PBB geneid 2746 GLUD1 Glutamatedehydrogenase1 is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme , with a key role in the nitrogen and glutamate Glu metabolism and the energy homeostasis. GLUD1 is expressed at high levels in liver , brain , pancreas and kidney , but not in muscle . In the pancreatic cells, GLUD1 is thought to be involved in insulin secretion mechanisms. In nervous tissue, where Glu is present in concentrations higher than in the other tissues, GLUD1 appears to function in both the synthesis and the catabolism of Glu and perhaps in ammonia detoxification. Structure Image GLUD1 f1.png thumb right 500px The domain structure of GLUD1 br Each domain is colored differently span style font weight bold span style background color rgb 254,198,254 Glu BD span , span style background color rgb 170,226,254 NAD P BD span , span style background color rgb 198,254,198 antena span , span style background color rgb 254,254,170 the pivot helix span span . The allosteric regulators are shown as sphere models. This particular structure of GLUD1 is a combination of two X ray structures one with a bound GTP ... of apo human glutamatedehydrogenase details subunit communication and allostery journal J ... CA, Smith TJ title Structural studies on ADP activation of mammalian glutamatedehydrogenase and the evolution ... Smith TJ, Peterson PE, Schmidt T, Fang J, Stanley CA title Structures of bovine glutamatedehydrogenase ... Peterson PE, Smith TJ title The structure of bovine glutamatedehydrogenase provides insights into the mechanism ... on bovine glutamatedehydrogenase diethyl pyrocarbonate modification journal Biochemistry volume 19 ... NK, Kresovali A, Papamatheakis J, Plaitakis A title Novel human glutamatedehydrogenase expressed ... 269 24 16971 ref References reflist External links MeshName Glutamatedehydrogenase CH NH2 oxidoreductases ... 4 sub sup sup Go 30 kJ.mol 1 formation. For this reason, it was thought that the enzyme played an important ... journal Biochem J. volume 363 issue Pt 1 pages 81 7 year 2002 url http www.biochemj.org bj 363 0081 ... more details
enzyme Name glutamatedehydrogenase EC number 1.4.1.2 CAS number 9001 46 1 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 2 GO code 0004352 image width caption enzyme Name glutamatedehydrogenase NAD P EC number 1.4.1.3 CAS number 9029 12 3 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 3 GO code 0004353 image width caption enzyme Name glutamatedehydrogenase NADP EC number 1.4.1.4 CAS number 9029 11 2 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 4 GO code 0004354 image width caption Glutamatedehydrogenase is an enzyme , present in most microbes and the mitochondria of eukaryotes , as are some of the other enzymes required for urea synthesis, that converts glutamate ... diphosphate GDP Isozymes Humans express the following glutamatedehydrogenase isozyme s protein Name GLUD1 glutamatedehydrogenase1 caption image width HGNCid 4335 Symbol GLUD1 AltSymbols GLUD ... via glutamate and amidotransferases. ref name Lightfoot 1988 cite journal author Lightfoot DA, Baron AJ, Wootton JC year 1988 title Expression of the Escherichia coli glutamatedehydrogenase gene in the cyanobacterium ... by the Escherichia coli glutamatedehydrogenase gene journal J. Biomed. Biotechnol. volume 2005 ... drought tolerance of transgenic Zea mays plants that express the glutamatedehydrogenase gene gdhA of E. coli journal Euphytica volume 156 issue 1 2 pages 103 116 doi 10.1007 s10681 007 9357 y ref ... sup or NADP sup sup is a Cofactor biochemistry cofactor for the glutamatedehydrogenase reaction, producing Ketoglutarate and ammonium as a byproduct. Based on which cofactor is used, glutamatedehydrogenase ... occurs through the actions of glutamatedehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase . Glutamate plays the central ... acceptor. Regulation of glutamatedehydrogenase In Humans, the activity of glutamatedehydrogenase ... these circumstances, glutamatedehydrogenase activity is raised in order to increase the amount of ... q Band 21.1 LocusSupplementaryData 24.3 protein Name GLUD2 glutamatedehydrogenase 2 caption image ... reactions References Reflist External links MeshName Glutamatedehydrogenase 1.4 enzyme stub CH NH2 ... more details
enzyme Name saccharopine dehydrogenase NAD , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.9 CAS number 37256 26 1 IUBMB EC number 1 5 1 9 GO code 0047131 image width caption In enzymology , a saccharopine dehydrogenase NAD , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.9 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction N sub 6 sub L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NAD sup sup H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L glutamate 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde NADH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are L glutamate , 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH group of donors with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NAD oxidoreductase L glutamate forming . Other names in common use include dehydrogenase, saccharopine nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, , glutamate forming , saccharopin dehydrogenase , NAD oxidoreductase L 2 aminoadipic delta semialdehyde and , glutamate forming , aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase , saccharopine dehydrogenase NAD , L glutamate forming , 6 N L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NAD oxidoreductase , and L glutamate forming . This enzyme participates in lysine degradation . References reflist 1 cite journal author Hutzler J, Dancis J date 1968 title Conversion of lysine to saccharopine by human tissues journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 158 pages 62&ndash 9 pmid 4385118 issue 1 cite journal author Markovitz PJ, Chuang DT, Cox RP date 1984 title Familial hyperlysinemias. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase with lysine ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... more details
