned that the statement was wrong, and hence did not publish it himself, but Hua Heng Fang published the statement as if it were correct in 1882. References Citation last Dickson first L. E. title History of the Theory of Numbers, Vol. 1 Divisibility and Primality location New York publisher Dover year 2005 isbn 0486442322 . Citation last Erdos first P. title On the Converse of Fermat s Theorem journal American Mathematical Monthly ... . Citation last Shanks first D. title Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory edition ... more details
Hypothesis, also known as Intergroup Contact Theory. The premise of Allport s theory states ...cleanup date September 2009 wikiversity In criminology , psychology , and sociology , the contact hypothesis ... conflict. ref Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. 2005 . An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In M ... found that the Contact Hypothesis is an effective technique for reducing prejudice and stereotyping ... hypothesis resulted from World War II. Due to a shortage of combat troops, General Dwight ... hypothesis is a very simple and optimistic and that contact would most likely gravitate ... theory to intergroup contact research. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14, 255 274. ref ..., D. 2005 The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis Communication Monographs , 72, 92 115 ref Extended Contact Hypothesis The extended contact hypothesis, put forward by Wright, Aron, McLaughlin Volpe, and Ropp ... Contact Hypothesis Schiappa, Gregg and Hewes proposed a communication analogue to Allport s 1954 Contact Hypothesis named the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis. Two years after the release of Gordon ... and prejudices. The theory works under the assumption that people cognitively process mass mediated .... ref name Schiappa A complementary approach to the parasocial contact hypothesis is provided by Ortiz ... via Other Media In addition to work on the parasocial contact hypothesis, additional research has ... ref Contact Hypothesis and Homosexuality The Contact Hypothesis has proven to be highly effective in alleviating prejudice directed toward homosexuals. Applying the Contact Hypothesis to heterosexuals .... 1987 The instrumentality of attitudes Toward a neofunctional theory. Journal of Social Issues, 42 ..., and businesses use the contact hypothesis technique. Having the two groups in competitions ... hypothesis is in the juvenile system. Petty criminals perform community service together to decrease ... that the groups will find cohesion. The Contact Hypothesis Allport, 1954 , has influenced a broad ... more details
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