Taxobox name Homininae image South Djoum Chimp.jpg image width 250px image caption Common Chimpanzee br in Cameroon s South Province, Cameroon South Province regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s infraordo Simiiformes superfamilia Hominoidea familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae subfamilia authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1825 subdivision ranks Tribe biology Tribes subdivision Gorillini br Hominini br and see text Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae , which includes humans , gorilla s and chimpanzee s, and some extinct human relatives it comprises all those wikt hominid hominids , such as Australopithecus , that arose after the split from the other great ape s. Until 1980, the family Hominidae contained only human s, with the great ape s in the family Pongidae ... apes now Ponginae and humans Homininae united in Hominidae. ref name Goodman1 cite journal ..., hence their current placement in Homininae. ref name Goodman2 cite journal journal Journal ... frame left Hominoid family tree The subfamily Homininae can be further subdivided into the Tribe ... humans lineage. They suggest that the Homininae tribes diverged not earlier than about ... is a member of the subfamily Homininae, a hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, and a hominoid is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea. Taxonomic classification Subfamily Homininae Tribe Gorillini ... genus Homo Human , Homo sapiens Modern Human, Homo sapiens sapiens References Wikispecies Homininae Wikibooks Dichotomous Key Homininae reflist Hominidae nav Apes Category Apes ar ca Homin cs Homininae da Abemennesker de Homininae et Homininae el es Homininae eo Homenoj eu Homininae fa fr Homininae ko hr Homininae is Homininae it Homininae he la Homininae lv Homininae nl Homininae ja pl Homininae pt Homininae ru sk Hominini fi Homininae tr Homininae vi Ph n h Ng i zh ... more details
of Nakalipithecus is twofold first, together with Ouranopithecus it provides evidence that the Homininae ... Great Apes went extinct in Africa and that the Homininae were originally an Asia n lineage which only ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 In phylogenetics , a basal clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram . A basal group forms an Outgroup cladistics outgroup to the rest of the clade, such as in the following example phylogeny Basal group clade Non basal group Non basal group Non basal group Non basal group The word basal is preferred to the term primitive , which may carry false connotations of inferiority or a lack of complexity. The term basal can only be correctly applied to clades of organisms, not to individual traits possessed by the organisms although it can be misused in this manner in technical literature. While the term basal applies to clades, characters or traits are usually considered derived if they are absent in a basal group, but present in other groups. This assumption only holds true if the basal group is a good analogy for the last common ancestor of the group. As an example, the flowering plant family Amborellaceae is considered the most basal Lineage evolution lineage of extant angiosperm s. clade phylogeny Amborellales Clade Monocot s Magnoliid s Eudicot s In animal family Hominidae , the gorillas are an outgroup to chimpanzees and humans. These three species, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans form a clade, the subfamily Homininae , of which gorillas are the basal member. clade phylogeny Clade Human s Chimpanzee s Gorilla s However, in the family Hominidae, the orangutans form an outgroup to the subfamily Homininae, the clade to which gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans all belong. clade phylogeny Clade Humans Chimpanzees Gorillas Orangutan s References cite journal title A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla first1 Graham E. last1 Budd first2 S ren last2 Jensen journal Biological Reviews publisher Cambridge University Press volume 75 issue 2 year 2000 doi 10.1017 S000632310000548X pages 253 95 pmid 10881389 Category Phylogenetics ca Basal filog nia es Basal fr Base phylog n ... more details
