italictitle Orphan date February 2009 taxobox name BASEPAGENAME regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropoda classis Insect a subclassis Pterygota ordo Hymenoptera superfamilia Ichneumonoidea familia Braconidae subfamilia Microgastrinae genus Cotesia species Cotesia congregata Cotesia congregata is a parasite wasp of the genus Cotesia . Life cycle cleanup jargon date October 2007 Adult wasps lay their eggs in tobacco hornworm larva e 2nd or 3rd instar each instar is between moltings, i.e. the second instar is the life stage after the first molt and before the second molting and at the same time injects symbiotic viruses into the hemocoel of the host. The viruses knock down the internal defensive responses of the hornworm Buron and Beckage, 1992 Beckage, 1997 . The eggs hatch in the host hemocoel within two to three days and simultaneously release special cells from the egg chorion Buron and Beckage, 1997 . These special cells, called teratocyte s, grow to become giant cells visible to the naked eye. The function of teratocytes is not yet known but several roles have been hypothesized, such as inhibiting pupa tion or being involved in the depression of the host s defensive system see in Buron and Beckage, 1997 . Following hatching in the caterpillar, the wasp larvae will undergo 2 molts inside the host caterpillar s hemocoel and, after 12 to 16 days post oviposition, the 3rd instar wasp larvae will emerge out of the caterpillar and spin cocoons from which the adult wasps fly about 4 to 8 days later. From http 72.14.253.104 search?q cache qR6zds5sMQsJ www.zoo.utoronto.ca able volumes vol 22 10 deburon.pdf life cycle of cotesia congregata&hl en&ct clnk&cd 1&gl us C. congregata manipulates its host hemolymph ecdysteroid levels by interfering with the normal inhibitory mechanisms that prevent PTG prothoracic gland production and release of ecdysteroid at inappropriate periods of insect growth and development. However, the mechanism by which this action occurs is unknown. Perhaps, ... more details
is kept to a minimum by a reduction in the size of the body cavity. The hemocoel is divided ... of the hemocoel where exchanges of materials take place. Coordinated movements of the body ... more details
Sinus may refer to Anatomy In anatomy , where a sinus is a sac or cavity in any organ or tissue Sinus anatomy , description of the general term Paranasal sinuses , air cavities in the cranial bones, especially those near the nose, including the maxillary sinus es, also called the maxillary antra and the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are under the eyes, in the maxillary bones. the frontal sinus es, superior to the eyes, in the frontal bone , which forms the hard part of the forehead . the ethmoid sinus es, which are formed from several discrete air cells within the ethmoid bone between the nose and the eyes. the sphenoid sinus es, in the sphenoid bone at the center of the skull base under the pituitary gland . Anal sinuses , the furrows which separate the columns in the rectum Dural venous sinuses , venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain In the heart Sinus node , a structure in the superior part of the right atrium Sinus rhythm , normal beating on an ECG Coronary sinus , a vein collecting blood from the myocardium Sinus venosus , a cavity in the heart of embryos Sinus venarum , a part of the wall of the right atrium in adults, developed from the sinus venosus Other Sinus botany , a space or indentation, usually on a leaf Sinus Asperitatis , an area on the Moon Mathematics Sine a trigonometric math function Latin sinus See also Hemocoel , a space filled with hemolymph in organisms with open circulatory systems Sines, Portugal , a municipality in Alentejo Latin Sinus Sinusitis , a common ailment resulting in the inflammation of the paranasal sinuses disambig de Sinus Begriffskl rung fr Sinus he io Sinuso nl Sinus ru sl Sinus ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 Taxobox name Coitocaecum parvum image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Platyhelminthes classis Trematoda subclassis Digenea ordo Plagiorchiida familia Opecoelidae genus Coitocaecum species parvum Coitocaecum parvum is a digeneic trematode Platyhelminthes that parasitizes the intestine of the common bully Gobiomorphus cotidianus or upland bully G. breviceps . The common and upland bully are freshwater fish of New Zealand that C. parvum uses as its definitive host. C. parvum is a hermaphroditic freshwater trematode that can omit its definitive host and produce eggs by selfing or progenesis inside