PBB geneid 2911 The glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 , also known as GRM1 , is a human gene which encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 mGluR1 protein. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene GRM1 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch ... C, Holzwarth JA, Galvan M, Pruss RM title Human metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 mRNA distribution ... name entrez Studies with knockout mice Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were reported in 1994 ... modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 interact with a site distinct from that of negative ... Neuroprotective effects of the selective type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist YM 202074 ... metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist YM 230888 in chronic pain rodent models journal ... of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4 1 ... of a human metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 alpha enhanced coupling on co transfection with a glutamate ... of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue 21 pages 13089 ... al. title Homer regulates the association of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors with multivalent ... al. title Homer binds a novel proline rich motif and links group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors ... Assignment of the gene GRM1 coding for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 to human chromosome band ... for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 dimerization. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 275 issue 44 ...&issue 13&spage 2943 ref Function L glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ligand gated ion channel ionotropic and Metabotropic glutamate receptor metabotropic glutamate receptor s. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects ... glutamate receptors are a family of G protein coupled receptor s, that have been divided into 3 groups .... Group I includes GRM1 and Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 GRM5 and these receptors have ... more details
PBB geneid 57030 Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 VGLUT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A7 gene . ref name pmid8632143 cite journal author Ni B, Du Y, Wu X, DeHoff BS, Rosteck PR Jr, Paul SM title Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a human brain specific Na dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter journal J Neurochem volume 66 issue 6 pages 2227 38 year 1996 month Jul pmid 8632143 pmc doi ref ref name pmid10820226 cite journal author Aihara Y, Mashima H, Onda H, Hisano S, Kasuya H, Hori T, Yamada S, Tomura H, Yamada Y, Inoue I, Kojima I, Takeda J title Molecular cloning of a novel brain type Na dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter journal J Neurochem volume 74 issue 6 pages 2622 5 year 2000 month Jun pmid 10820226 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SLC17A7 solute carrier family 17 sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter , member 7 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch ... expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and complexin II mRNAs in schizophrenia further evidence for a synaptic pathology affecting glutamate neurons. journal Schizophrenia Research volume ... author Alonso Nanclares L, De Felipe J title Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 immunostaining in the normal and epileptic human cerebral cortex. journal Neuroscience volume 134 issue 1 pages 59 68 year ..., Plamont MA, et al. title Interaction between the vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 and endophilin ... of synaptic vesicles and functions in glutamate transport. The protein shares 82 identity with the differentiation ... Bellocchio EE, Reimer RJ, Fremeau RT, Edwards RH title Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles ..., Jahn R title Identification of a vesicular glutamate transporter that defines a glutamatergic phenotype ... of 21,243 full length human cDNAs. journal Nat. Genet. volume 36 issue 1 pages 40 ... glutamate transporters. journal Protein Sci. volume 16 issue 9 pages 1819 29 year 2007 pmid 17660252 ... more details