For an explanation of very similar terms Hominidae Taxobox name Hominini image Male Bonobo Lola ya Bonobo 2008.jpg image width 230px image caption Male Bonobo regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s superfamilia Ape Hominoidea familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini tribus authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1825 subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision Subtribe Panina Chimpanzee Pan chimpanzee s Subtribe Hominina Homo genus Homo human s Paranthropus Australopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Kenyanthropus Hominini is the tribe biology tribe of Homininae that comprises homo genus Humans Homo , and two species of the genus Chimpanzee Pan the Common Chimpanzee and the Bonobo , their ancestors, and the extinct lineages of their common ancestor but see the discussion below for alternative vies . Members of the tribe are called hominins cf. Hominidae , hominids . The subtribe Hominina is the human branch, including genus Homo and its close relatives, but not Pan . The creation of this taxon is the result of the current idea that the least similar species of a trichotomy should be separated from the other two. Through DNA comparison, scientists believe the Pan Homo divergence occurred no more than 6.3 million years ago and probably less than 5.4 million years ago, after an unusual process of speciation that ranged over four million years. ref name split cite web url http www.eurekalert.org pub releases 2006 05 biom hac051106.php title Human and chimp genomes reveal new twist on origin of species accessdate 2007 04 12 date 2006 05 17 work http www.eurekalert.org EurekAlert AAAS ref Few fossil specimens on the Pan side of the split have been found, the first fossil chimpanzee discovery being published in 2005, ref name McBrearty cite journal author McBrearty, Sally and Nina G. Jablonski year 2005 title First fossil chimpanzee journal Nature volume 437 issue 7055 pages 105 108 doi 10.1038 nature04008 pmid 16136135 ref dating ... more details
Taxobox name Ouranopithecus macedoniensis fossil range Miocene image Ouranopithecus macedoniensis.jpg image width 250px image caption Ouranopithecus macedoniensis skull, Mus um national d histoire naturelle , Paris regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae genus Ouranopithecus redirects here, but see doi 10.1537 ase.070501 species O. macedoniensis binomial Ouranopithecus macedoniensis binomial authority Bonis & Melentis, 1977 Ouranopithecus macedoniensis , sometimes called Graecopithecus freybergi , is a prehistoric hominid species found in Greece and dated to the late Miocene . ref cite doi 10.1016 j.jhevol.2004.01.006 ref Based on O. macedoniensis s dental and facial anatomy , it is possible that O. macedoniensis was a dryopithecine . However, O. macedoniensis seems to be more closely related to orangutan s in subfamily Ponginae while the most of Dryopithecinae are more closely related to the other great apes in Homininae and a few are considered to be outside of the ape clade altogether. One distinctive trait that Ouranopithecus shares with the humans and other modern African apes is the frontal sinus , a cavity in the forehead. Some investigators consider it possible that O. macedoniensis was the last common ancestor of the great apes and the humans. ref cite doi 10.1038 345712a0 ref Morphology O. macedoniensis had a large, broad face with a prominent supraorbital torus . It also had square shaped orbits. O. macedoniensis may have had a relative large body size. O. macedoniensis s Molar tooth molar Tooth enamel enamel cover was fairly thick and had low cusps. Sexual dimorphism is evident by the teeth . The male O. macedoniensis had large canine teeth with shearing lower premolar s. Diet Based on the heavily pitted surface of the second molar of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis , it is assumed that its diet consisted of harder foods such as nut fruit nuts or tubers . ref cite web l ... more details
Barry Bogin born May 20, 1950 is an American physical anthropologist trained at Temple University that researches Child development Physical growth physical growth in Maya peoples Guatemala Guatemalan Maya children, and is a theorist upon the human evolution evolutionary origins of human childhood . He is presently at Loughborough University in the UK, after professorships at the University of Michigan Dearborn , and Wayne State University . During 1974 1976, he was a visiting Professor at the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala . Human evolution Barry Bogin is notable for arguing that human evolution introduced two new pre reproductive stages, childhood and adolescence , into Human development biology Physical stages development . He argues that these stages are absent in the pattern of growth in nonhuman mammals , in particular, in other Homininae such as chimpanzees . This makes them biologically specific to humans . He further argues that the physical, behavioral, and emotional