its amphipod second intermediate host Lagrue et al., 2001 Life Cycle The life cycle of C. parvum begins when eggs are released into the water and hatch into free swimming miracidia. The miracidia then penetrate the first intermediate host, P. antipodarum snail , where they multiply and develop into sporocysts. Next, free living cercariae are asexually produced from the sporocysts and shed by the snails. These shed cercarial larvae then penetrate the hemocoel of the second interemediate host, Paracalliope fluviatilis amphipod and encyst as metacercariae Kelly, 2009 . At this stage, the metacercariae have two options 1 Wait for the bully definitive host to eat the amphipod or 2 undergo selfing progenesis . C. parvum will take up residence in the bully intestine where it will mature and reproduce eggs sexually if it finds a partner or via self fertilization since trematodes are hermaphroditic . However, if the amphipod is not eaten, the C. parvum metacercariae mature within the amphipod where they produce viable eggs within the cyst in the hemocoel body cavity Lefebvre, 2005 . Eggs produced in this fashion remain enclosed in the cyst until the amphipod dies. After amphipod death, the eggs are released into the water where they hatch into miracidia and are infective to the snail Kelly, 2009 . The process of maturing within the intermediate host and e ... more details
Taxobox name Mansonella streptocerca regnum Animal ia phylum Roundworm Nematoda classis Secernentea ordo Spirurida familia Onchocercidae genus Mansonella species M . streptocerca binomial Mansonella streptocerca Mansonella streptocerca , formerly Diptalonema streptocerca , is the scientific name of a human parasitic roundworm causing the disease of streptocerciasis . It is a common parasite in the skin of humans in the rain forests of Africa, where it is thought to be a parasite of chimpanzees as well. ref foundations of parasitology, 8th ed, p 473 474... from Meyers, 2000, in Hunter s tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease 8th ed. ref Mansonella streptocerca is one of four filarial nematodes that cause Subcutaneous Filariasis in humans. The other three filarial nematodes are Loa loa the African eye worm , Onchocerca volvulus river blindness , and Dracunculus medinensis the guinea worm . Geographic Distribution West Africa. Life cycle The contraction of a Mansonella infection can be better understood through an understanding of its life cycle. The life cycle involves two stages one involving a Midge genus Culicoides and another involving a human host. First, a Midge ingests a blood meal from a human host. This allows a third stage filarial larvae to enter the bite wound. Once inside the dermis, the larvae develop into adults, usually less than 1 mm from the surface of the skin. In terms of size, the females can reach 27 mm in length, whereas the males can be around 50 micrometers in diameter. These adults then produce non periodic microfiliariae, which habituate in the skin but can also travel to the peripheral blood. These microfilariae are then passed onto the midge when the insect ingests a blood meal. Following the blood meal, microfilariae travel to the midge s midgut through the hemocoel to the thoracic muscles. In the thoracic muscles the microfiliariae develop into first stage larvae, followed up by third stage development. In this latte ... more details
An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insect s and kills or seriously disables them. Image Grasshoppers killed by Beauveria bassiana USDA.jpg thumb right Grasshopper s killed by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana Ascomycota Hypocreales Typical life cycle Image Pandora neoaphidis.jpg thumb right Green peach aphid , Myzus persicae , killed by the fungus Pandora neoaphidis Zygomycota Entomophthorales Scale bar 0.3 mm. These fungi usually attach to the external body surface of insects in the form of microscopic spore s usually asexual, mitosporic spores also called conidia . Under permissive conditions of temperature and usually high moisture, these spores germinate, grow as hyphae and colonize the insect s cuticle eventually they bore through it and reach the insects body cavity hemocoel . Then, the fungal cells proliferate in the host body cavity, usually as walled hyphae or in the form of wall less protoplast s depending on the fungus involved . After some time the insect is usually killed sometimes by fungal toxins and new propagules spores are formed in on the insect if environmental conditions are again permissive usually high humidity is required for