enzyme Name saccharopine dehydrogenase NADP , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.10 CAS number 9033 55 0 IUBMB EC number 1 5 1 10 GO code 0004755 image width caption In enzymology , a saccharopine dehydrogenase NADP , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.10 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction N sub 6 sub L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NADP sup sup H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L glutamate L 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde NADPH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are L glutamate , L 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH group of donors with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NADP oxidoreductase L glutamate forming . Other names in common use include saccharopine nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, , glutamate forming dehydrogenase , aminoadipic semialdehyde glutamic reductase , aminoadipate semialdehyde glutamate reductase , aminoadipic semialdehyde glutamate reductase , epsilon N L glutaryl 2 L lysine NAD P oxidoreductase , L 2 aminoadipate semialdehyde forming , saccharopine reductase , 6 N L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NADP oxidoreductase , and L glutamate forming . This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis and lysine degradation . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1E5L , PDB link 1E5Q , and PDB link 2AXQ . References reflist 1 cite journal author Jones EE, Broquist .... 3. Aminoadipic semialdehyde glutamate reductase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 3430&ndash ... more details
PBB geneid 3290 11 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is an NADPH dependent enzyme highly expressed .... ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene HSD11B1 hydroxysteroid 11 beta dehydrogenase1 url ... author Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, et al. title 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 ..., Balazs Z, et al. title Why is 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 facing the endoplasmic reticulum ... and aldosterone secreting adenomas express both 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type ... yes DEFAULTSORT 11b Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Category EC 1.1.1 Category Human proteins 1.1.1 enzyme stub de 11beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase1 ru 11 1 ... PC, Mune T, Agarwal AK title 11 beta Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. journal Endocr. Rev. volume 18 issue 1 pages 135 56 year 1997 pmid 9034789 doi ... of 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I enzyme and reduced co factor NADPH. journal Endocr .... volume 248 issue 1 2 pages 15 23 year 2006 pmid 16412558 doi 10.1016 j.mce.2005.11.040 cite journal author Wake DJ, Walker BR title Inhibition of 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in obesity. journal Endocrine volume 29 issue 1 pages 101 8 year 2006 pmid 16622297 doi 10.1385 ENDO 29 1 101 cite journal author Tannin GM, Agarwal AK, Monder C, et al. title The human gene for 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization. journal ... of human 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms using reverse transcriptase polymerase .... Endocrinol. volume 110 issue 1 2 pages R7 12 year 1995 pmid 7545619 doi 10.1016 0303 7207 95 03546 ... in the kidney isozyme of 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. journal Nat. Genet. volume 10 ... JM, Bujalska I, et al. title Immunohistochemical localization of type 1 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human tissues. journal J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. volume 83 issue 4 pages 1325 35 ... more details
Gene PDHA1 pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide alpha 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide alpha 1 References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further ... in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha gene. journal Hum. Mutat. volume 1 issue 2 pages ...PBB geneid 5160 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial is an enzyme ... text The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial matrix multienzyme complex ... dehydrogenase DLD MIM 238331 E3 EC 1.8.1.4 . The E1 enzyme is a heterotetramer of 2 alpha ... M, Brown RM title Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. journal J. Med. Genet. volume 31 issue 11 ... in mechanisms regulating glucose oxidation at the level of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by PDKs ... X linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit deficiency in heterozygous females variable manifestation ... in a female patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency due to rapid degradation of E1 protein ... author De Meirleir L, Lissens W, Vamos E, Liebaers I title Pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH deficiency ... HH title Characterization of the mutations in three patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha ... of the gene encoding the human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit. journal Gene volume 93 issue ... al. title Defective gene in lactic acidosis abnormal pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit caused ... gene for the E1 alpha subunit of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. journal Genomics volume ... dehydrogenase complex. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 264 issue 21 pages 12294 8 year 1989 pmid ... human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 86 issue ... of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 263 issue 4 pages 1991 5 year ... pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Isolation of cDNA clones for the E1 alpha subunit, sequence analysis ... of cDNAs encoding alpha and beta subunits of human pyruvate dehydrogenase. journal Proc. Natl. Acad ... more details