characteristics of children and adolescents that derive from these two stages play a key role in creating modern human adults. According to him, appreciating this aspect of human evolution has important implications for child development theory and practice in development psychology psychology , Educational psychology education , and child welfare. Guatemalan children Starting in 1974 Bogin began research on the physical development of Maya peoples Guatemala Guatemalan Maya children, and their families. Since 1992 he has researched Maya child growth and development after migration to the United States. The purpose of this research has been document and model the social, economic, and political influences on differences in Child development Physical growth physical growth and health between Maya children living in Guatemala compared to those in the USA. Books citation date 2001 author Bogin, Barry title Patterns of Human Growth edition 2nd place Cambridge, UK & New York publisher Cambridge ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Kenyanthropus platyops fossil range Pliocene image image width 230px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae genus ? Kenyanthropus species K. platyops binomial Kenyanthropus platyops binomial authority Leakey et al., 2001 Kenyanthropus platyops is a 3.5 to 3.2 million year old Pliocene hominin fossil that was discovered in Lake Turkana , Kenya in 1999 by Justus Erus, who was part of Meave Leakey s team. ref http www.talkorigins.org faqs homs wt40000.html Kenyanthropus platyops Bot generated title ref Leakey 2001 proposes that the fossil represents an entirely new hominine genus , while others classify it as a separate species of Australopithecus , Australopithecus platyops , and yet others interpret it as an individual of Australopithecus afarensis . Discovery and interpretations Image kenyanthropus platyops.jpg thumb left Kenyanthropus platyops The fossil found features a broad flat face with a toe bone that suggests it probably walked upright. Teeth are transitional fossil intermediate between typical human and typical ape forms. Kenyanthropus platyops , which means Flat faced man of Kenya a name given by Meave Leakey , is the only described species in the genus. However, if some paleoanthropologist s are correct, Kenyanthropus may not even represent a valid taxon, as the specimen KNM WT 40000 ref KNM WT 40000 is short for K enya N ational M useum where it is housed W est T urkana where it was found and 40000 the museum acquisition number ref is so distorted by matrix filled cracks that meaningful morphological characteristics are next to impossible to assess with confidence. It may simply be a specimen of Australopithecus afarensis , which is known from the same time period and geographic area, or its own species within Australopithicus , A. platyops . Other researches speculate that the flatter face position of the rough cranium is similar to KNM ER 1470 Homo rudol ... more details
the Hominidae family now contained the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae . Again, the three ... to the placing of the African apes in the subfamily Homininae, forming another three way split. This classification ... of the subfamily Homininae into the tribes Gorillini African apes and Hominini humans . File Hominoid ... Homininae, gorillas are the outgroup. This suggests that chimpanzees should be in Hominini along ... more details
italictitle Incertae sedis Latin for of uncertain placement , abbreviation abbreviated inc. sed. , is a term used to define a taxonomy taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. ref http plants.usda.gov faq.html United States Department of Agriculture ref Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by incertae familiae , incerti subordinis , incerti ordinis and similar terms. ref name Matthews1973 cite journal url http palaeontology.palass pubs.org pdf Vol 2016 Pages 20713 719.pdf author Matthews, S. C. year 1973 title Notes on open nomenclature and synonymy lists journal Palaeontology journal Palaeontology volume 16 pages 713 719 ref wiktionary Examples The taxonomy for human s is usually recognized as follows Kingdom biology Kingdom Animal ia along with all other animals Phylum Chordata along with all other vertebrates and the invertebrate chordates Class biology Class Mammal ia along with all other mammals Order biology Order Primate s along with all other primates Family Hominidae along with all other great apes Genus Homo genus Homo along with Homo erectus and other prehistoric humans Species H. sapiens humans If modern humans were newly discovered or considered