sporulation . Groups The entomopathogenic fungi include taxa from several of the main fungal groups and do not form a monophyletic group. Many common and or important entomopathogenic fungi are in the order Hypocreales of the Ascomycota the asexual anamorph phases Beauveria bassiana Beauveria , Metarhizium , Nomuraea , Paecilomyces Isaria , Hirsutella and the sexual teleomorph state Cordyceps others Entomophthora , Zoophthora , Pandora , Entomophaga belong in the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota . Related fungi attack and kill other invertebrates e.g. nematodes . Use of entomopathogenic fungi in the biological control of pests Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomo ... more details
Cleanup date June 2010 Orphan date July 2010 Italic title Taxobox name Katharina tunicata image Katharina tunicata 2.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusc a classis Polyplacophora ordo Neoloricata subordo Ischnochitonina familia Mopaliidae genus Katharina species K. tunicata binomial Katharina tunicata binomial authority Wood, 1815 synonyms Katharina tunicata Wood, 1815 is commonly known as the Black Katy chiton, Black Leather chiton, Black chiton, or Leather chiton. Capable of growing up to 12 cm, ref http www.wallawalla.edu academics departments biology rosario inverts Mollusca Polyplacophora Katharina tunicata.html ref it s generally described as being football shaped with a black leathery girdle that embeds protective plates shaped like diamonds. Their underside is dull orange or yellow. ref name aknhp http aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu zoology species ADFG ADFG PDFs Invertebrates Black Katy Chiton ADFG web 053105.pdf ref Anatomy From the dorsal view, the mantle, girdle, and 8 valves are easily distinguishable. The girdle is covered with a chitinous cuticle. The ventral side shows the muscular foot surrounded by the gills on either side. This view also shows the mouth, anterior to the foot, and the anus, posterior to the foot encompassed by the mantle cavity and pallial fold which is then surrounded by the girdle. The gonopores are located at the posterior end just above the anus. The internal anatomy consists of a complete gut, a nervous system with two visceral nerve cords and two serving the foot, and a hemal system composed of the heart, vessels, and unlined sinuses that make the hemocoel . ref http webs.lander.edu rsfox invertebrates katharina.html ref Habitat Found in intertidal zones to 40m depths. Heavy waves on rocky shores are favorable. K. tunicata is unique compared to other chitons in that it tolerates direct sunlight. It s distribution ranges from Kamchatka Peninsula Kamchatka, Russia through the Aleutian Islands to southern California . This species is ... more details
in which fluid called hemolymph in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen ... fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all cell biology cell s. Hemolymph ... more details
system typical of the arthropods, in which a tube like heart pumps blood through the hemocoel ... of the embryo a much reduced coelom a hemocoel through which the blood circulates, driven by a tube ... body cavity is a hemocoel that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows, driven ... more details
up to forms a few meters long. Arthropods primary internal cavity is a hemocoel , which accommodates ... systems. Its place is largely taken by a hemocoel , a cavity that runs most of the length of the body ... is typically a muscular tube that runs just under the back and for most of the length of the hemocoel ... acid and other nitrogenous waste out of the blood in the hemocoel, and dumps these materials into the hindgut ... more details
taken by a hemocoel , a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows ... valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the hemocoel but prevent it from leaving before it reaches ... is discharged into the hemocoel by one artery that opens at the rear end of the abdomen and by branching ... tubes extract these wastes from the blood in the hemocoel and dump them into the cloaca l chamber ... more details
. The main body cavity is a hemocoel through which blood and coelomic fluid circulate and which encloses ... artery , which is fairly short and opens into the hemocoel. ref name RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen ... to the hemocoel and an outgoing one to the heart. ref name RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen Eating ... more details
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