PBB geneid 1728 NAD P H dehydrogenase quinone 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NQO1 gene ... cite web title Entrez Gene NQO1 NAD P H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites ... yes DEFAULTSORT Nad P H Dehydrogenase Quinone 1 Category EC 1.6.5 Category NADPH dependent enzymes ... P H dehydrogenase quinone family and encodes a cytoplasmic 2 electron reductase. This FAD binding ... url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 21034357 ref Interactions NAD P H dehydrogenase quinone 1 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with HSPA4 . ref name pmid11821413 cite ... 1 journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 16 pages 14060 7 publisher location United States issn .... journal Gene volume 138 issue 1 2 pages 171 4 year 1994 pmid 8125298 doi 10.1016 0378 1119 94 ... 200 issue 1 2 pages 149 56 year 1997 pmid 9373149 doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 97 00411 3 cite journal author ... 1998 pmid 9579781 doi 10.1016 S0306 4522 97 00524 1 cite journal author Moran JL, Siegel D, Ross ... in NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase 1 NQO1 to benzene toxicity. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... in NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase NQO1 DIA4 and type 1 diabetes in the Danish population. DIEGG .... journal Hum. Mutat. volume 14 issue 1 pages 67 70 year 1999 pmid 10447260 doi 10.1002 SICI 1098 1004 1999 14 1 67 AID HUMU8 3.0.CO 2 5 cite journal author Eliasson M, Bostr m M, DePierre JW title ... prodrug 5 aziridin 1 yl 2,4 dinitrobenzamide CB1954 . journal J. Med. Chem. volume 42 issue 21 pages ... M1 and quinone oxidoreductase 1 and 2. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 288 issue 4 ... J, Ross D title NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase 1 expression in human bone marrow endothelial cells. journal Toxicol. Lett. volume 125 issue 1 3 pages 93 8 year 2001 pmid 11701227 doi 10.1016 S0378 4274 ... chaperone Hsp70 with human NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase 1. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue ... 1 in human cancer cells. journal Cancer Res. volume 62 issue 5 pages 1420 4 year 2002 pmid 11888914 ... more details
Wikify date January 2011 PBB geneid 4694 NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA1 gene . ref name pmid8938439 cite journal author Zhuchenko O, Wehnert M, Bailey J, Sun ZS, Lee CC title Isolation, mapping, and genomic structure of an X linked gene for a subunit of human mitochondrial complex I journal Genomics volume 37 issue 3 pages 281 8 year 1997 month Mar pmid 8938439 pmc doi 10.1006 geno.1996.0561 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene NDUFA1 NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone 1 alpha subcomplex, 1, 7.5kDa url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 4694 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The human NDUFA1 gene codes for an essential component of complex I of the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. It has been noted that the N terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an alpha helix spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane with a C terminal hydrophilic domain interacting with globular subunits of complex I. The highly conserved two domain structure suggests that this feature is critical for the protein function and might act as an anchor for the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the NDUFA1 peptide is one of about 31 components of the " hydrophobic protein" HP fraction of complex I which is involved in proton translocation. Thus the NDUFA1 peptide may also participate in that function. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Smeitink J, van ... 10.1074 jbc.M202016200 cite journal author Man PY, Brown DT, Wehnert MS, et al. title NDUFA 1 is not a nuclear ... encephalomyopathy. journal Ann. Neurol. volume 61 issue 1 pages 73 83 year 2007 pmid 17262856 doi 10.1002 ... more details