to be a taxonomic enigma, they might be given the rank of incertae sedis . For example, if it were uncertain how Homo genus Homo related to other members of the family Hominidae , a list of the great apes would look like this Kingdom Animal ia Phylum Chordate Chordata Class Mammal ia Order Primate s Family Hominidae Genus Homo genus Homo incertae sedis Subfamily Ponginae orangutan Subfamily Homininae gorilla and chimpanzees Likewise, if humans were known to be primates, but no other relationships were clear, a taxonomy of the primates would look like this Kingdom Animal ia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Genus Homo genus Homo incertae sedis Suborder Strepsirrhini non tarsier prosimians Suborder Haplorrhini tarsiers, monkeys and apes The use of ques ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Australopithecus bahrelghazali status Fossil image image width 200px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae genus Australopithecus species A. bahrelghazali binomial Australopithecus bahrelghazali binomial authority Michel Brunet paleontologist Brunet et al., 1995 Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a fossil hominin that was first discovered in 1993 ref Brunet, Michel, Beauvilain, Alain, Coppens, Yves, Heintz, Emile, Moutaye, Aladji H.E., and David Pilbeam . 1995 The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley Chad . Nature 378 273 275. ref by the paleontologist Michel Brunet paleontologist Michel Brunet in the Bahr el Ghazal its NOT the homonymous Sudanese valley valley near Koro Toro , in Chad , that Brunet named Abel hominid Abel . It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa 3.6 million years ago. ref Anne Elisabeth Lebatard, Didier L. Bourl s, Philippe Duringer, Marc Jolivet, R gis Braucher, Julien Carcaillet, Mathieu Schuster, Nicolas Arnaud, Patrick Moni , Fabrice Lihoreau, Andossa Likius, Hassan Taisso Mackaye, Patrick Vignaud, and Michel Brunet 2008 http www.pnas.org cgi content abstract 0708015105v1 Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus bahrelghazali Mio Pliocene hominids from Chad . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 105 9 3226 3231 ref The find consists of a mandibular fragment, a lower second incisor, both lower canines, and all four of its premolars, still affixed within the dental alveoli . The specimen s proper name is KT 12 H1 Abel is the informal name, a dedication to Brunet s deceased colleague Abel Brillanceau. The specimen located roughly 2,500 kilometers West from the East Africa n Great Rift Valley . The mandible KT 12 H1 discovered has similar features to the dentition of Australopithecus afarensis this has brought researchers like William Kimbel to argue that Abel is not ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Homo gautengensis fossil range Pleistocene status extinct image image caption image2 image2 alt image2 caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini subtribus Hominina genus Homo genus Homo species H. gautengensis binomial Homo gautengensis binomial authority Curnoe, 2010 synonyms range map range map width range map caption Homo gautengensis is, as of May 2010, the earliest recognized species in the genus Homo . Discovery and analysis Analysis announced in May 2010 of a partial skull found decades earlier in South Africa s Sterkfontein Caves near Johannesburg identified the species, named Homo gautengensis by anthropologist Dr Darren Curnoe of the UNSW School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences. While earlier fossils belong to the genus Homo , none have yet been classified in any species. ref cite journal journal Journal of Comparative Human Biology author Curnoe, D. doi 10.1016 j.jchb.2010.04.002 title A review of early Homo in southern Africa focusing on cranial, mandibular and dental remains, with the description of a new species Homo gautengensis sp. nov. year 2010 pmid 20466364 volume 61 issue 3 pages 151 77 ref The species first remains were originally discovered in 1977 but had been left largely ignored. ref name UNSW http www.science.unsw.edu.au news new species of human New species of human ancestor identified ref They had been catalogued Stw 53 and were noted as being anomalous. ref name Springer http www.springerlink.com content y076510l33023557 Reappraisal of the taxonomic status of the cranium Stw 53 from the Plio Pleistocene of Sterkfontein, in South Africa ref Background Identification of H. gautengensis was based on partial skulls, several jaws, teeth and other bones found at various times at the Caves. It emerged over 2 million years ago and died out approximately 600,000 years ago, and is believed to have arisen earlier ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Orrorin tugenensis fossil range Miocene image Orrorin tugenensis.jpg image width 250px image caption Orrorin tugenensis fossils regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini subtribus Hominina genus Orrorin genus authority harvnb Senut Pickford Gommery Mein 2001 species O. tugenensis binomial Orrorin tugenensis binomial authority harvnb Senut Pickford Gommery Mein 2001 Orrorin tugenensis is considered to be the second oldest after Sahelanthropus known hominin ancestor that is possibly related to modern human s, and it is the only species classified in genus Orrorin . Orrorin is significant because it can be an early Bipedalism bipedal hominin. no refs The name ref Tugenensis from Tugen Hills , and Orrorin from local language original man it was also nicknamed the Millenium Man . harvnb Haviland Prins Walrath McBride 2007 p 122 ref was given by the discoverers who found Orrorin fossil s in the Tugen Hills of Kenya . ref name Haviland 2007 p122 harvnb Haviland Prins Walrath McBride 2007 p 122 ref By analysing radiometric dating radiometric decay K Ar dating , paleomagnetism , and biochronology the age of the specimen have been estimated to mya 6 5.8 million years Ma average mya 6.1 Ma . At present, 20 fossils have been found at four sites in the Lukeino Formation of these, the fossils at Cheboit and Aragai are the oldest mya 6.1 Ma , while those in Kapsomin and Kapcheberek are found in the upper levels of the formation mya 5.7 Ma . ref name Henke 2007 harvnb Henke 2007 pp 1527 9 ref Fossils The 20 specimen found this far include the posterior part of mandible in two pieces a symphysis according to ref, not sure what was found and several isolated teeth three fragments of femur s a partial humerus a proximal Phalanx bones phalanx and a distal thumb phalanx. ref name Henke 2007 Orrorin had small teeth relative its body size. Its dentition differs from that found in Austr ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Australopithecus anamensis fossil range Pliocene image regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominid ae subfamilia Homininae genus Australopithecus species A. anamensis binomial Australopithecus anamensis binomial authority Meave Leakey M.G. Leakey et al., 1995 Australopithecus anamensis or Praeanthropus anamensis is a stem group stem Homo sapiens human species that lived approximately four million years ago. Nearly one hundred fossil specimens are known from Kenya ref name M. G. Leakey, C. S. Feibel, I. MacDougall & A. Walker 565 571 cite journal author M. G. Leakey, C. S. Feibel, I. MacDougall & A. Walker date 1995 08 17 title New four million year old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya journal Nature journal Nature pmid 7637803 volume 376 issue 6541 pages 565 571 doi 10.1038 376565a0 ref ref cite journal author M. G. Leakey, C. S. Feibel, I. McDougall, C. Ward & A. Walker date 1998 05 07 title New specimens and confirmation of an early age for Australopithecus anamensis journal Nature journal Nature pmid 9590689 volume 393 issue 6680 pages 62 66 doi 10.1038 29972 ref and Ethiopia , ref name WhiteEtal2006nature04629 cite journal author T. D. White, G. WoldeGabriel, B. Asfaw, S. Ambrose, Y. Beyene, R. L. Bernor, J. R. Boisserie, B. Currie, H. Gilbert, Y. Haile Selassie, W. K. Hart, L. J. Hlusko, F. C. Howell, R. T. Kono, T. Lehmann, A. Louchart, C. O. Lovejoy, P. R. Renne, H. Saegusa, E. S. Vrba, H. Wesselman & G. Suwa date 2006 04 13 title Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus journal Nature journal Nature pmid 16612373 volume 440 issue 7086 pages 883 889 doi 10.1038 nature04629 ref representing over 20 individuals. Discovery File Australopithecus anamensis bone University of Zurich .JPG thumb left A. anamensis bone at the University of Zurich The first fossilized specimen of the species, though not recognized as such at the time, was a single fragment of humerus arm bone fo ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Paranthropus robustus fossil range Pliocene Pleistocene image Original of Paranthropus robustus Face.jpg image width 225px image caption Original Skull of Paranthropus robustus at the Transvaal Museum regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae genus Paranthropus species P. robustus binomial Paranthropus robustus binomial authority Robert Broom Broom , 1938 Paranthropus robustus was originally discovered in Southern Africa in 1938. The development of P. robustus , namely in Human cranium cranial features, seemed to be aimed in