A dehydrogenase also called DHO in the literature is an enzyme that oxidize s a substrate biochemistry substrate by transferring one or more hydride s H sup sup to an acceptor, usually Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup NADP NADP sup sup or a Flavin group flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN . Examples aldehyde dehydrogenase acetaldehyde dehydrogenase alcohol dehydrogenaseglutamatedehydrogenase an enzyme that can convert glutamate to Ketoglutarate and vice versa . lactate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase a common enzyme which feeds the Citric acid cycle TCA Cycle in converting Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase involved in the pentose phosphate pathway glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase involved in glycolysis sorbitol dehydrogenase TCA cycle examples isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenase External links eMedicineDictionary Dehydrogenase Enzymes Category Oxidoreductases enzyme stub de Dehydrogenasen es Deshidrogenasa fr D shydrog nase he ja pl Dehydrogenazy pt Desidrogenase ru sl Dehidrogenaza sv Dehydrogenas zh ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate 5 kinase EC number 2.7.2.11 CAS number 54596 30 4 IUBMB EC number 2 7 2 11 GO code 0004349 image width caption In enzymology , a glutamate 5 kinase EC number 2.7.2.11 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L glutamate math rightleftharpoons math ADP L glutamate 5 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and L glutamate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and L glutamate 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a carboxy group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP L glutamate 5 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include ATP L glutamate 5 phosphotransferase , ATP gamma L glutamate phosphotransferase , gamma glutamate kinase , gamma glutamyl kinase , and glutamate kinase . This enzyme participates in urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2AKO , PDB link 2J5T , and PDB link 2J5V . References reflist 1 cite journal author Baich A date 1969 title Proline synthesis in Escherichia coli. A proline inhibitable glutamic acid kinase journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 192 pages 462&ndash 7 pmid 4904678 issue 3 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate1 kinase EC number 2.7.2.13 CAS number 80700 24 9 IUBMB EC number 2 7 2 13 GO code 0047944 image width caption In enzymology , a glutamate1 kinase EC number 2.7.2.13 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L glutamate math rightleftharpoons math ADP alpha L glutamyl phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and L glutamate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and alpha L glutamyl phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a carboxy group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP L glutamate1 phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Wang W Y, Gough SP and Kannangara CG date 1981 title Biosynthesis of delta aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. IV Isolation of three soluble enzymes required for the conversion of glutamate to delta aminolevulinate journal Carlsberg Res. Commun. volume 46 pages 243&ndash 257 doi 10.1007 BF02906501 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 400315710 ImageFile Monopotassium glutamate.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Potassium 2 amino 5 hydroxy 5 oxopentanoate OtherNames Potassium glutamate E622 Glutamic acid potassium salt Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 13228 InChI 1 C5H9NO4.K c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 InChIKey HQEROMHPIOLGCB REWHXWOFAL StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H9NO4.K c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey HQEROMHPIOLGCB UHFFFAOYSA M CASNo 540778 10 7 PubChem 23669634 SMILES K .O C O C N CCC O O Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 H 8 K 1 N 1 O 4 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Monopotassium glutamate is a Compound chemistry compound with formula KC sub 5 sub H sub 8 sub NO sub 4 sub . It is a potassium acid salt of glutamic acid . It has the E number E622 and is used in foods as a flavor enhancer . It is a non sodium monosodium glutamate MSG alternative. DEFAULTSORT Monopotassium Glutamate Category Glutamates Category Potassium compounds Organic compound stub es Glutamato monopot sico fr Glutamate monopotassique ... more details
D, Traynelis SF title The glutamate receptor ion channels journal Pharmacol. Rev. volume 51 issue 1 ... 2 align center 1 mGluR sub 1 sub Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 GRM1 align center 6q24 Increase ... play an integral part in the causes of seizures. Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors mGlu1 ...Image L glutamic acid skeletal.png thumb Glutamic acid Glutamate receptors are transmembrane receptor synaptic receptor s located primarily on the membranes of neuron al cells. Glutamate is one of the 20 ... functions as a neurotransmitter and is particularly abundant in the nervous system . Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate mediated post synaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation. Furthermore, glutamate ... Glutamate is the most prominent neurotransmitter in the body, being present in over 50 of nervous ... Glutamate Receptors Structures and Functions coauthors date 2007 01 04 work Centre of Synaptic Plasticity publisher University of Bristol accessdate 2009 12 07 ref Glutamate was initially discovered to be a neurotransmitter in insect studies in the early 1960s. The two primary glutamate receptors ... 4 isoxazole propionate and NMDA N Methyl D Aspartate . ref name bris One of the major functions of glutamate ... to be vital for memory and learning. Both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors have been ... issn ref An increase or decrease in the number of ionotropic glutamate receptor s on a post synaptic ... F, Gustafsson B title Ionotropic glutamate receptors. Their possible role in the expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity journal Mol. Neurobiol. volume 12 issue 1 pages 1 11 year 1996 month February pmid 8732537 doi 10.1007 BF02740744 url issn ref Additionally, metabotropic glutamate receptors ... glutamate receptors trigger postsynaptic protein synthesis journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume ... url issn ref Research shows that glutamate receptors are present in CNS glial cells as well as neurons ... more details