the direction of a heavy chewing complex . Because of the definitive traits that are associated with this robust line of australopithecine , anthropologist Robert Broom erected the genus Paranthropus and placed this species into it. Paranthropus robustus considered for a time by the scientific community as Australopithecus robustus is generally dated to have lived between 2.0 and 1.2 million years ago. P. robustus had large sagittal crests, jaws, jaw muscles, and post canine teeth that were adapted to serve in the dry environment that they lived in. After Raymond Dart s discovery of Australopithecus africanus , Broom had been in favour of Dart s claims about Australopithecus africanus being an ancestor of Homo sapiens . Broom was a Scotland Scottish doctor then working in South Africa who began making his own excavation in Southern Africa to find more specimens, which Dart had found earlier. In 1938, at 70 years old, Broom, excavating at Kromdraai, South Africa discovered pieces of a skull and teeth which resembled Dart s Australopithecus africanus find, but the skull had some robust characteristics. The fossils included parts of a skull and teeth all dated to 2 million years old. Fossil sites found on Paranthropus robustus are found only in South Africa in Kromdraai , Swartkrans , Drimolen, Gondolin Cave Gondolin and Coopers Cave South Africa Coopers . In t ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Robust australopithecines fossil range Pleistocene image Australopithecus boisei P1060081.jpg image width 200px image caption Skull of Paranthropus boisei regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini subtribus Hominina genus Paranthropus genus authority Robert Broom Broom , 1938 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Paranthropus aethiopicus br Paranthropus boisei br Paranthropus robustus The robust australopithecines , members of the extinct hominin genus Paranthropus Greek para beside , Greek anthropos human , were bipedal hominids that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominids Australopithecus . ref name Dawkins2004 cite book last Dawkins first Richard title The Ancestor s Tale A Pilgrimage To the Dawn of Life year 2004 publisher Weidenfeld & Nicolson location London isbn 0 297 82503 8 page 77 ref Description Image Paranthropus boisei.JPG thumb left Paranthropus boisei reconstruction All species of Paranthropus were bipedal, and many lived during a time when species of the genus Homo genus Homo which were possibly descended from Australopithecus , were prevalent. Paranthropus first appeared roughly 2.7 million years ago. Most species of Paranthropus had a brain about 40 percent of the size of a modern human . There was some size variation between the different species of Paranthropus , but most stood roughly 1.3 1.4 m 4.26 to 4.59 feet tall and were quite well muscled. Paranthropus is thought to have lived in wooded areas rather than the grasslands of the Australopithecus . citation needed date October 2010 The behavior of Paranthropus was quite different from that of the genus Homo , in that it was not as adaptable to its environment or as resourceful. Evidence of this exists in the form of its physiology which was specifically tailored to a diet of grubs and plants. This would have made it more reliant on favorable environmental con ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Homo antecessor fossil range Early Pleistocene image Homo antecessor.jpg image width 200px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata subphylum Vertebrate Vertebrata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s subordo Haplorrhini parvordo Catarrhini superfamilia Hominoidea familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini genus Homo genus Homo species H. antecessor binomial Homo antecessor binomial authority J. M. Bermudez de Castro Bermudez de Castro et al. , 1997 Homo antecessor is an extinct Homo human species or subspecies dating from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago, that was discovered by Eudald Carbonell , Juan Luis Arsuaga and J. M. Berm dez de Castro. H. antecessor is one of the earliest known human varieties in Europe . Various archaeology archaeologists and anthropology anthropologists Who date September 2010 have debated how H. antecessor related to other Homo species in Europe, with suggestions that it was an evolutionary link between Homo ergaster H. ergaster and Homo heidelbergensis H. heidelbergensis , although Richard Klein believes that it was instead a separate species that evolved from H. ergaster . ref Klein, Richard. 2009. Hominin Disperals in the Old World in The Human Past , ed. Chris Scarre, 2nd ed., p. 108. ref Others Who date April 2010 believe that H. antecessor is in fact the same species as H. heidelbergensis , who inhabited Europe from 600,000 to 250,000 years ago in the Pleistocene . The best preserved fossil is a maxilla that belonged to a 10 year old individual found in Spain . Based on Paleomagnetism palaeomagnetic measurements, it is thought to be older than 780 857 Kiloannum ka . ref Falgu res, Christophe J. Bahain Y. Yokoyama, J. Arsuaga, J. Bermudez de Castro, E. Carbonell, J. Bischoff and J. Dolo 1999 Earliest humans in Europe the age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain Journal of Human Evolution 37 3 4 343 352 351 . ref The average brain was 1,000 cm in volume. In 1994 and 1995, 80 fossils of six indiv ... more details
, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans 15,000,000 years ago subfamily Homininae Humans, chimpanzees ... speciate from the ancestors of the gibbon lesser apes . valign TOP align RIGHT nowrap 13 Ma Homininae ... early Hominini hominin genus subfamily Homininae . Two species are described in the literature A. ramidus ... more details
Taxobox fossil range Pliocene image Ardi.jpg image width 250px image caption Ardipithecus ramidus specimen, nicknamed Ardi regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini genus Ardipithecus genus authority Tim D. White White et al., 1995 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Ardipithecus kadabba br Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus is a very early Hominini hominin genus . Two species are described in the literature A. ramidus , which lived about 4.4 million years ago ref name NatGeo News cite web url http news.nationalgeographic.com news 2001 07 0712 ethiopianbones.html title Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor first David last Perlman publisher National Geographic News date July 12, 2001 accessdate July 2009 quote Another co author is Tim D. White, a paleoanthropologist at UC Berkeley who in 1994 discovered a pre human fossil, named Ardipithecus ramidus, that was then the oldest known, at 4.4 million years. ref during the early Pliocene , and A. kadabba , dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago late Miocene . ref name AndThePaleobiology Ardipithecus ramidus Image Map of the fossil sites of the earliest hominids 35.8 3.3M BP .svg thumb left Map showing discovery location A. ramidus was named in September 1994. The first fossil find was dated to 4.4 million years ago based on its interval between two volcanic stratum strata the basal Tuff Gaala Tuff Complex GATC and the basalt Daam Aatu Basaltic Tuff DABT . ref cite doi 10.1038 371306a0 ref The name Ardipithecus ramidus stems mostly from the Afar language , in which Ardi means ground floor and ramid means root . The pithecus portion of the name is from the Greek language Greek word for ape . ref name NOVA cite web title NOVA, Aliens from Earth Who s who in human evolution last Tyson first Peter year 2009 month October publisher PBS accessdate 2009 10 08 url http www.pbs.org wgbh nova hobbit tree nf.html ref Its dis ... more details
Cleanup date February 2009 italictitle Taxobox name Sahelanthropus tchadensis br Touma fossil range Late Miocene image Sahelanthropus tchadensis TM 266 01 060 1.jpg image width 230 px image caption Cast of a Sahelanthropus tchadensis skull Toumai regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini subtribus Hominina genus Sahelanthropus genus authority Brunet et al. , 2002 ref Usually, all authors of a taxon description are cited. In this case they are so many however that for layout reasons the list is abbreviated. The full citation is br Brunet, Guy, Pilbeam, Mackaye, Likius, Ahounta, Beauvilain, Blondel, Bocherens, Boisserie, De Bonis, Coppens, Dejax, Denys, Duringer, Eisenmann, Fanone, Fronty, Geraads, Lehmann, Lihoreau, Louchart, Mahamat, Merceron, Mouchelin, Otero, Pelaez Campomanes, Ponce de Le n, Rage, Sapanet, Schuster, Sudre, Tassy, Valentin, Vignaud, Viriot, Zazzo, & Zollikofer, 2002. ref species S. tchadensis binomial Sahelanthropus tchadensis binomial authority Brunet et al. , 2002 Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct hominid species that is dated to about mya 7 . Whether it can be regarded as part of the Hominina tree is unclear there are arguments both supporting and rejecting it. Another complication in its classification is that it is older than the Chimpanzee human last common ancestor human chimpanzee divergence estimated to mya 6.3 5.4 seen in genetic data, ref name BBC May 2006 cite news title