quote Monosodium glutamate can generally be produced by three methods 1 hydrolysis of proteins such as gluten ... 1&FIRSTINDEX 0&resourcetype HWCIT accessdate 2010 11 10 ref United States Monosodium glutamate ... 200px ImageFile1 Monosodium glutamate crystals.jpg ImageSize1 240px ImageName1 Crystalline monosodium glutamate IUPACName Sodium 2 Aminopentanedioate OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII C3C196L9FG InChI 1 C5H9NO4.Na c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 t3 m0. s1 InChIKey LPUQAYUQRXPFSQ SYBSRVMOBZ StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H9NO4.Na c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 t3 m0. s1 StdInChIKey ... CAS CASNo 142 47 2 EC number 205 538 1 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID ... oral, rat FlashPt Autoignition Monosodium glutamate , also known as sodium glutamate and MSG , is a sodium ... additivesbranch enumberlist ref Trade names of monosodium glutamate include Ajinomoto , Vetsin , Ac .... ref http www.celiac.com articles 181 1 Safe Gluten Free Food List Safe Ingredients Page1.html ref ... of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics title Monosodium Glutamate edition ..., monosodium glutamate . This used to be the major method of monosodium glutamate manufacture. Currently most of the world production of monosodium glutamate is by bacterial fermentation. In this method ..., acidification, and crystallization, followed by conversion to its monosodium salt monosodium glutamate ... s and glutamate anion s while dissolving glutamate is the anionic form of glutamic acid . There are health concerns about the use of monosodium glutamate in food, but few are scientifically supported ... monosodium glutamate MSG has been implicated, but it has not been proved to be the substance that causes ... cite journal title History of glutamate production journal The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ... Takehara, Masahiro Yamaguchi, Shizuko title Monosodium Glutamate encyclopedia Ullmann s Encyclopedia ... more details
enzyme Name Glutamate Racemase EC number 5.1.1.3 CAS number 9024 08 2 IUBMB EC number 5 11 3 GO code 0008881 image width caption In enzymology, glutamate racemase EC number 5.1.1.3 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L glutamate math rightleftharpoons math D glutamate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , glutamic acid L glutamate , and one product chemistry product , D glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those ... acid Metabolism glutamate metabolism that is essential for cell wall biosynthesis in bacteria. ref name Sengupta Ghosh Nagaraja 2008 Glutamate racemase performs the additional function of gyrase ... Glutamate racemase MurI serves two distinct metabolic functions primarily, it is a critical enzyme ... ref name Reece 1991 . The ability of glutamate racemase and other proteins to serve two distinct ... protein Name Glutamate Racemase image width caption Organism Escherichia coli TaxID 511145 Symbol ... genome EntrezChromosome NC 000913.2 GenLoc start 4163321 GenLoc end 4164436 Glutamate racemase ... is able to construct these cell walls by synthesizing D glutamate from L glutamate through ... Y title Structure and mechanism of glutamate racemase from Aquifex pyrophilus journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 6 issue 5 pages 422 6 year 1999 month May pmid 10331867 doi 10.1038 8223 ref D glutamate ... helps catalyze the inter conversion of glutamate enantiomers, like L Glutamate, into the essential D glutamate. This process is also cofactor independent, meaning it can proceed without needing an additional ... Glavas & Tanner 2001 cite journal author Glavas S, Tanner ME title Active site residues of glutamate ... doi 10.1021 bi002703z ref This enzyme involves a two step process to catalyze the glutamate enantiomers to D glutamate. First there is a deprotonation of the substrate. ref name Glavas & Tanner 2001 This deprotonation forms an anion and after that there is a reprotonation of the substrate. Once the glutamate ... more details
Glutamate formimidoyltransferase is a methyltransferase enzyme which uses tetrahydrofolate as part of histidine catabolism . It catalyses two reactions 5 formimidoyltetrahydrofolate L glutamate tetrahydrofolate N formimidoyl L glutamate 5 formyltetrahydrofolate L glutamate tetrahydrofolate N formyl L glutamate It is classified under EC number 2.1.2.5 and in mammals is found as part of a bifunctional enzyme that also has formimidoyltetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase activity. ref cite journal author MacKenzie RE, Aldridge M, Paquin J title The bifunctional enzyme formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase is a tetramer of dimers journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 255 issue 19 pages 9474 8 date 10 October 1980 pmid 7410436 url http www.jbc.org cgi reprint 255 19 9474 ref References Reflist External links MeshName Glutamate formimidoyltransferase Methyltransferases Category EC 2.1.2 enzyme stub it Glutammato formimidoiltransferasi ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate decarboxylase EC number 4.1.1.15 CAS number 9024 58 2 IUBMB EC number 4 11 15 GO code 0004351 image width caption protein Name GAD1 Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 caption GAD67 derivated from PDB 2okj image PDB GAD67.jpg width HGNCid 4092 Symbol GAD1 AltSymbols glutamate decarboxylase 1 br brain, 67kD GAD67 EntrezGene 2571 OMIM 605363 RefSeq NM 000817 UniProt Q99259 PDB ECnumber 4.1.1.15 Chromosome 2 Arm q Band 31 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name GAD2 glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 caption image width HGNCid 11284 Symbol GAD2 AltSymbols GAD65 EntrezGene 2572 OMIM 4093 RefSeq NM 001047 UniProt Q05329 PDB ECnumber 4.1.1.15 Chromosome 10 Arm p Band 11.23 LocusSupplementaryData Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA and CO sub 2 sub . GAD uses Pyridoxal phosphate PLP as a cofactor biochemistry cofactor . The reaction proceeds as follows HOOC CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub CH NH sub 2 sub COOH CO sub 2 sub HOOC CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub NH sub 2 sub In mammals, GAD exists in two isoform s encoded by two different gene s Gad1 and Gad2 . These isoforms are GAD sub 67 sub ... distinct glutamate decarboxylases journal Neuron volume 7 issue 1 pages 91 100 year 1991 pmid 2069816 ... in people who later develop type 1 diabetes mellitus or latent autoimmune diabetes . ref ..., Tobin AJ title Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus journal J. Clin. Invest. volume 89 issue 1 pages 283 92 year 1992 pmid 1370298 doi 10.1172 ... for 30 months in humans with type 1 diabetes. ref name pmid18843118 cite journal author Ludvigsson ... secretion in recent onset type 1 diabetes journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 359 issue 18 pages 1909 ... completion of type 1 diabetes vaccine trial with long term efficacy demonstrated at 30 months ... Reflist 2 External links commons inline Category Glutamate decarboxylase Glutamate decarboxylase http ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 400315428 ImageFile ammonium glutamate.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Azanium 4 amino 5 hydroxy 5 oxopentanoate OtherNames Ammonium glutamate Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 22622 InChI 1 C5H9NO4.H3N c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 1H3 InChIKey PHKGGXPMPXXISP UHFFFAOYAV StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H9NO4.H3N c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 1H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey PHKGGXPMPXXISP UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 15673 81 1 PubChem 24200 SMILES O C O CCC N C O O. NH4 Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 H 12 N 2 O 4 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Monoammonium glutamate is a Compound chemistry compound with formula NH sub 4 sub C sub 5 sub H sub 8 sub NO sub 4 sub . It is an ammonium acid salt of glutamic acid . It has the E number E624 and is used as a flavor enhancer . DEFAULTSORT Monoammonium Glutamate Category Glutamates Category Ammonium compounds Organic compound stub es Glutamato de amonio ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 399910648 ImageFile Disodium glutamate 2D skeletal.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Disodium 2 aminopentanedioate OtherNames DSG Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 7969883 InChI 1 C5H9NO4.2Na c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 2 1 p 2 InChIKey PXEDJBXQKAGXNJ NUQVWONBAI SMILES1 Na . Na .O C O CCC N C O O StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H9NO4.2Na c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 2 1 p 2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey PXEDJBXQKAGXNJ UHFFFAOYSA L CASNo PubChem 9794116 SMILES C CC O O C C O O N. Na . Na Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 5 sub H sub 7 sub NNa sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub MolarMass 191.09 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Disodium glutamate , abbreviated DSG , Na sub 2 sub C sub 5 sub H sub 7 sub NO sub 4 sub is a sodium salt of glutamic acid . Formation Disodium glutamate can be produced by neutralization chemistry neutralizing glutamic acid with two molar equivalent s of sodium hydroxide NaOH . See also Monosodium glutamate DEFAULTSORT Disodium Glutamate Category Glutamates Category Sodium compounds Category Umami enhancers Organic compound stub ar pt Glutamato diss dico zh ... more details