Evolution s human and chimp twist publisher BBC date May 18, 2006 accessdate April 2010 url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 4991470.stm ref and that there are few if any specimens other than the partial Human cranium cranium known as Touma . Fossils Image Djourab, Chad Sahelanthropus tchadensis 2001 discovery map.png thumb left Location of discovery Image Sahelanthropus tchadensis TM 266 location.jpg thumb left Detail of map Image SahelanthropusCL.png thumb left Rest ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Homo heidelbergensis fossil range Pleistocene image Homo heidelbergensis Cranium 5.jpg image width 250px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primates familia Hominid ae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini subtribus Hominina genus Homo genus Homo species H. heidelbergensis binomial Homo heidelbergensis binomial authority Otto Schoetensack Schoetensack , 1908 Homo heidelbergensis Heidelberg Man , named after the University of Heidelberg is an extinct species of the genus Homo genus Homo which may be ref Mounier,Aur lien Fran ois Marchal and Silvana Condemi Is Homo heidelbergensis a distinct species? New insight on the Mauer mandible Journal of Human Evolution Volume 56, Issue 3, March 2009, Pages 219 246 http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WJS 4VPV8MK 1& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 0524cb2987ebab926c9a3991493ddc48 ref the direct ancestor of both Homo neanderthalensis in Europe and Homo sapiens . ref cite journal title Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene The Role of Homo heidelbergensis author Rightmire, G. P. journal Evolutionary Anthropology year 1998 issue 6 url http www.archeo.uw.edu.pl zalaczniki upload23.pdf pages 218 227 volume 6 doi 10.1002 SICI 1520 6505 1998 6 6 218 AID EVAN4 3.0.CO 2 6 ref The best evidence found for these hominin date between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago. H. heidelbergensis stone tool technology was very close to that of the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus . Morphology and interpretations Image Homo heidelbergensis 10233446 .jpg thumb left Reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis Both H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis are likely to be descended from the morphologically very similar Homo ergaster from Africa. But because H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain case with a typical cranial volume of 1100 1400 cm overlapping the 1350 cm average of modern human ... more details
Infobox short story See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name The Rats in the Walls author H. P. Lovecraft country United States language English genre Horror fiction Horror short story published in Weird Tales publisher media type Print Magazine pub date March, 1924 in literature 1924 The Rats in the Walls is a short story by American author H. P. Lovecraft . Written in August September 1923 in literature 1923 , it was first published in Weird Tales , March 1924 in literature 1924 . ref cite book last Straub first Peter title Lovecraft Tales publisher The Library of America year 2005 isbn 1 931082 72 3 page 823 ref Plot summary The Rats in the Walls is narrated by the scion of the Delapore family, who has moved from Massachusetts to his ancestral estate in England, known as Exham Priory. On several occasions, the protagonist and his cats, specifically his favorite cat, hear the eponymous sounds of rats scurrying behind the walls. Upon investigating further, he finds that his family maintained an underground city for centuries and that the inhabitants of the city fed on human flesh, even going so far as to raise generations of human cattle, who eventually began to de evolve due to their sub human living conditions. Another possibility is that Lovecraft is providing a suggestion of the fate of early pre human Homininae species following the rise of Homo sapiens . In the end, the protagonist, unknowingly maddened by the revelations of his family s past and driven by the stronger force of his own heritage, attacks one of his friends in the dark of the cavernous city and begins eating him. He is subsequently subdued and locked in a mental institution. Soon after, Exham Priory is destroyed. The protagonist of the story maintains his innocence, proclaiming that it was the rats, the rats in the walls, who ate the man. The rats still persist, however, as he continues to be plagued by the sounds and sights of rats in the walls of his cell. Inspirat ... more details
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