Drugbox type combo component1 Arginine class1 amino acid component2 Glutamic acid class2 amino acid CAS number 4320 30 3 ATC prefix A05 ATC suffix BA01 PubChem 165268 DrugBank pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Arginine glutamate is a mixture of two amino acid s, arginine and glutamic acid , used in liver therapy. Bile and liver therapy Category Amino acids Category Combination drugs gastrointestinal drug stub ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate 5 semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC number 1.2.1.41 CAS number 54596 29 1 IUBMB EC number 1 2 1 41 GO code 0004350 image width caption In enzymology , a glutamate 5 semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC number 1.2.1.41 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L glutamate 5 semialdehyde phosphate NADP sup sup math rightleftharpoons math L glutamyl 5 phosphate NADPH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L glutamate 5 semialdehyde , phosphate , and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are L glutamyl 5 phosphate , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L glutamate 5 semialdehyde NADP 5 oxidoreductase phosphorylating . Other names in common use include beta glutamylphosphate reductase , gamma glutamyl phosphate reductase , beta glutamylphosphate reductase , glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase , and glutamate gamma semialdehyde dehydrogenase . This enzyme participates in urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1O20 , PDB link 1VLU , and PDB link 2H5G . References reflist 1 cite journal author Baich A date 1971 title The biosynthesis of proline in Escherichia coli phosphate dependent glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase NADP , the second enzyme in the pathway journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 244 pages 129&ndash 34 pmid 4399189 issue 1 1.2 enzyme stub Category EC 1.2.1 Category NADPH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of known structure it Glutammato 5 semialdeide deidrogenasi ja ... more details
enzyme Name methylglutamate dehydrogenase EC number 1.5.99.5 CAS number 37217 26 8 IUBMB EC number 1 5 99 5 GO code 0050099 image width caption In enzymology , a methylglutamate dehydrogenase EC number 1.5.99.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction N methyl L glutamate acceptor H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L glutamate formaldehyde reduced acceptor The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are N methyl L glutamate , Electron acceptor acceptor , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are L glutamate , formaldehyde , and reduced acceptor . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH group of donors with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N methyl L glutamate acceptor oxidoreductase demethylating . Other names in common use include N methylglutamate dehydrogenase , and N methyl L glutamate acceptor oxidoreductase demethylating . This enzyme participates in methane metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Hersh LB, Stark MJ, Worthen S, Fiero MK date 1972 title N methylglutamate dehydrogenase kinetic studies on the solubilized enzyme journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 150 pages 219&ndash 26 pmid 5028076 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 72 90029 X issue 1 1.5 enzyme stub Category EC 1.5.99 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Metilglutammato deidrogenasi ja ... more details
enzyme Name 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylate dehydrogenase EC number 1.5.1.12 CAS number 9054 82 4 IUBMB EC number 1 5 1 12 GO code 0003842 image width caption In enzymology , a 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylate dehydrogenase EC number 1.5.1.12 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylic acid S 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylate NAD sup sup 2 H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math glutamic acid small L small glutamate NADH H sup sup The three substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are S 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its three product chemistry products are glutamate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH group of donors with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylate NAD sup sup oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include delta 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylate dehydrogenase , 1 pyrroline dehydrogenase , pyrroline 5 carboxylate dehydrogenase , pyrroline 5 carboxylic acid dehydrogenase , small L small pyrroline 5 carboxylate NAD sup sup oxidoreductase , and 1 pyrroline 5 carboxylate NAD sup sup oxidoreductase . This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 14 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2BHP , PDB link 2BHQ , PDB link 2BJA ... 1 cite journal author Adams E and Goldstone A date 1960 title Hydroxyproline metabolism. IV. Enzymatic ... title The interconversion of glutamic acid and proline. III Delta1 Pyrroline 5 carboxylic acid dehydrogenase ... enzymes Category EC 1.5.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of known structure it 1 pirrolina 5 carbossilato deidrogenasi ja 1 5 ... more details
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